diff --git a/.github/CODEOWNERS b/.github/CODEOWNERS
index 19cc7050a43f04..5bf60348f68250 100644
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -260,33 +260,33 @@ Include/pyhash.h                 @gpshead @picnixz
 Python/pyhash.c                  @gpshead @picnixz
 
 # The import system (including importlib)
-**/*import*                   @brettcannon @ericsnowcurrently @ncoghlan @warsaw
-Python/import.c               @brettcannon @ericsnowcurrently @ncoghlan @warsaw @kumaraditya303
+**/*import*                   @brettcannon @ericsnowcurrently @ncoghlan @warsaw @FFY00
+Python/import.c               @brettcannon @ericsnowcurrently @ncoghlan @warsaw @FFY00 @kumaraditya303
 **/*freeze*                   @ericsnowcurrently
 **/*frozen*                   @ericsnowcurrently
 **/*modsupport*               @ericsnowcurrently
-**/*modulefinder*             @ericsnowcurrently
+**/*modulefinder*             @ericsnowcurrently @FFY00
 **/*moduleobject*             @ericsnowcurrently
 **/*multiphase*               @ericsnowcurrently
-**/*pkgutil*                  @ericsnowcurrently
+**/*pkgutil*                  @ericsnowcurrently @FFY00
 **/*pythonrun*                @ericsnowcurrently
-**/*runpy*                    @ericsnowcurrently
+**/*runpy*                    @ericsnowcurrently @FFY00
 **/*singlephase*              @ericsnowcurrently
 Doc/c-api/module.rst          @ericsnowcurrently
 Lib/test/test_module/         @ericsnowcurrently
-Python/dynload_*.c            @ericsnowcurrently
+Python/dynload_*.c            @ericsnowcurrently @FFY00
 
 # Initialisation
-**/*initconfig*               @ericsnowcurrently
-**/*pathconfig*               @ericsnowcurrently
-**/*preconfig*                @ericsnowcurrently
+**/*initconfig*               @ericsnowcurrently @FFY00
+**/*pathconfig*               @ericsnowcurrently @FFY00
+**/*preconfig*                @ericsnowcurrently @FFY00
 Doc/library/sys_path_init.rst @FFY00
 Doc/c-api/init_config.rst     @FFY00
 
 # Interpreter main program
-Modules/main.c                @ericsnowcurrently
-Programs/_bootstrap_python.c  @ericsnowcurrently
-Programs/python.c             @ericsnowcurrently
+Modules/main.c                @ericsnowcurrently @FFY00
+Programs/_bootstrap_python.c  @ericsnowcurrently @FFY00
+Programs/python.c             @ericsnowcurrently @FFY00
 
 # JIT
 .github/workflows/jit.yml     @savannahostrowski
@@ -316,8 +316,8 @@ Tools/peg_generator/          @pablogsal @lysnikolaou
 
 # Runtime state/lifecycle
 **/*gil*                      @ericsnowcurrently
-**/*pylifecycle*              @ericsnowcurrently @ZeroIntensity
-**/*pystate*                  @ericsnowcurrently @ZeroIntensity
+**/*pylifecycle*              @ericsnowcurrently @ZeroIntensity @FFY00
+**/*pystate*                  @ericsnowcurrently @ZeroIntensity @FFY00
 Include/internal/pycore_*_init.h          @ericsnowcurrently
 Include/internal/pycore_*_state.h         @ericsnowcurrently
 Include/internal/pycore_atexit.h          @ericsnowcurrently
@@ -505,13 +505,13 @@ Lib/idlelib/                  @terryjreedy
 Lib/turtledemo/               @terryjreedy
 
 # importlib.metadata
-Doc/library/importlib.metadata.rst  @jaraco @warsaw
-Lib/importlib/metadata/             @jaraco @warsaw
-Lib/test/test_importlib/metadata/   @jaraco @warsaw
+Doc/library/importlib.metadata.rst  @jaraco @warsaw @FFY00
+Lib/importlib/metadata/             @jaraco @warsaw @FFY00
+Lib/test/test_importlib/metadata/   @jaraco @warsaw @FFY00
 
