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[core] Prepare replay payloads as event frames arrive - #3548

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[core] Prepare replay payloads as event frames arrive#3548
NathanColosimo wants to merge 9 commits into
codex/replay-sync-decodefrom
codex/replay-stream-preparation

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@NathanColosimo

@NathanColosimo NathanColosimo commented Aug 14, 2026 •
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Summary

  • resolve the run key as soon as a deployment-bearing replay event arrives
  • buffer decoded event references until that one key resolution completes, then decrypt and decompress them in one pass without per-payload key promises
  • prepare subsequent payloads synchronously from the validated-frame callback, with natural response backpressure
  • keep one invocation-scoped cache of prepared payloads across fresh VMs and use a full event-array scan as a simple correctness safety net
  • reuse immutable primitive values for successful results, errors, hooks, and aborts while rehydrating object graphs per VM
  • let ordered consumers await only the genuinely asynchronous payload formats they touch

Performance signal

The latest benchmark and previous behavior run were recorded on the original cumulative branch before this review split. Across those runs, inline STSO improved 4–20% at p75, 10–24% at p90, and 39–51% at p99; total 1020-step workflow overhead improved 7–23%.

Cold TTFS regressed in both runs, including the turbo control that does not preload or prepare replay events, so that signal is dominated by deployment cold-start variability. The benchmarked branch also contained the small tracing layer in #3523.

Stack

  1. [world-vercel] Resume partial replay streams after validated events #3546 — replay stream recovery
  2. [core] Decode replay payloads synchronously #3547 — synchronous replay decode
  3. [core] Prepare replay payloads as event frames arrive #3548 — streamed replay preparation
  4. [core] Trace fresh workflow replay phases #3523 — replay phase tracing
  5. [core] Prune schema modules from workflow bundles #3550 — prune sandbox dependency graph
  6. [workflow] Load per-source replay bundles #3551 — per-source lazy VM bundles

Validation

  • core typecheck passed
  • full core suite: 2,112 tests passed, with 3 expected failures
  • focused replay cache, key helper, delivery-ordering, hook, and abort suites: 198 tests passed

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 2c3379f

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages
Name Type
@workflow/core Patch
@workflow/builders Patch
@workflow/cli Patch
@workflow/next Patch
@workflow/nitro Patch
@workflow/vitest Patch
@workflow/web-shared Patch
@workflow/web Patch
workflow Patch
@workflow/world-testing Patch
@workflow/astro Patch
@workflow/nest Patch
@workflow/rollup Patch
@workflow/sveltekit Patch
@workflow/vite Patch
@workflow/nuxt Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project Deployment Actions Updated (UTC)
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🧪 E2E Test Results

✅ All tests passed

⚠️ Flaky E2E Tests (passed on retry)

These tests failed at least once and passed on a retry. A recurring entry here is a real race worth investigating.

  • plainModuleDoneHook resumed via plain API route (o2flow shape) (nextjs-webpack)

🛠 Infra Events (absorbed by the harness)

Platform anomalies the e2e harness detected and worked around (e.g. a run the queue never picked up, replaced by a fresh run). Clustered timestamps indicate a backend blip; a steady drip indicates a platform issue worth escalating.

  • run-pickup-stall · addTenWorkflow (tanstack-start) · at 22:36:34Z · abandoned wrun_01M08XWPBVJ8JXX8BSXHT3YM1R

E2E Test Summary

Summary
Passed Failed Skipped Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production 3474 0 738 4212
✅ 💻 Local Development 3654 0 558 4212
✅ 📦 Local Production 3810 0 558 4368
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres 3810 0 558 4368
✅ 🪟 Windows 312 0 0 312
✅ 🌐 Cross-language Conformance 9 0 128 137
✅ vercel-multi-region 27 0 0 27
Total 15096 0 2540 17636
Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-node 128 0 28
✅ astro-quickjs 128 0 28
✅ example-node 128 0 28
✅ example-quickjs 128 0 28
✅ express-node 128 0 28
✅ express-quickjs 128 0 28
✅ fastify-node 128 0 28
✅ fastify-quickjs 128 0 28
✅ hono-node 128 0 28
✅ hono-quickjs 128 0 28
✅ nest-node 128 0 28
✅ nest-quickjs 128 0 28
✅ nextjs-turbopack-node 153 0 3
✅ nextjs-turbopack-quickjs 153 0 3
✅ nextjs-webpack-node 153 0 3
✅ nextjs-webpack-quickjs 153 0 3
✅ nitro-node 128 0 28
✅ nitro-quickjs 128 0 28
✅ nuxt-node 128 0 28
✅ nuxt-quickjs 128 0 28
✅ python-node 8 0 148
✅ sveltekit-node 147 0 9
✅ sveltekit-quickjs 147 0 9
✅ tanstack-start-node 128 0 28
✅ tanstack-start-quickjs 128 0 28
✅ vite-node 128 0 28
✅ vite-quickjs 128 0 28

