From d41dc5b8f0d22b6f59ba12c6242a643d7e0f85a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Mon, 23 Feb 2026 09:57:00 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 01/49] experiments with flatkv

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/bench_sc_long_running_test.go  | 3 +++
 sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go | 1 +
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/bench_sc_long_running_test.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/bench_sc_long_running_test.go
index 028c91c39f..752aed5803 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/bench_sc_long_running_test.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/bench_sc_long_running_test.go
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ package bench
 
 import (
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
 )
 
 func BenchmarkLongRunningWrite(b *testing.B) {
@@ -12,6 +14,7 @@ func BenchmarkLongRunningWrite(b *testing.B) {
 		NumBlocks:      1_000_000_000,
 		TotalKeys:      1_000_000_000_000,
 		DuplicateRatio: 0.5,
+		Backend:        wrappers.FlatKV,
 	}
 
 	b.Run(scenario.Name, func(b *testing.B) {
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go
index 968094a5e4..eda99c96ae 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ func newFlatKVCommitStore(b *testing.B) DBWrapper {
 	b.Helper()
 	dir := b.TempDir()
 	cfg := flatkv.DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.Fsync = false
 	cs := flatkv.NewCommitStore(dir, logger.NewNopLogger(), cfg)
 
 	_, err := cs.LoadVersion(0)

From 44db682b139d85316847799d86aeaba57635757c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Mon, 23 Feb 2026 11:34:23 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 02/49] Don't sync all DBs at commit time

---
 sei-db/state_db/sc/flatkv/store_write.go | 11 ++---------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/sc/flatkv/store_write.go b/sei-db/state_db/sc/flatkv/store_write.go
index 1f1f82b7c9..96f734e226 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/sc/flatkv/store_write.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/sc/flatkv/store_write.go
@@ -224,19 +224,12 @@ func (s *CommitStore) Commit() (int64, error) {
 	s.committedVersion = version
 	s.committedLtHash = s.workingLtHash.Clone()
 
-	// Step 4: Flush data DBs if not using fsync (ensures data is on disk before metaDB update)
-	if !s.config.Fsync {
-		if err := s.flushAllDBs(); err != nil {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("flush: %w", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Step 5: Persist global metadata to metadata DB (always every block)
+	// Step 4: Persist global metadata to metadata DB (always every block)
 	if err := s.commitGlobalMetadata(version, s.committedLtHash); err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("metadata DB commit: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Step 6: Clear pending buffers
+	// Step 5: Clear pending buffers
 	s.clearPendingWrites()
 
 	s.log.Info("Committed version", "version", version)

From 189bb31c8c3b54b3e4357b6880dde8164e51281d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Mon, 23 Feb 2026 13:26:03 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 03/49] added some initial utilities