 # importlib.resources
-Doc/library/importlib.resources.abc.rst   @jaraco @warsaw
-Doc/library/importlib.resources.rst       @jaraco @warsaw
+Doc/library/importlib.resources.abc.rst   @jaraco @warsaw @FFY00
+Doc/library/importlib.resources.rst       @jaraco @warsaw @FFY00
 Lib/importlib/resources/                  @jaraco @warsaw @FFY00
 Lib/test/test_importlib/resources/        @jaraco @warsaw @FFY00
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/os.rst b/Doc/library/os.rst
index 7418f3a8bacb0f..a22afdec516bb4 100644
--- a/Doc/library/os.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/os.rst
@@ -2409,6 +2409,10 @@ features:
    .. versionchanged:: 3.6
       Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: next
+      ``os.listdir(-1)`` now fails with ``OSError(errno.EBADF)`` rather than
+      listing the current directory.
+
 
 .. function:: listdrives()
 
@@ -2939,6 +2943,10 @@ features:
    .. versionchanged:: 3.7
       Added support for :ref:`file descriptors <path_fd>` on Unix.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: next
+      ``os.scandir(-1)`` now fails with ``OSError(errno.EBADF)`` rather than
+      listing the current directory.
+
 
 .. class:: DirEntry
 
@@ -4574,6 +4582,10 @@ These functions are all available on Linux only.
    .. versionchanged:: 3.6
       Accepts a :term:`path-like object`.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: next
+      ``os.listxattr(-1)`` now fails with ``OSError(errno.EBADF)`` rather than
+      listing extended attributes of the current directory.
+
 
 .. function:: removexattr(path, attribute, *, follow_symlinks=True)
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst b/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst
index 4451d485884987..76a4367dd2dcd5 100644
--- a/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/stdtypes.rst
@@ -4536,7 +4536,7 @@ copying.
    types such as :class:`bytes` and :class:`bytearray`, an element is a single
    byte, but other types such as :class:`array.array` may have bigger elements.
 
-   ``len(view)`` is equal to the length of :class:`~memoryview.tolist`, which
+   ``len(view)`` is equal to the length of :meth:`~memoryview.tolist`, which
    is the nested list representation of the view. If ``view.ndim = 1``,
    this is equal to the number of elements in the view.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/wave.rst b/Doc/library/wave.rst
index 6e61a1a44ad232..ff020b52da3f23 100644
--- a/Doc/library/wave.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/wave.rst
@@ -181,11 +181,21 @@ Wave_write Objects
       Set the number of channels.
 
 
+   .. method:: getnchannels()
+
+      Return the number of channels.
+
+
    .. method:: setsampwidth(n)
 
       Set the sample width to *n* bytes.
 
 
+   .. method:: getsampwidth()
+
+      Return the sample width in bytes.
+
+
    .. method:: setframerate(n)
 
       Set the frame rate to *n*.
@@ -195,6 +205,11 @@ Wave_write Objects
          integer.
 
 
+   .. method:: getframerate()
+
+      Return the frame rate.
+
+
    .. method:: setnframes(n)
 
       Set the number of frames to *n*.  This will be changed later if the number
@@ -202,12 +217,27 @@ Wave_write Objects
       raise an error if the output stream is not seekable).
 
 
+   .. method:: getnframes()
+
+      Return the number of audio frames written so far.
+
+
    .. method:: setcomptype(type, name)
 
       Set the compression type and description. At the moment, only compression type
       ``NONE`` is supported, meaning no compression.
 
 
+   .. method:: getcomptype()
+
+      Return the compression type (``'NONE'``).
+
+
+   .. method:: getcompname()
+
+      Return the human-readable compression type name.
+
+
    .. method:: setparams(tuple)
 
       The *tuple* should be ``(nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype,
@@ -215,6 +245,13 @@ Wave_write Objects
       parameters.
 
 
+   .. method:: getparams()
+
+      Return a :func:`~collections.namedtuple`
+      ``(nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, compname)``
+      containing the current output parameters.
+
+
    .. method:: tell()
 
       Return current position in the file, with the same disclaimer for the
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_functools.py b/Lib/test/test_functools.py
index 86652b7fa4d6df..dda42cb33072c3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_functools.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_functools.py
@@ -514,6 +514,58 @@ def test_partial_genericalias(self):
         self.assertEqual(alias.__args__, (int,))
         self.assertEqual(alias.__parameters__, ())
 