✅ 💻 Local Development

App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ astro-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ express-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ express-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ fastify-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ fastify-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ hono-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ hono-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ nest-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ nest-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary-node 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary-quickjs 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-node 156 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary-node 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary-quickjs 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-node 156 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-quickjs 156 0 0
✅ nitro-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ nitro-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ nuxt-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ nuxt-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ sveltekit-stable-node 149 0 7
✅ sveltekit-stable-quickjs 149 0 7
✅ tanstack-start-node 130 0 26
✅ tanstack-start-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ vite-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ vite-stable-quickjs 130 0 26

✅ 📦 Local Production

App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ astro-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ express-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ express-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ fastify-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ fastify-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ hono-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ hono-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ nest-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ nest-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary-node 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary-quickjs 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-node 156 0 0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-quickjs 156 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary-node 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary-quickjs 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-node 156 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-quickjs 156 0 0
✅ nitro-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ nitro-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ nuxt-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ nuxt-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ sveltekit-stable-node 149 0 7
✅ sveltekit-stable-quickjs 149 0 7
✅ tanstack-start-node 130 0 26
✅ tanstack-start-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ vite-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ vite-stable-quickjs 130 0 26

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ astro-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ express-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ express-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ fastify-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ fastify-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ hono-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ hono-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ nest-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ nest-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary-node 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary-quickjs 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-node 156 0 0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable-quickjs 156 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary-node 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary-quickjs 137 0 19
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-node 156 0 0
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable-quickjs 156 0 0
✅ nitro-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ nitro-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ nuxt-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ nuxt-stable-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ sveltekit-stable-node 149 0 7
✅ sveltekit-stable-quickjs 149 0 7
✅ tanstack-start-node 130 0 26
✅ tanstack-start-quickjs 130 0 26
✅ vite-stable-node 130 0 26
✅ vite-stable-quickjs 130 0 26

✅ 🪟 Windows

App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack-node 156 0 0
✅ nextjs-turbopack-quickjs 156 0 0

✅ 🌐 Cross-language Conformance

App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ python 9 0 128

✅ vercel-multi-region

App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack 27 0 0

📋 View full workflow run

@NathanColosimo NathanColosimo changed the title Prepare replay payloads during event streaming [core] Prepare replay payloads as event frames arrive Aug 14, 2026
This was referenced Aug 14, 2026
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NathanColosimo force-pushed the codex/replay-stream-preparation branch from 388b6ea to 294d4b7 Compare August 14, 2026 03:56
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Sim World