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md     |   4 +
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       |  56 ++++++++
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go | 127 ++++++++++++++++++
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go       |  38 ++++++
 4 files changed, 225 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8674372df7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+The `cryptosim` benchmark simulates basic cryptocurrency transfer transactions. It's a benchmark designed to be
+predictive of DB performance under a heavy crypto transfer load.
+
+TODO expand this doc
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..087879a2f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package cryptosim
+
+// Defines the configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
+type CryptoSimConfig struct {
+
+	// The minimum number of accounts that should be in the DB prior to the start of the benchmark.
+	// If there are fewer than this number of accounts, the benchmark will first create the necessary
+	// accounts before starting its regular operations.
+	MinimumAccountNumber int
+
+	// When selecting an account for a transaction, the benchmark will select a hot account with this
+	// weight. The actual probability depends on the ratio of this weight to the other account weight configurations.
+	HotAccountWeight float64
+
+	// When selecting an account for a transaction, the benchmark will select a cold account with this
+	// weight. The actual probability depends on the ratio of this weight to the other account weight configurations.
+	ColdAccountWeight float64
+
+	// When selecting an account for a transaction, the benchmark will create a new account with this
+	// weight. The actual probability depends on the ratio of this weight to the other account weight configurations.
+	NewAccountWeight float64
+
+	// The number of hot accounts.
+	//
+	// Future work: add different distributions of hot account access. Currently, distribution is flat.
+	HotSetSize int
+
+	// The number of bytes in the account key.
+	AccountKeySize int
+
+	// Each account contains an integer value used to track a balance, plus a bunch of random
+	// bytes for padding. This is the total size of the account after padding is added.
+	PaddedAccountSize int
+
+	// The number of transactions that will be processed in each "block".
+	TransactionsPerBlock int
+
+	// The directory to store the benchmark data. If unspecified, the benchmark will use a temporary directory
+	// that is destroyed after the benchmark completes.
+	DataDir string
+}
+
+// Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
+func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
+	return &CryptoSimConfig{
+		MinimumAccountNumber: 1000,
+		HotAccountWeight:     50,
+		ColdAccountWeight:    49,
+		NewAccountWeight:     1,
+		HotSetSize:           100,
+		AccountKeySize:       20,
+		PaddedAccountSize:    100,
+		TransactionsPerBlock: 100,
+		DataDir:              "",
+	}
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b7b57cf586
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package cryptosim
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+)
+
+// A utility that buffers randomness in a way that is highly performant for benchmarking.
+// It contains a buffer of random bytes that it reuses to avoid generating lots of random numbers
+// at runtime.
+//
+// The goal is to avoid accidentally creating CPU hotspots in the benchmark framework. We want
+// to exercise the DB, not the code that feeds it randomness.
+//
+// This utility is not thread safe.
+//
+// In case it requires saying, this utility is NOT a suitable source cryptographically secure random numbers.
+type RandomBuffer struct {
+	// Pre-generated buffer of random bytes.
+	buffer []byte
+
+	// Controls the next index to read from the buffer.
+	index int64
+}
+
+// Creates a new random buffer.
+func NewRandomBuffer(
+	// The size of the buffer to create. A slice of this size is instantiated, so avoid setting this too large.
+	// Do not set this too small though, as the buffer will panic if the requested number of bytes is greater
+	// than the buffer size.
+	bufferSize int,
+	// The seed to use to generate the random bytes. This utility provides deterministic random numbers
+	// given the same seed.
+	seed int64,
+) *RandomBuffer {
+
+	if bufferSize < 8 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("buffer size must be at least 8 bytes, got %d", bufferSize))
+	}
+
+	// Adjust the buffer size so that (bufferSize % 8) == 1. This way when the index wraps around, it won't align
+	// perfectly with the buffer, giving us a longer runway before we repeat the exact same sequence of bytes.
+	// TODO verify that this logic works as intended.
+	bufferSize += (1 - (bufferSize % 8) + 8) % 8
+
+	source := rand.NewSource(seed)
+	rng := rand.New(source)
+
+	buffer := make([]byte, bufferSize)
+	rng.Read(buffer)
+
+	return &RandomBuffer{
+		buffer: buffer,
+		index:  0,
+	}
+}
+
+// Returns a slice of random bytes.
+//
+// Returned slice is NOT safe to modify. If modification is required, the caller should make a copy of the slice.
+func (rb *RandomBuffer) Bytes(count int) []byte {
+	return rb.SeededBytes(count, rb.Int64())
+}
+
+// Returns a slice of random bytes from a given seed. Bytes are deterministic given the same seed.
+//
+// Returned slice is NOT safe to modify. If modification is required, the caller should make a copy of the slice.
+func (rb *RandomBuffer) SeededBytes(count int, seed int64) []byte {
+
+	if count < 0 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("count must be non-negative, got %d", count))
+	}
+	if count > len(rb.buffer) {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("count must be less than or equal to the buffer size, got %d", count))
+	} else if count == len(rb.buffer) {
+		return rb.buffer
+	}
+
+	startIndex := PositiveHash64(seed) % int64(len(rb.buffer)-count)
+	return rb.buffer[startIndex : startIndex+int64(count)]
+}
+
+// Generate a random-ish int64.
+func (rb *RandomBuffer) Int64() int64 {
+	bufLen := int64(len(rb.buffer))
+	var buf [8]byte
+	for i := int64(0); i < 8; i++ {
+		buf[i] = rb.buffer[(rb.index+i)%bufLen]
+	}
+	base := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(buf[:])
+	result := Hash64(int64(base) + rb.index)
+
+	// Add 8 to the index to skip the 8 bytes we just read.
+	rb.index = (rb.index + 8) % bufLen
+	return result
+}
+
+// Generate a random address suitable for use simulating an eth-style address. Given the same account ID,
+// the address will be deterministic, and any two unique account IDs are guaranteed to generate unique addresses.
+func (rb *RandomBuffer) Address(
+	addressSize int,
+	accountID int64,
+) []byte {
+
+	if addressSize < 8 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("address size must be at least 8 bytes, got %d", addressSize))
+	}
+
+	address := make([]byte, addressSize)
+	baseBytes := rb.SeededBytes(addressSize, accountID)
+
+	// Inject the account ID into the middle of the address to ensure uniqueness.
+	accountIDIndex := addressSize / 2
+	if accountIDIndex+8 > addressSize {
+		// If we don't have enough space, put the account ID at the end.
+		accountIDIndex = addressSize - 8
+	}
+
+	// copy base bytes to the address
+	copy(address, baseBytes)
+
+	// write the account ID to the address
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(address[accountIDIndex:accountIDIndex+8], uint64(accountID))
+
+	return address
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9bc53fe0f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package cryptosim
+
+import "math"
+
+// Hash64 returns a well-distributed 64-bit hash of x.
+// It implements the SplitMix64 finalizer, a fast non-cryptographic mixing
+// function with excellent avalanche properties. It is suitable for hash tables,
+// sharding, randomized iteration, and benchmarks, but it is NOT
+// cryptographically secure.
+//
+// The function is a bijection over uint64 (no collisions as a mapping).
+//
+// References:
+//   - Steele, Lea, Flood. "Fast Splittable Pseudorandom Number Generators"
+//     (OOPSLA 2014): https://doi.org/10.1145/2660193.2660195
+//   - Public domain reference implementation:
+//     http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
+func Hash64(x int64) int64 {
+	z := uint64(x)
+	z += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15
+	z = (z ^ (z >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9
+	z = (z ^ (z >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb
+	z = z ^ (z >> 31)
+	return int64(z)
+}
+
+// PositiveHash64 returns the absolute value of Hash64(x). It never returns a negative value.
+// When Hash64(x) is math.MinInt64, returns math.MaxInt64 since the true absolute value does not fit in int64.
+func PositiveHash64(x int64) int64 {
+	result := Hash64(x)
+	if result == math.MinInt64 {
+		return math.MaxInt64
+	}
+	if result < 0 {
+		return -result
+	}
+	return result
+}