+    # GH-144475: Tests that the partial object does not change until repr finishes
+    def test_repr_safety_against_reentrant_mutation(self):
+        g_partial = None
+
+        class Function:
+            def __init__(self, name):
+                self.name = name
+
+            def __call__(self):
+                return None
+
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return f"Function({self.name})"
+
+        class EvilObject:
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.triggered = False
+
+            def __repr__(self):
+                if not self.triggered and g_partial is not None:
+                    self.triggered = True
+                    new_args_tuple = (None,)
+                    new_keywords_dict = {"keyword": None}
+                    new_tuple_state = (Function("new_function"), new_args_tuple, new_keywords_dict, None)
+                    g_partial.__setstate__(new_tuple_state)
+                    gc.collect()
+                return f"EvilObject"
+
+        trigger = EvilObject()
+        func = Function("old_function")
+
+        g_partial = functools.partial(func, None, trigger=trigger)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(g_partial),"functools.partial(Function(old_function), None, trigger=EvilObject)")
+
+        trigger.triggered = False
+        g_partial = functools.partial(func, trigger, arg=None)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(g_partial),"functools.partial(Function(old_function), EvilObject, arg=None)")
+
+
+        trigger.triggered = False
+        g_partial = functools.partial(func, trigger, None)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(g_partial),"functools.partial(Function(old_function), EvilObject, None)")
+
+        trigger.triggered = False
+        g_partial = functools.partial(func, trigger=trigger, arg=None)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(g_partial),"functools.partial(Function(old_function), trigger=EvilObject, arg=None)")
+
+        trigger.triggered = False
+        g_partial = functools.partial(func, trigger, None, None, None, None, arg=None)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(g_partial),"functools.partial(Function(old_function), EvilObject, None, None, None, None, arg=None)")
+
+
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(c_functools, 'requires the C _functools module')
 class TestPartialC(TestPartial, unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_lazy_import/__init__.py b/Lib/test/test_lazy_import/__init__.py
index 5d30ec2299789b..a4180f05dbbafc 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_lazy_import/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_lazy_import/__init__.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 import os
 
 from test import support
+from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok
 
 try:
     import _testcapi
@@ -219,6 +220,16 @@ def test_lazy_import_type_cant_construct(self):
         """LazyImportType should not be directly constructible."""
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, types.LazyImportType, {}, "module")
 
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
+    def test_lazy_import_type_attributes_accessible(self):
+        """Check that static PyLazyImport_Type is initialized at startup."""
+        code = textwrap.dedent("""
+            lazy import json
+            print(globals()["json"].resolve)
+        """)
+        proc = assert_python_ok("-c", code)
+        self.assertIn(b"<built-in method resolve of lazy_import object at", proc.out)
+
 
 class SyntaxRestrictionTests(unittest.TestCase):
     """Tests for syntax restrictions on lazy imports."""
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_os/test_os.py b/Lib/test/test_os/test_os.py
index 1f241609da80cd..3cab8ff9536d23 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_os/test_os.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_os/test_os.py
@@ -2784,10 +2784,61 @@ def test_fpathconf_bad_fd(self):
         'musl fpathconf ignores the file descriptor and returns a constant',
         )
     def test_pathconf_negative_fd_uses_fd_semantics(self):
+        if os.pathconf not in os.supports_fd:
+            self.skipTest('needs fpathconf()')
+
         with self.assertRaises(OSError) as ctx:
             os.pathconf(-1, 1)
         self.assertEqual(ctx.exception.errno, errno.EBADF)
 
