Add gloss term for log

[kbatuigas]

Description

This pull request adds documentation for the term "log" in the Redpanda core module. The new partial provides a concise definition and context for how logs are used within Redpanda.

Documentation update:

• Added a new partial log.adoc defining "log" as an ordered, append-only, immutable sequence of records, and explaining its role in Redpanda's storage and replication.

Resolves https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/
Review deadline:

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Checks

• New feature
• Content gap
• Support Follow-up
• Small fix (typos, links, copyedits, etc)

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