[WIP] Backport of #106020: Multi-stage distributed queries

[ianton-ru]

Backport of ClickHouse#106020 by @davenger

Changelog category (leave one):

• Experimental Feature

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

Multi-stage distributed queries (ClickHouse#106020 by @davenger)

Documentation entry for user-facing changes

Multi-stage distributed query execution: the planner splits the query plan into stages connected by scatter / broadcast / gather / shuffle exchanges and dispatches the plan fragments to worker nodes. The data between stages is streamed via TCP or passed via temporary files in shared object storage, the path supports distributed shuffle and broadcast hash joins, shuffle aggregation, and distributed sort. The feature is experimental and is disabled by default.

CI/CD Options

Exclude tests:

• Fast test
• Integration Tests
• Stateless tests
• Stateful tests
• Performance tests
• Aarch64 tests
• All with ASAN
• All with TSAN
• All with MSAN
• All with UBSAN
• All with Coverage
• All Regression
• Disable CI Cache

Regression jobs to run:

• Fast suites (mostly <1h)
• Aggregate Functions (2h)
• Alter (1.5h)
• Benchmark (30m)
• ClickHouse Keeper (1h)
• Iceberg (2h)
• LDAP (1h)
• OAuth (5m)
• Parquet (1.5h)
• RBAC (1.5h)
• SSL Server (1h)
• S3 (2h)
• S3 Export (2h)
• Swarms (30m)
• Tiered Storage (2h)

[github-actions]

Workflow [PR], commit [4087e7a]