+    @support.subTests("fd", [-1, -5])
+    def test_negative_fd_ebadf(self, fd):
+        tests = [(os.stat, fd)]
+        if hasattr(os, "statx"):
+            tests.append((os.statx, fd, 0))
+        if os.chdir in os.supports_fd:
+            tests.append((os.chdir, fd))
+        if os.chmod in os.supports_fd:
+            tests.append((os.chmod, fd, 0o777))
+        if hasattr(os, "chown") and os.chown in os.supports_fd:
+            tests.append((os.chown, fd, 0, 0))
+        if os.listdir in os.supports_fd:
+            tests.append((os.listdir, fd))
+        if os.utime in os.supports_fd:
+            tests.append((os.utime, fd, (0, 0)))
+        if hasattr(os, "truncate") and os.truncate in os.supports_fd:
+            tests.append((os.truncate, fd, 0))
+        if hasattr(os, 'statvfs') and os.statvfs in os.supports_fd:
+            tests.append((os.statvfs, fd))
+        if hasattr(os, "setxattr"):
+            tests.append((os.getxattr, fd, b"user.test"))
+            tests.append((os.setxattr, fd, b"user.test", b"1"))
+            tests.append((os.removexattr, fd, b"user.test"))
+            tests.append((os.listxattr, fd))
+        if os.scandir in os.supports_fd:
+            tests.append((os.scandir, fd))
+
+        for func, *args in tests:
+            with self.subTest(func=func, args=args):
+                with self.assertRaises(OSError) as ctx:
+                    func(*args)
+                self.assertEqual(ctx.exception.errno, errno.EBADF)
+
+        if hasattr(os, "execve") and os.execve in os.supports_fd:
+            # glibc fails with EINVAL, musl fails with EBADF
+            with self.assertRaises(OSError) as ctx:
+                os.execve(fd, [sys.executable, "-c", "pass"], os.environ)
+            self.assertIn(ctx.exception.errno, (errno.EBADF, errno.EINVAL))
+
+        if support.MS_WINDOWS:
+            import nt
+            self.assertFalse(nt._path_exists(fd))
+            self.assertFalse(nt._path_lexists(fd))
+            self.assertFalse(nt._path_isdir(fd))
+            self.assertFalse(nt._path_isfile(fd))
+            self.assertFalse(nt._path_islink(fd))
+            self.assertFalse(nt._path_isjunction(fd))
+
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'ftruncate'), 'test needs os.ftruncate()')
     def test_ftruncate(self):
         self.check(os.truncate, 0)
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-02-28-16-46-17.gh-issue-145376.lG5u1a.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-02-28-16-46-17.gh-issue-145376.lG5u1a.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..a5a6908757e458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-02-28-16-46-17.gh-issue-145376.lG5u1a.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix reference leaks in various unusual error scenarios.
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Documentation/2026-03-03-08-18-00.gh-issue-145450.VI7GXj.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Documentation/2026-03-03-08-18-00.gh-issue-145450.VI7GXj.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..681c932b34a05d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Documentation/2026-03-03-08-18-00.gh-issue-145450.VI7GXj.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Document missing public :class:`wave.Wave_write` getter methods.
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-02-07-16-37-42.gh-issue-144475.8tFEXw.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-02-07-16-37-42.gh-issue-144475.8tFEXw.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..b458399bb40640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-02-07-16-37-42.gh-issue-144475.8tFEXw.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Calling :func:`repr` on :func:`functools.partial` is now safer
+when the partial object's internal attributes are replaced while
+the string representation is being generated.
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-03-02-20-08-09.gh-issue-145335.lVTBvd.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-03-02-20-08-09.gh-issue-145335.lVTBvd.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..53033b06c2fae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-03-02-20-08-09.gh-issue-145335.lVTBvd.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+``os.listdir(-1)`` and ``os.scandir(-1)`` now fail with
+``OSError(errno.EBADF)`` rather than listing the current directory.
+``os.listxattr(-1)`` now fails with ``OSError(errno.EBADF)`` rather than
+listing extended attributes of the current directory. Patch by Victor
+Stinner.
diff --git a/Modules/_functoolsmodule.c b/Modules/_functoolsmodule.c
index 5773083ff68b46..5286be0b715fff 100644
--- a/Modules/_functoolsmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_functoolsmodule.c
@@ -688,65 +688,72 @@ partial_repr(PyObject *self)
 {
     partialobject *pto = partialobject_CAST(self);
     PyObject *result = NULL;
-    PyObject *arglist;
-    PyObject *mod;
-    PyObject *name;
+    PyObject *arglist = NULL;
+    PyObject *mod = NULL;
+    PyObject *name = NULL;
     Py_ssize_t i, n;
     PyObject *key, *value;
     int status;
 
     status = Py_ReprEnter(self);
     if (status != 0) {
-        if (status < 0)
+        if (status < 0) {
             return NULL;
+        }
         return PyUnicode_FromString("...");
     }
+    /* Reference arguments in case they change */
+    PyObject *fn = Py_NewRef(pto->fn);
+    PyObject *args = Py_NewRef(pto->args);
+    PyObject *kw = Py_NewRef(pto->kw);
+    assert(PyTuple_Check(args));
+    assert(PyDict_Check(kw));
 
