Add support for Node 24

[joehan]

Description

Adds Node 24 to our engines field and CI.

TODO: (before merge) Merge firebase/superstatic#493, release superstatic, update package.json to use new version of superstatic. Fixes #8559
TODO (after merge): Update branch protection rules to look for node 24 as well where appropriate

[OskarLebuda]

@joehan Yesterday superstatic 10.0.0 was released. Could you move this PR forward?

[kdawgwilk]

Is there another place in the CLI that checks functions packages for engine version? I see this error when trying to run the emulators

Failed to load function definition from source: FirebaseError: Detected node engine 24 in package.json, which is not a supported version. Valid versions are 18, 20, 22

[OskarLebuda]

Is anyone actually looking into this? 😞 This issue is blocking the whole community from moving to Node 24. @joehan, can we move this PR forward?

[maxratajczak]

Any update on this?

[KingDarBoja]

Superstatic v10 already supports node 24 (and dropped node 18 supported due to EOL) -> https://github.com/firebase/superstatic/releases/tag/v10.0.0

So the package.json should be updated as well.