From bd8c08f53a07c4043afc64a3b2d69a8a1843e2ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Mon, 23 Feb 2026 15:47:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 04/49] incremental progress

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 65 +++++++++++++++
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       | 11 +++
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go  | 10 +++
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go | 25 +++---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh        |  4 +
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go       | 29 ++++++-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go               |  9 ++-
 .../bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go      | 81 +++++++++----------
 sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_wrapper.go  |  3 +
 .../state_db/bench/wrappers/flatkv_wrapper.go |  5 ++
 .../bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go         |  4 +
 11 files changed, 191 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
 create mode 100755 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17d2f30e63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package cryptosim
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/common/evm"
+	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Used to store the seed used for the current run.
+	seedKey = string(evm.EVMKeyNonce) + "seed"
+	// Used to store the next account ID to be used when creating a new account.
+	nonceKey = string(evm.EVMKeyNonce) + "nonce"
+)
+
+// The test runner for the cryptosim benchmark.
+type CryptoSim struct {
+	ctx context.Context
+
+	// The configuration for the benchmark.
+	config *CryptoSimConfig
+
+	// The database implementation to use for the benchmark.
+	db wrappers.DBWrapper
+
+	// The source of randomness for the benchmark.
+	rand *RandomBuffer
+}
+
+// Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
+func NewCryptoSim(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	config *CryptoSimConfig,
+) (*CryptoSim, error) {
+
+	dataDir, err := resolveAndCreateDataDir(config.DataDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	db, err := wrappers.NewDBImpl(config.Backend, dataDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	c := &CryptoSim{
+		ctx:    ctx,
+		config: config,
+		db:     db,
+	}
+
+	c.setup()
+	c.start()
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+func (c *CryptoSim) setup() {
+	// TODO
+}
+
+func (c *CryptoSim) start() {
+	// TODO
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index 087879a2f2..1d0e52f801 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package cryptosim
 