     arglist = Py_GetConstant(Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR);
-    if (arglist == NULL)
+    if (arglist == NULL) {
         goto done;
+    }
     /* Pack positional arguments */
-    assert(PyTuple_Check(pto->args));
-    n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(pto->args);
+    n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
         Py_SETREF(arglist, PyUnicode_FromFormat("%U, %R", arglist,
-                                        PyTuple_GET_ITEM(pto->args, i)));
-        if (arglist == NULL)
+                                        PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i)));
+        if (arglist == NULL) {
             goto done;
+        }
     }
     /* Pack keyword arguments */
-    assert (PyDict_Check(pto->kw));
-    for (i = 0; PyDict_Next(pto->kw, &i, &key, &value);) {
+    for (i = 0; PyDict_Next(kw, &i, &key, &value);) {
         /* Prevent key.__str__ from deleting the value. */
         Py_INCREF(value);
         Py_SETREF(arglist, PyUnicode_FromFormat("%U, %S=%R", arglist,
                                                 key, value));
         Py_DECREF(value);
-        if (arglist == NULL)
+        if (arglist == NULL) {
             goto done;
+        }
     }
 
     mod = PyType_GetModuleName(Py_TYPE(pto));
     if (mod == NULL) {
-        goto error;
+        goto done;
     }
+
     name = PyType_GetQualName(Py_TYPE(pto));
     if (name == NULL) {
-        Py_DECREF(mod);
-        goto error;
+        goto done;
     }
-    result = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%S.%S(%R%U)", mod, name, pto->fn, arglist);
-    Py_DECREF(mod);
-    Py_DECREF(name);
-    Py_DECREF(arglist);
 
- done:
+    result = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%S.%S(%R%U)", mod, name, fn, arglist);
+done:
+    Py_XDECREF(name);
+    Py_XDECREF(mod);
+    Py_XDECREF(arglist);
+    Py_DECREF(fn);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kw);
     Py_ReprLeave(self);
     return result;
- error:
-    Py_DECREF(arglist);
-    Py_ReprLeave(self);
-    return NULL;
 }
 
 /* Pickle strategy:
diff --git a/Modules/_xxtestfuzz/fuzzer.c b/Modules/_xxtestfuzz/fuzzer.c
index 0cbe10c79ab4a6..14da472c1bb110 100644
--- a/Modules/_xxtestfuzz/fuzzer.c
+++ b/Modules/_xxtestfuzz/fuzzer.c
@@ -428,6 +428,7 @@ static int fuzz_ast_literal_eval(const char* data, size_t size) {
                             PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError) ||
                             PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SyntaxError) ||
                             PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_MemoryError) ||
+                            PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_OverflowError) ||
                             PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_RecursionError))
     ) {
         PyErr_Clear();
diff --git a/Modules/main.c b/Modules/main.c
index 74e48c94732565..95ba541d98c2e8 100644
--- a/Modules/main.c
+++ b/Modules/main.c
@@ -506,6 +506,7 @@ pymain_run_interactive_hook(int *exitcode)
     }
 
     if (PySys_Audit("cpython.run_interactivehook", "O", hook) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(hook);
         goto error;
     }
 
diff --git a/Modules/posixmodule.c b/Modules/posixmodule.c
index b82f08e7dc4291..aa3d682a19bc9c 100644
--- a/Modules/posixmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/posixmodule.c
@@ -1638,10 +1638,10 @@ dir_fd_and_fd_invalid(const char *function_name, int dir_fd, int fd)
 }
 
 static int
-fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid(const char *function_name, int fd,
+fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid(const char *function_name, int is_fd,
                                int follow_symlinks)
 {
-    if ((fd >= 0) && (!follow_symlinks)) {
+    if (is_fd && (!follow_symlinks)) {
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                      "%s: cannot use fd and follow_symlinks together",
                      function_name);
@@ -2880,12 +2880,13 @@ posix_do_stat(PyObject *module, const char *function_name, path_t *path,
 
     if (path_and_dir_fd_invalid("stat", path, dir_fd) ||
         dir_fd_and_fd_invalid("stat", dir_fd, path->fd) ||
-        fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("stat", path->fd, follow_symlinks))
+        fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("stat", path->is_fd, follow_symlinks))
         return NULL;
 
