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ENH: add a vtk.js backend for MNE's 3D renderer (JupyterLite split 3/5) - #14144

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ENH: add a vtk.js backend for MNE's 3D renderer (JupyterLite split 3/5)#14144
natinew77-creator wants to merge 10 commits into
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@natinew77-creator natinew77-creator commented Aug 8, 2026

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Part 3 of the split of #13925. Parts 1 and 2 are #14128 and #14135.

Adds a drawing backend for MNE's 3D renderer that uses vtk.js, since VTK itself cannot load in WebAssembly. MNE's 3D functions do their geometry and coordinate-frame work in numpy and only hand the result to a renderer, so replacing that last step leaves the transform maths with MNE. That matters here, because a subtly wrong head or device transform still produces a plausible-looking picture.

Supported: meshes, surfaces, spheres, tubes and glyphs, which covers the static figures the docs render. Not supported: the interactive Brain time viewer, which needs dock widgets, and scalar colormaps, which pyvista-js 0.15 does not have.

It is a plain string constant, so nothing in the build touches it yet. The setup cell that appends it is #14150.

VTK cannot load in WebAssembly, so the JupyterLite notebooks need a renderer
that draws with vtk.js. MNE does its geometry in numpy and only hands the result
to a renderer, so replacing that last step leaves the transform maths to MNE.
@natinew77-creator natinew77-creator changed the title ENH: add the JupyterLite browser runtime (JupyterLite split 3/4) ENH: add a vtk.js backend for MNE's 3D renderer (JupyterLite split 3/5) Aug 11, 2026
@larsoner

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Maybe you have looked and I am coming late to this... have you thought about adding it as a type of AbstractRenderer and using https://github.com/tkoyama010/pyvista-js ? Maybe it's not too much work to use that in place of our PyVista calls... but if you've tried or looked I could be way off!

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Maybe you have looked and I am coming late to this... have you thought about adding it as a type of AbstractRenderer and using https://github.com/tkoyama010/pyvista-js ? Maybe it's not too much work to use that in place of our PyVista calls... but if you've tried or looked I could be way off!

Hi Eric, it already uses pyvista-js.

On AbstractRenderer, it sits in doc/ as a string the setup cell appends, to keep browser-only code out of mne/. But it already implements 21 of the 22 abstract methods, so converting it is mostly moving and registering it, not a rewrite.

Happy to do that here, or land this as is and convert in a follow-up. Which would you prefer?

Thanks!

@larsoner

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Yeah if there is some way for it to be a plain renderer and then LITE_RENDERER_CELL can be built from the source rather than being a huge string that would be better. The huge string doesn't have Python linting etc. built in which is a real drawback. It would also maybe facilitate eventually adding selenium-based unit tests for the renderer or something. But maybe @teonbrooks has ideas!

natinew77-creator and others added 2 commits August 17, 2026 16:52
The renderer was a 560-line string literal, which no linter or formatter
could see. It now lives in _lite_renderer_cell.py as ordinary Python and
the cell is read from there, so ruff covers it like any other file. The
code itself is unchanged apart from what the formatter did to it.
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Yeah if there is some way for it to be a plain renderer and then LITE_RENDERER_CELL can be built from the source rather than being a huge string that would be better. The huge string doesn't have Python linting etc. built in which is a real drawback. It would also maybe facilitate eventually adding selenium-based unit tests for the renderer or something. But maybe @teonbrooks has ideas!

Done in eb3c814, it's a plain module now and LITE_RENDERER_CELL is read from it, so ruff and the formatter cover it.

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