- Containers
- Pointers and References
- Expressions
- Functions
- Type Casting
- Idioms
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Except for the std::vector<bool> partial specialization, the elements are stored contiguously, which means that elements can be accessed not only through iterators, but also using offsets to regular pointers to elements.
std::vector<int> ivec = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
//lambda expression
auto print = [](const int& n) { std::cout << n << ' '; };
std::for_each(ivec.cbegin(), ivec.cend(), print);
std::cout << std::endl;
std::for_each(ivec.crbegin(), ivec.crend(), print);std::list is a container that supports constant time insertion and removal of elements from anywhere in the container. Fast random access is not supported. It is usually implemented as a doubly-linked list. Compared to std::forward_list this container provides bidirectional iteration capability while being less space efficient.
std::list<int> ilist = { 5, 7, 11, 13 };
for (int n : ilist)
std::cout << n << ", ";
std::cout<<"\n-----------------\n";
ilist.push_front(0);
ilist.push_back(-1);
std::for_each(ilist.cbegin(), ilist.cend(), [](auto val) { std::cout << val << ", "; });
std::cout << "\n-----------------\n";
//insert with using initializer list
ilist.insert(ilist.cend(), { 4, 3, 2, 1 });
for (auto it = ilist.cbegin(); it != ilist.cend(); ++it) {
std::cout << *it << ", ";
}Smart pointers enable automatic, exception-safe, object lifetime management.
std::unique_ptr is a smart pointer that owns (is responsible for) and manages another object via a pointer and subsequently disposes of that object when the unique_ptr goes out of scope.
{
unique_ptr<ClassName> uptr(new ClassName);
uptr -> method_name();
//....using
} //destructing uptr destroys the ClassName object.Lambda expression in computer programming, also called an anonymous function, is a defined function not bound to an identifier.
auto make_function(int& iparam)
{
return [&] { std::cout << iparam << std::endl; };
}
int main()
{
int ival = 2;
auto f = make_function(ival); // the use of iparam in f binds directly to ival
f();
ival = 3;
f();
return 0;
}- a
glvalue("generalized" lvalue) is an expression whose evaluation determines the identity of an object or function. - a
prvalue("pure" rvalue) is an expression whose evaluation. - an
xvalue(an "eXpiring" value) is a glvalue that denotes an object whose resources can be reused. - an
lvalueis a glvalue that is not an xvalue.
Some programming languages use the idea of l-values and r-values, deriving from the typical mode of evaluation on the left and right-hand side of an assignment statement. An l-value refers to an object that persists beyond a single expression. An r-value is a temporary value that does not persist beyond the expression that uses it.
void foo();
int main() {
int ivala; // Expression 'ivala' is lvalue
int &ivalb{ivala}; // Expression 'ivalb' is lvalue
// Expression 'foo' is lvalue
// address may be taken by built-in address-of operator
void (*ptrfoo)() = &foo;a glvalue ("generalized" lvalue) is an expression whose evaluation determines the identity of an object or function.
RAII (Resource acquisition is initialization)
PIMPL (Pointer to Implementation)
CRTP (Curiously recurring template pattern)
RTTI (Run-time type information)
SFINAE (Substitution failure is not an error)
- Catch2 - A modern, C++ native, test framework for unit-tests, TDD and BDD - using C++14, C++17 and later.
- Google Test - Google Testing and Mocking Framework
- POCO - The POCO C++ Libraries are powerful cross-platform open-source C++ libraries for building network- and internet-based applications that run on desktop, server, mobile, IoT, and embedded systems.
- gRPC - A high performance, open source universal RPC framework.
- Orbit - Orbit is a standalone profiler and debugging tool for Windows and Linux. Its main purpose is to help developers understand and visualize the execution flow of a complex application.
- Tracy Profiler - A real time, nanosecond resolution, remote telemetry, hybrid frame and sampling profiler for games and other applications.
- vcpkg - vcpkg is a free C/C++ package manager for acquiring and managing libraries.
- Conan - The open-source C and C++ package manager.
- Doxygen - Doxygen is a widely-used documentation generator tool in software development.
- {fmt} - A modern formatting library.
- JSON for Modern C++ - JSON for Modern C++.
- pybind11 - Seamless operability between C++11 and Python.
- spdlog - Fast C++ logging library.
- MSVC & GCC & Clang - installation step of MSVC/GCC/Clang compiler in Windows
- GCC & Clang - installation step of GCC/Clang compiler in Linux
- OnlineGDB - Online compiler and debugger for C/C++
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Contributions of any kind welcome, just follow the guidelines!