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
-    if (path->fd != -1)
+    if (path->is_fd) {
         result = FSTAT(path->fd, &st);
+    }
 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
     else if (follow_symlinks)
         result = win32_stat(path->wide, &st);
@@ -3647,7 +3648,7 @@ os_statx_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, unsigned int mask, int flags,
 {
     if (path_and_dir_fd_invalid("statx", path, dir_fd) ||
         dir_fd_and_fd_invalid("statx", dir_fd, path->fd) ||
-        fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("statx", path->fd, follow_symlinks)) {
+        fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("statx", path->is_fd, follow_symlinks)) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -3677,7 +3678,7 @@ os_statx_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, unsigned int mask, int flags,
 
     int result;
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
-    if (path->fd != -1) {
+    if (path->is_fd) {
         result = statx(path->fd, "", flags | AT_EMPTY_PATH, mask, &v->stx);
     }
     else {
@@ -3934,7 +3935,7 @@ os_chdir_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path)
     result = !win32_wchdir(path->wide);
 #else
 #ifdef HAVE_FCHDIR
-    if (path->fd != -1)
+    if (path->is_fd)
         result = fchdir(path->fd);
     else
 #endif
@@ -4090,7 +4091,7 @@ os_chmod_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, int mode, int dir_fd,
 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
     result = 0;
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
-    if (path->fd != -1) {
+    if (path->is_fd) {
         result = win32_fchmod(path->fd, mode);
     }
     else if (follow_symlinks) {
@@ -4113,8 +4114,9 @@ os_chmod_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, int mode, int dir_fd,
 #else /* MS_WINDOWS */
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
 #ifdef HAVE_FCHMOD
-    if (path->fd != -1)
+    if (path->is_fd) {
         result = fchmod(path->fd, mode);
+    }
     else
 #endif /* HAVE_CHMOD */
 #ifdef HAVE_LCHMOD
@@ -4511,7 +4513,7 @@ os_chown_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
         return NULL;
 #endif
     if (dir_fd_and_fd_invalid("chown", dir_fd, path->fd) ||
-        fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("chown", path->fd, follow_symlinks))
+        fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("chown", path->is_fd, follow_symlinks))
         return NULL;
 
     if (PySys_Audit("os.chown", "OIIi", path->object, uid, gid,
@@ -4521,7 +4523,7 @@ os_chown_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
 
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
 #ifdef HAVE_FCHOWN
-    if (path->fd != -1)
+    if (path->is_fd)
         result = fchown(path->fd, uid, gid);
     else
 #endif
@@ -4999,7 +5001,7 @@ _posix_listdir(path_t *path, PyObject *list)
 
     errno = 0;
 #ifdef HAVE_FDOPENDIR
-    if (path->fd != -1) {
+    if (path->is_fd) {
       if (HAVE_FDOPENDIR_RUNTIME) {
         /* closedir() closes the FD, so we duplicate it */
         fd = _Py_dup(path->fd);
@@ -5898,7 +5900,7 @@ _testFileExists(path_t *path, BOOL followLinks)
     }
 
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
-    if (path->fd != -1) {
+    if (path->is_fd) {
         HANDLE hfile = _Py_get_osfhandle_noraise(path->fd);
         if (hfile != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
             if (GetFileType(hfile) != FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN || !GetLastError()) {
@@ -5924,7 +5926,7 @@ _testFileType(path_t *path, int testedType)
     }
 
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
-    if (path->fd != -1) {
+    if (path->is_fd) {
         HANDLE hfile = _Py_get_osfhandle_noraise(path->fd);
         if (hfile != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
             result = _testFileTypeByHandle(hfile, testedType, TRUE);
@@ -7141,7 +7143,7 @@ os_utime_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, PyObject *times, PyObject *ns,
 
     if (path_and_dir_fd_invalid("utime", path, dir_fd) ||
         dir_fd_and_fd_invalid("utime", dir_fd, path->fd) ||
-        fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("utime", path->fd, follow_symlinks))
+        fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("utime", path->is_fd, follow_symlinks))
         return NULL;
 
 #if !defined(HAVE_UTIMENSAT)
@@ -7200,7 +7202,7 @@ os_utime_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, PyObject *times, PyObject *ns,
 #endif
 
 #if defined(HAVE_FUTIMES) || defined(HAVE_FUTIMENS)
-    if (path->fd != -1)
+    if (path->is_fd)
         result = utime_fd(&utime, path->fd);
     else
 #endif
@@ -7569,7 +7571,7 @@ os_execve_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, PyObject *argv, PyObject *env)
 
