[chore](thirdparty) build azure on every platform and stop building what Doris does not link

[morningman]

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #xxx

Related PR: #xxx

Problem Summary:

Two problems with azure-sdk-for-cpp.

1. It was only ever built on x86_64 Linux.

env.sh forced DISABLE_BUILD_AZURE=ON on aarch64 and macOS, and build_azure
skipped Darwin a second time. As a result BE and the cloud meta-service lost
+AZURE_BLOB and +AZURE_STORAGE_VAULT on ARM and macOS. Nothing in the recipe
was genuinely x86_64-Linux-specific, only two details:

• -ldl: Apple has no libdl at all (dlopen and friends live in libSystem), so
  -ldl fails the link there. It is now passed on non-Apple platforms only, both
  in build_azure and in the openssl vcpkg wrapper the existing patch touches.
• vcpkg ships no prebuilt cmake/ninja/curl for aarch64 Linux and needs
  VCPKG_FORCE_SYSTEM_BINARIES=1 there.

The vcpkg triplet is now derived from uname (x64-linux, arm64-linux,
x64-osx, arm64-osx) instead of being left to vcpkg's host detection.

2. It was the most expensive package in the tree, almost none of it for Doris.

In apache/doris-thirdparty run 31988123966, azure took 26m06s of the 2h43m
x86_64 Linux third-party build. Where it went:

phase	time
vcpkg install	22m11s
- protobuf 5.29.3	12m29s
- opentelemetry-cpp	4m35s
- abseil	1m58s
- openssl 1.1.1n	1m38s
- curl / libxml2 / zlib / uAMQP / utf8-range	~1m30s
azure SDK configure + build	~3m55s

protobuf, abseil and utf8-range are there only because vcpkg.json declares
opentelemetry-cpp unconditionally - roughly 19 of the 26 minutes. Doris does
not use azure's OpenTelemetry tracing.

On top of that, vcpkg builds every port twice (Building x64-linux-dbg then
Building x64-linux-rel) and Doris links only the release halves, and the SDK
builds appconfiguration, attestation, eventhubs, keyvault, tables, template,
uAMQP, storage-files-datalake, storage-files-shares and storage-queues while
be/cmake/thirdparty.cmake links exactly four targets: azure-core,
azure-identity, azure-storage-blobs, azure-storage-common.

So this PR:

• extends thirdparty/patches/azure-sdk-for-cpp-azure-core_1.16.0.patch to drop
  opentelemetry-cpp and the uAMQP C libraries from vcpkg.json, flip
  DISABLE_AMQP / DISABLE_AZURE_CORE_OPENTELEMETRY to ON, and trim the
  sub-project list to core + identity + storage-{common,blobs};
• writes an overlay triplet in build_azure that sets VCPKG_BUILD_TYPE release,
  which is the only supported way to ask vcpkg for a release-only build.

What is left for vcpkg to build is curl, libxml2, openssl 1.1.1n and zlib,
release only.

Also in this PR: an opt-in ccache for the third-party build.

ENABLE_THIRDPARTY_CCACHE=ON exports CMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER /
CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER, which CMake initialises from the environment, so no
cmake invocation in the script changes. It deliberately does not prefix CC/CXX
with ccache: CMake would split "ccache clang" into the compiler plus a
CMAKE_<LANG>_FLAGS entry, and that leaks into whatever a package exports.
Autotools packages are left alone. It is off by default because prefixing the
compiler changes how every package configures itself; apache/doris-thirdparty
CI turns it on, where a warm ccache turns a rebuild triggered by one changed
package into minutes instead of hours.

Release note

Azure Blob Storage support (+AZURE_BLOB, +AZURE_STORAGE_VAULT) is now built on
aarch64 and macOS, not just x86_64 Linux.

Check List (For Author)

• Test

  • Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)

    The patch was verified to apply cleanly to a pristine
    azure-sdk-for-cpp-azure-core_1.16.0 tarball, and the resulting vcpkg.json
    parses and declares only curl, libxml2, openssl, wil. The build
    itself is exercised by the apache/doris-thirdparty pipeline, which is the
    only place all four platforms are built.

• Behavior changed:

  • Yes.
    • Azure is now built and linked on aarch64 and macOS. The third-party
      prebuilt has to be rebuilt before this lands: BE/cloud on those platforms
      will pass -DBUILD_AZURE=ON and fail to link against an older prebuilt
      archive that has no azure libraries. DISABLE_BUILD_AZURE=ON still opts out.
    • installed/ no longer contains the azure sub-libraries Doris does not link
      (appconfiguration, attestation, eventhubs, keyvault, tables, template,
      storage-files-datalake, storage-files-shares, storage-queues), nor the
      opentelemetry/protobuf/abseil artifacts vcpkg used to install under the
      azure build tree.

• Does this need documentation?

  • No.

[hello-stephen]

Thank you for your contribution to Apache Doris.
Don't know what should be done next? See How to process your PR.

Please clearly describe your PR:

1. What problem was fixed (it's best to include specific error reporting information). How it was fixed.
2. Which behaviors were modified. What was the previous behavior, what is it now, why was it modified, and what possible impacts might there be.
3. What features were added. Why was this function added?
4. Which code was refactored and why was this part of the code refactored?
5. Which functions were optimized and what is the difference before and after the optimization?

[morningman]

Superseded by #66842, which combines this with the other third-party change and additionally applies the two applicable fixes from apache/doris-thirdparty#410 to .github/workflows/build-thirdparty.yml.