Simulated world deterministic testing for races. Traces

🟠 world-sim scenario book — 1 fail of 41 total

fence=per-spec

scenario outcome events virt replay violations
✅ smoke-no-steps completed 3 0ms ok 0
✅ smoke-one-step completed 6 0ms ok 0
✅ hook-at-step-started completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ hook-at-step-completed completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ hook-at-hook-created completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ deadline-hook-wins completed 7 1.0h ok 0
✅ deadline-expires completed 7 1.0h ok 0
✅ long-sleep completed 11 30.0d ok 0
✅ hook-never-arrives stalled 3 0ms skipped 0
✅ step-retries-twice completed 10 2.0s ok 0
✅ parallel-steps completed 9 0ms ok 0
✅ hook-on-execution-state completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ peek-hook-before-branch completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ peek-hook-after-branch completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ peek-hook-at-registration completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ race-hook-before-probe completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ race-hook-after-probe completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ race-duplicate-delivery completed 13 0ms ok 0
✅ attr-hook-before-step completed 11 0ms ok 0
✅ attr-hook-after-step completed 11 0ms ok 0
✅ attr-from-step-body completed 13 0ms ok 0
✅ fork-hook-after-timeout completed 14 1.0m ok 0
✅ fork-hook-before-timeout completed 14 1.0m ok 0
✅ count-hook-after-timeout completed 17 1.0m ok 0
✅ count-hook-before-timeout completed 20 1.0m ok 0
✅ stale-read-step-count-fork completed 20 1.0m ok 0
✅ stale-read-equal-step-counts completed 14 1.0m ok 0
✅ step-vs-step-fork completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ step-vs-step-fork-fenced completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ fence-catches-benign-direction completed 12 5ms ok 0
✅ in-flight-before-decision completed 17 1.0m ok 0
❌ in-flight-before-decision-counted completed 17 1.0m ok 0
✅ in-flight-after-decision completed 19 2.0m ok 0
✅ stale-read-step-count-fork-fenced completed 20 1.0m ok 0
✅ fork-hook-wins completed 13 1.0m ok 0
✅ fork-timeout-wins completed 13 1.0m ok 0
✅ unclaimed-payload-under-fork completed 17 1.0m ok 0
✅ claimed-payload-under-fork completed 17 1.0m ok 0
✅ writers-independent-step-bodies completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ writers-scripted-tempo completed 12 0ms ok 0
✅ cancel-mid-step cancelled 7 0ms skipped 0

Full trace: world-sim.txt

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📊 Workflow Benchmarks

commit 2c3379f · Mon, 17 Aug 2026 22:52:16 GMT · run logs

Backend: vercel · app: nextjs-turbopack

Metric Scenario Best (ms) P75 (ms) P90 (ms) P99 (ms) Samples
TTFS step 244 (+8.4%) 1365 🔴 (+20%) 🔻 1512 🔴 (+28%) 🔻 1706 🔴 (+4.5%) 30
TTFS stream 206 (-9.3%) 1382 🔴 (+17%) 🔻 1446 🔴 (+19%) 🔻 1580 🔴 (-16%) 💚 30
TTFS hook + stream 466 (+22%) 🔻 1771 🔴 (+30%) 🔻 1851 🔴 (+32%) 🔻 1964 🔴 (+36%) 🔻 30
Fan-out TTFS Promise.all(100 steps) 1148 (-8.5%) 2921 (+22%) 🔻 2927 (+13%) 3600 (+34%) 🔻 10
Fan-out TTLS Promise.all(100 steps) 6508 (-6.2%) 8951 (+4.4%) 8952 (+1.4%) 9093 (+1.7%) 10
STSO 1020 steps (inline) 140 (-13%) 268 (-7.9%) 313 (-8.7%) 473 (-4.4%) 1019
WO 1020 steps 260917 (-6.2%) 260917 (-6.2%) 260917 (-6.2%) 260917 (-6.2%) 1
CRTT first chunk (pooled) 98 (+4.3%) 162 (+13%) 200 (+4.7%) 808 (+114%) 🔻 28

Streams

Scenario wr c/s rd c/s wr KiB/s rd KiB/s CRTT 1st p75 p90 p99 CDV max iters
paced control (100/s, 60B) 100 (±0%) 101 (+4%) 5 (±0%) 5 (+3%) 150 (+23%) 284 (+27%) 306 (-37%) 1554 (+22%) 451 (+99%) 10
size sweep (100/s, 160B-12KB) 100 (±0%) 101 (+3%) 334 (±0%) 337 (+3%) 137 (-5%) 382 (+51%) 593 (-14%) 1058 (-15%) 388 (-10%) 10
replay gateway-gpt-5.4-nano-2000t (1x) 89.2 (±0%) 89.4 (±0%) 16.2 (±0%) 16.3 (±0%) 131 (+8%) 173 (-31%) 375 (-83%) 1199 (-69%) 799 (±0%) 3
replay eve-gpt-5.6-sol-2000t (1x) 54.7 (±0%) 54.8 (-4%) 355 (±0%) 355 (-4%) 126 (-4%) 148 (-31%) 185 (-73%) 349 (-93%) 271 (-91%) 2
replay eve-gpt-5.6-sol-2000t (2x) 109 (±0%) 110 (±0%) 710 (±0%) 711 (±0%) 136 (+13%) 242 (+3%) 343 (+2%) 644 (-1%) 513 (+38%) 3
📈 STSO distribution vs main (inline / queue-hop histograms)