     _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
 #ifdef HAVE_FEXECVE
-    if (path->fd > -1)
+    if (path->is_fd)
         fexecve(path->fd, argvlist, envlist);
     else
 #endif
@@ -13355,7 +13357,7 @@ os_truncate_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, Py_off_t length)
     int fd;
 #endif
 
-    if (path->fd != -1)
+    if (path->is_fd)
         return os_ftruncate_impl(module, path->fd, length);
 
     if (PySys_Audit("os.truncate", "On", path->object, length) < 0) {
@@ -14052,7 +14054,7 @@ os_statvfs_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path)
     struct statfs st;
 
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
-    if (path->fd != -1) {
+    if (path->is_fd) {
         result = fstatfs(path->fd, &st);
     }
     else
@@ -14070,7 +14072,7 @@ os_statvfs_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path)
 
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
 #ifdef HAVE_FSTATVFS
-    if (path->fd != -1) {
+    if (path->is_fd) {
         result = fstatvfs(path->fd, &st);
     }
     else
@@ -15410,7 +15412,7 @@ os_getxattr_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, path_t *attribute,
                  int follow_symlinks)
 /*[clinic end generated code: output=5f2f44200a43cff2 input=025789491708f7eb]*/
 {
-    if (fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("getxattr", path->fd, follow_symlinks))
+    if (fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("getxattr", path->is_fd, follow_symlinks))
         return NULL;
 
     if (PySys_Audit("os.getxattr", "OO", path->object, attribute->object) < 0) {
@@ -15432,7 +15434,7 @@ os_getxattr_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, path_t *attribute,
         void *ptr = PyBytesWriter_GetData(writer);
 
         Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
-        if (path->fd >= 0)
+        if (path->is_fd)
             result = fgetxattr(path->fd, attribute->narrow, ptr, buffer_size);
         else if (follow_symlinks)
             result = getxattr(path->narrow, attribute->narrow, ptr, buffer_size);
@@ -15481,7 +15483,7 @@ os_setxattr_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, path_t *attribute,
 {
     ssize_t result;
 
-    if (fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("setxattr", path->fd, follow_symlinks))
+    if (fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("setxattr", path->is_fd, follow_symlinks))
         return NULL;
 
     if (PySys_Audit("os.setxattr", "OOy#i", path->object, attribute->object,
@@ -15490,7 +15492,7 @@ os_setxattr_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, path_t *attribute,
     }
 
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
-    if (path->fd > -1)
+    if (path->is_fd)
         result = fsetxattr(path->fd, attribute->narrow,
                            value->buf, value->len, flags);
     else if (follow_symlinks)
@@ -15534,7 +15536,7 @@ os_removexattr_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, path_t *attribute,
 {
     ssize_t result;
 
-    if (fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("removexattr", path->fd, follow_symlinks))
+    if (fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("removexattr", path->is_fd, follow_symlinks))
         return NULL;
 
     if (PySys_Audit("os.removexattr", "OO", path->object, attribute->object) < 0) {
@@ -15542,7 +15544,7 @@ os_removexattr_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, path_t *attribute,
     }
 
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
-    if (path->fd > -1)
+    if (path->is_fd)
         result = fremovexattr(path->fd, attribute->narrow);
     else if (follow_symlinks)
         result = removexattr(path->narrow, attribute->narrow);
@@ -15584,7 +15586,7 @@ os_listxattr_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, int follow_symlinks)
     const char *name;
     char *buffer = NULL;
 
-    if (fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("listxattr", path->fd, follow_symlinks))
+    if (fd_and_follow_symlinks_invalid("listxattr", path->is_fd, follow_symlinks))
         goto exit;
 
     if (PySys_Audit("os.listxattr", "(O)",
@@ -15611,7 +15613,7 @@ os_listxattr_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, int follow_symlinks)
         }
 
         Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
-        if (path->fd > -1)
+        if (path->is_fd)
             length = flistxattr(path->fd, buffer, buffer_size);
         else if (follow_symlinks)
             length = listxattr(name, buffer, buffer_size);
@@ -16664,7 +16666,7 @@ DirEntry_from_posix_info(PyObject *module, path_t *path, const char *name,
     entry->stat = NULL;
     entry->lstat = NULL;
 
