Throw type_error.318 when serializing discarded values to binary formats

[ameliabarnabyhub]

Fixes #4714

Discarded JSON values silently produced broken CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON output when nested in arrays or objects (element count/header written but payload skipped). Serialization now throws type_error.318 instead, matching the approach discussed in the issue thread.

Adds regression tests for top-level, array, and object cases. Documents the new exception id.

[github-actions]

🔴 Amalgamation check failed! 🔴

The source code has not been amalgamated and/or formatted correctly.

📎 A ready-to-apply patch is attached to the failed workflow run as the amalgamation-patch artifact. Download it, then apply it locally from the repository root with:

git apply amalgamation.patch

This does not require installing astyle yourself.

[gregmarr]

Looks to be left over from #5381

[gregmarr]

Looks like you have issues with your amalgamate setup.

[nlohmann]

Thanks for tackling #4714 — the exception-based fix is the right approach. A few issues to resolve before merge, found by Claude Code:

Build-breaking

1. calc_bson_element_size doesn't compile under -Werror (include/nlohmann/detail/output/binary_writer.hpp:1264). The discarded/default case calls throw_on_discarded(j) with no return afterward, and throw_on_discarded isn't marked [[noreturn]], so GCC can't prove the non-void function always exits via exception. Confirmed in this PR's own CI: error: control reaches end of non-void function [-Werror=return-type] (ci_test_gcc) — this is why essentially every other job in the run is currently red too.

   • Fix: mark throw_on_discarded [[noreturn]]/JSON_HEDLEY_NO_RETURN, or add an unreachable return after the call.

2. single_include/nlohmann/json.hpp and tests/src/unit-msgpack.cpp don't match the pinned amalgamate/astyle output — the diff includes large unrelated reformatting instead of a minimal diff mirroring the include/ changes. The check job's own amalgamate+astyle step overwrites these files and then fails (exit 1). Please re-run make amalgamate with the pinned toolchain and re-commit.

Other issues

3. out_of_range.412 is reused for a second, unrelated condition. It already means "BSON length exceeds int32 max" (documented); this PR repurposes it for "MessagePack size exceeds uint32 max" without updating the docs, which still only describes the BSON case. Please give this its own id or document both meanings.

4. No to_bson() regression test for discarded values — write_bson_element/calc_bson_element_size now also throw type_error.318 there, but unit-bson.cpp didn't get the same "discarded" test sections CBOR/MessagePack/UBJSON received.

5. The new MessagePack oversized-length branches (else { assert_msgpack_size(N, &j); }) never write a header before falling through to the payload write — this relies entirely on the throw actually unwinding, otherwise it silently writes an unprefixed payload, the same corruption class this PR fixes for discarded values.

---

Written by Claude Code on behalf of @niels.