1020 steps (inline)

Cumulative STSO time: main 277417ms → this run 259562ms (Δ -17855ms, -6%)

100-150 ms  ┃                         main   0  this   1    +1
150-200 ms  █┃                        main  47  this  52    +5
200-250 ms  ████████████████░░░░░░░┃  main 357  this 543  +186
250-300 ms  ████████████┃█████        main 397  this 288  -109
300-350 ms  ███┃██                    main 126  this  81   -45
350-400 ms  ┃█                        main  50  this  23   -27
400-450 ms  ┃                         main  23  this  13   -10
450-500 ms  ┃                         main   9  this  10    +1
500-550 ms  ┃                         main   4  this   5    +1
550-600 ms  ┃                         main   2  this   1    -1
600-650 ms  ┃                         main   2  this   0    -2
700-750 ms  ┃                         main   1  this   0    -1
800-850 ms  ┃                         main   0  this   1    +1
850-900 ms  ┃                         main   1  this   0    -1
900-950 ms  ┃                         main   0  this   1    +1
📈 CRTT drill-down vs main (RTT distributions & profiles) 
variant  RTT 1ms→5s+             avg         p50         p90          p99     n
control  ······▂█▅▁▁··  215.6 (+12%)  162 (+13%)  306 (-37%)  1554 (+22%)  3000
sweep    ······▂█▅▁▁··   214.8 (+1%)   155 (+8%)  593 (-14%)  1058 (-15%)  3000
gw 1x    ·····▁▄█▂▁▁··  160.6 (-46%)  125 (-18%)  375 (-83%)  1199 (-69%)  5295
eve 1x   ·····▁▅█▁▁···  125.5 (-63%)  115 (-17%)  185 (-73%)   349 (-93%)  5186
eve 2x   ·····▁▂█▅▁···   190.2 (-4%)   166 (-6%)   343 (+2%)    644 (-1%)  7779

RTT over stream progress (avg per tenth of stream, bars scaled min→max):

control  ▂▂▁▄▇█▆▃▃▂  145–316ms
sweep    ▃▁▃▆█▄▄▆▆▁  150–294ms
gw 1x    ▃▁▃▂▃▃█▃▅▂  108–278ms
eve 1x   ▇▃▆▅▁▂▇█▃▃  107–143ms
eve 2x   ▁▃▃▃▂▃▄█▆▃  153–254ms

RTT by chunk size (avg per log size bin, ~160B → ~12KB serialized, bars scaled min→max):

sweep  ▁▃▄▅█▆▆  212–217ms

Delivery jitter over stream progress (avg positive CDV per tenth of stream, bars scaled min→max):

control  ▂▂▂▅█▁▃▂▁▂  38–117ms
sweep    ▃▆▅██▁▂▃▅▃  34–98ms
gw 1x    ▄▁▆▃▃▄█▅▆▄  33–56ms
eve 1x   ▇▃▄▅▁▁█▅▃▅  26–34ms
eve 2x   █▂▂▆▇▇▄▁█▇  30–39ms
ℹ️ Metric definitions & methodology

Streams: writer/reader sustained rates (steady window, 10% trimmed each side), first-chunk RTT (the stream-open path, before any buffering/backpressure), CRTT percentiles, and worst delivery stall (CDV max). Cells are medians across iterations; per-run values in the artifacts. No 🔴/🟢 marks until targets attach.

The collapsed STSO distribution section above buckets every step gap, split inline (same warm process — pure framework overhead) vs queue-hop (fresh process — dispatch, reinit, replay). █ = main, ┃ = this run, ░ = fill.

The collapsed CRTT drill-down: per-variant RTT histograms (fixed log bins, · = empty) and mean RTT/positive-CDV profile lines over stream progress and chunk size. Histograms, avgs, and profiles merge exactly across runs; p50–p99 are percentile-of-percentiles. Per-index rows live in the artifacts.