-    if (path->fd != -1) {
+    if (path->is_fd) {
         entry->dir_fd = path->fd;
         joined_path = NULL;
     }
@@ -16689,7 +16691,7 @@ DirEntry_from_posix_info(PyObject *module, path_t *path, const char *name,
     if (!entry->name)
         goto error;
 
-    if (path->fd != -1) {
+    if (path->is_fd) {
         entry->path = Py_NewRef(entry->name);
     }
     else if (!entry->path)
@@ -16813,8 +16815,9 @@ ScandirIterator_closedir(ScandirIterator *iterator)
     iterator->dirp = NULL;
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
 #ifdef HAVE_FDOPENDIR
-    if (iterator->path.fd != -1)
+    if (iterator->path.is_fd) {
         rewinddir(dirp);
+    }
 #endif
     closedir(dirp);
     Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
@@ -17034,7 +17037,7 @@ os_scandir_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path)
 #else /* POSIX */
     errno = 0;
 #ifdef HAVE_FDOPENDIR
-    if (iterator->path.fd != -1) {
+    if (iterator->path.is_fd) {
       if (HAVE_FDOPENDIR_RUNTIME) {
         /* closedir() closes the FD, so we duplicate it */
         fd = _Py_dup(iterator->path.fd);
diff --git a/Objects/object.c b/Objects/object.c
index ab73d2eb1c9c1f..b537c0d104e58c 100644
--- a/Objects/object.c
+++ b/Objects/object.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "pycore_instruction_sequence.h" // _PyInstructionSequence_Type
 #include "pycore_interpframe.h"   // _PyFrame_Stackbase()
 #include "pycore_interpolation.h" // _PyInterpolation_Type
+#include "pycore_lazyimportobject.h" // PyLazyImport_Type
 #include "pycore_list.h"          // _PyList_DebugMallocStats()
 #include "pycore_long.h"          // _PyLong_GetZero()
 #include "pycore_memoryobject.h"  // _PyManagedBuffer_Type
@@ -2540,6 +2541,7 @@ static PyTypeObject* static_types[] = {
     &PyGen_Type,
     &PyGetSetDescr_Type,
     &PyInstanceMethod_Type,
+    &PyLazyImport_Type,
     &PyListIter_Type,
     &PyListRevIter_Type,
     &PyList_Type,
diff --git a/Python/crossinterp.c b/Python/crossinterp.c
index 6365b995a0d3f7..c8a80e7a986008 100644
--- a/Python/crossinterp.c
+++ b/Python/crossinterp.c
@@ -609,6 +609,7 @@ check_missing___main___attr(PyObject *exc)
     // Get the error message.
     PyObject *args = PyException_GetArgs(exc);
     if (args == NULL || args == Py_None || PyObject_Size(args) < 1) {
+        Py_XDECREF(args);
         assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
         return 0;
     }
diff --git a/Python/import.c b/Python/import.c
index dfc4d5707bfdba..3ed808f67f4149 100644
--- a/Python/import.c
+++ b/Python/import.c
@@ -5642,6 +5642,7 @@ _imp__set_lazy_attributes_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *modobj,
 
     module_dict = get_mod_dict(modobj);
     if (module_dict == NULL || !PyDict_CheckExact(module_dict)) {
+        Py_DECREF(lazy_submodules);
         goto done;
     }
 
diff --git a/Python/pythonrun.c b/Python/pythonrun.c
index ec8c2d12ab27fc..043bdf3433ab57 100644
--- a/Python/pythonrun.c
+++ b/Python/pythonrun.c
@@ -1145,6 +1145,7 @@ _PyErr_Display(PyObject *file, PyObject *unused, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb)
         "traceback",
         "_print_exception_bltin");
     if (print_exception_fn == NULL || !PyCallable_Check(print_exception_fn)) {
+        Py_XDECREF(print_exception_fn);
         goto fallback;
     }
 
diff --git a/Python/sysmodule.c b/Python/sysmodule.c
index 28b2108940c853..55b4072213d3c2 100644
--- a/Python/sysmodule.c
+++ b/Python/sysmodule.c
@@ -1762,7 +1762,7 @@ sys_getwindowsversion_impl(PyObject *module)
     PyObject *realVersion = _sys_getwindowsversion_from_kernel32();
     if (!realVersion) {
         if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_WindowsError)) {
-            return NULL;
+            goto error;
         }
 
         PyErr_Clear();