i18n(ja): fix HTML strong-tag leaks, bastion node term, and misc MT defects

[yahonda]

Summary

• Convert leaked <strong>...</strong> HTML tags to markdown ** in release-5.0.0.md (4 headings) and dashboard-faq.md (3 headings), matching EN's own markdown bold syntax. Also fixes 4 corrupted anchor slugs in release-5.0.0.md that had baked in the literal "strong" text (verified no inbound links to the old anchors exist corpus-wide).
• Unify the sole バスティオンノード outlier to 要塞ノード in setup-self-hosted-kafka-private-service-connect.md (32 other occurrences already use 要塞ノード).

Two smaller fixes originally bundled here were moved out during review to avoid conflicting with #23541 (which independently rewrites the same lines):

• The missing 。 after backtick-quoted values in setup-aws-self-hosted-kafka-private-link-service.md was pushed directly onto the i18n(ja): restore UI labels in 11 files skipped from the 2-word batch #23541 branch instead.
• The "Bucket owner enforced" term-inconsistency fix in troubleshoot-import-access-denied-error.md is already resolved by i18n(ja): restore UI labels in 11 files skipped from the 2-word batch #23541's English-label conversion of the same spans.

Test plan

• Verified no inbound links to the 4 renamed anchors exist anywhere in the corpus
• Verified EN source uses markdown ** (not HTML <strong>) at all touched headings
• Confirmed 0 merge conflicts against 15 open sibling ja PR branches via git merge-tree

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