Best/P75/P90/P99 deltas compare against the most recent benchmark run on main at the time of this run. 🔻 flags a delta worse than +15%, 💚 one better than −15%.

Metrics — TTFS: time to first step body (in-deployment start() → first step body) · Fan-out TTFS: fan-out time to first step (in-deployment start() → first of the parallel step bodies to complete) · Fan-out TTLS: fan-out time to last step (in-deployment start() → last of the parallel step bodies to complete, i.e. when the Promise.all resolves) · STSO: step-to-step overhead (gap between consecutive step bodies) · WO: workflow overhead (whole-run time outside step bodies, in-deployment anchored) · CRTT: chunk round-trip time (per-chunk write → read latency, one clock domain: deployment → stream backend → same deployment) · CDV: chunk delay variation / delivery jitter (inter-arrival gap minus inter-write gap per seq-adjacent pair; skew-free; the row is each run's MAX positive value, so one stall moves it)

Scenarios — step: one trivial no-op step, no stream; no hooks, so the run stays in turbo mode (in-process fast path) · stream: one streaming step; no hooks, so the run stays in turbo mode (in-process fast path) · hook + stream: registers a hook before one step, which exits turbo mode (dispatch path) · 1020 steps: 1020 trivial sequential steps; STSO is measured between consecutive steps in the given step ranges, and WO is the whole-run overhead outside step bodies · Promise.all(100 steps): 100 trivial no-op steps started together in a single Promise.all; Fan-out TTFS is the first of them to complete and Fan-out TTLS the last, both from the in-deployment clientStart, so their gap is the spread the runtime adds across the fan-out · paced control (100/s, 60B): the control: 300 tiny (~60B) deltas metronome-paced at 100/s — zero workload structure, so it reads the transport floor and flush cadence, and disambiguates transport-wide vs workload-specific when a replay row moves · size sweep (100/s, 160B-12KB): same pacing as the control with deltas padded in rotation across seven log-spaced sizes (~160B–12KB) — rotation decouples size from stream position, so it isolates whether chunk size causes latency · replay gateway-gpt-5.4-nano-2000t (1x): raw provider SSE cadence captured at the AI gateway boundary (gpt-5.4-nano, the most popular gateway model; per-token deltas p50 208B = the modal production chunk size), replayed exactly as measured — the typical customer's workload; its CDV is the typical customer's real delivery jitter · replay eve-gpt-5.6-sol-2000t (1x): a captured eve turn (gpt-5.6-sol, the most-used demanding eve model; ~2000 output tokens = production p50 turn length) replayed exactly as measured — eve's envelope protocol re-ships the cumulative message so sizes ramp 142B→13KB; the demanding outlier tenant's reality · replay eve-gpt-5.6-sol-2000t (2x): the same eve capture at 2x — the headroom/stress row; real fast-tier models emit the same chunk sizes at proportionally higher rate, so time compression is a faithful speed model · first chunk (pooled): every run's seq-0 RTT pooled across all stream scenarios — the first chunk precedes any workload differentiation, so pooling samples one shared stream-open path with exact percentiles

Replay cadences (semantic sha256) — eve-gpt-5.6-sol-2000t eaf22f5946e7c61f3c65c7006d550df180cfabd4e706254a09f22aec0cfb420d · gateway-gpt-5.4-nano-2000t 6f24ac518b6b83ff1d0e85a5fe78230db192716d66a7fc6b2fe022752001d041

🔴 marks a percentile over its target (within target is left unmarked). Targets (p75/p90/p99, ms) — TTFS 200/300/600

All timestamps are deployment-side; runs are triggered in-deployment, so the CI runner and api.vercel.com sit outside every measured window. TTFS = start() → first step body (includes dispatch + any cold start); Fan-out TTFS/TTLS = first/last step completion of one Promise.all from the same anchor (the gap is the runtime’s fan-out spread); STSO/WO between step bodies; CRTT inside the workflow (excludes the api.vercel.com read path).

Cold starts stay in the numbers (real bursty-workload latency, inflates P75+); Best is the warm floor.

@NathanColosimo
NathanColosimo force-pushed the codex/replay-stream-preparation branch from 7471e77 to 184d506 Compare August 14, 2026 20:01
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