+import "github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
+
 // Defines the configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
 type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 
@@ -38,6 +40,13 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	// The directory to store the benchmark data. If unspecified, the benchmark will use a temporary directory
 	// that is destroyed after the benchmark completes.
 	DataDir string
+
+	// The seed to use for the random number generator. If starting from a state on disk, this seed is ignored
+	// (the benchmark DB saves its own seed internally).
+	Seed int64
+
+	// The backend to use for the benchmark database.
+	Backend wrappers.DBType
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
@@ -52,5 +61,7 @@ func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 		PaddedAccountSize:    100,
 		TransactionsPerBlock: 100,
 		DataDir:              "",
+		Seed:                 0,
+		Backend:              wrappers.FlatKV,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4cb7850e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// Run the cryptosim benchmark.
+func main() {
+	// TODO
+
+	fmt.Println("Hello, world!")
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
index b7b57cf586..32acb4208a 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
@@ -99,7 +99,11 @@ func (rb *RandomBuffer) Int64() int64 {
 // Generate a random address suitable for use simulating an eth-style address. Given the same account ID,
 // the address will be deterministic, and any two unique account IDs are guaranteed to generate unique addresses.
 func (rb *RandomBuffer) Address(
+	// The prefix to use for the address.
+	keyPrefix []byte,
+	// The size of the address to generate, not including the key prefix.
 	addressSize int,
+	// The account ID to use for the address.
 	accountID int64,
 ) []byte {
 
@@ -107,21 +111,20 @@ func (rb *RandomBuffer) Address(
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("address size must be at least 8 bytes, got %d", addressSize))
 	}
 
-	address := make([]byte, addressSize)
+	result := make([]byte, len(keyPrefix)+addressSize)
+	address := result[len(keyPrefix):]
+	copy(result, keyPrefix)
+
 	baseBytes := rb.SeededBytes(addressSize, accountID)
 
-	// Inject the account ID into the middle of the address to ensure uniqueness.
-	accountIDIndex := addressSize / 2
-	if accountIDIndex+8 > addressSize {
-		// If we don't have enough space, put the account ID at the end.
-		accountIDIndex = addressSize - 8
+	// Inject the account ID into the middle of the address span (excluding the prefix) to ensure uniqueness.
+	accountIDIndex := len(keyPrefix) + (addressSize / 2)
+	if accountIDIndex+8 > len(result) {
+		accountIDIndex = len(result) - 8
 	}
 
-	// copy base bytes to the address
 	copy(address, baseBytes)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(result[accountIDIndex:accountIDIndex+8], uint64(accountID))
 
-	// write the account ID to the address
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(address[accountIDIndex:accountIDIndex+8], uint64(accountID))
-
-	return address
+	return result
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1833e95bf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# Run the cryptosim benchmark.
+go run main/main.go
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
index 9bc53fe0f6..a639864006 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 package cryptosim
 
-import "math"
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+)
 
 // Hash64 returns a well-distributed 64-bit hash of x.
 // It implements the SplitMix64 finalizer, a fast non-cryptographic mixing
@@ -36,3 +42,24 @@ func PositiveHash64(x int64) int64 {
 	}
 	return result
 }
+
+// resolveAndCreateDataDir expands ~ to the home directory and creates the directory if it doesn't exist.
+func resolveAndCreateDataDir(dataDir string) (string, error) {
+	if dataDir == "~" || strings.HasPrefix(dataDir, "~/") {
+		home, err := os.UserHomeDir()
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get home directory: %w", err)
+		}
+		if dataDir == "~" {
+			dataDir = home
+		} else {
+			dataDir = filepath.Join(home, dataDir[2:])
+		}
+	}
+	if dataDir != "" {
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(dataDir, 0755); err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to create data directory: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	return dataDir, nil
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go
index 37f1b5461c..94730cc169 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go
@@ -264,7 +264,12 @@ func runBenchmark(b *testing.B, scenario TestScenario, withProgress bool) {
 	for range b.N {
 		func() {
 			b.StopTimer()
-			cs := wrappers.NewDBImpl(b, scenario.Backend)
+			cs, err := wrappers.NewDBImpl(scenario.Backend, b.TempDir())
+			defer func() {
+				err := cs.Close()
+				require.NoError(b, err)
+			}()
+			require.NoError(b, err)
 			require.NotNil(b, cs)
 			changesetChannel := startChangesetGenerator(scenario)
 
@@ -291,7 +296,7 @@ func runBenchmark(b *testing.B, scenario TestScenario, withProgress bool) {
 					progress.Add(len(changeset.Changeset.Pairs))
 				}
 			}
-			err := cs.Close() // close to make sure all data got flushed
+			err = cs.Close() // close to make sure all data got flushed
 			require.NoError(b, err)
 
 			b.StopTimer()
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go
index eda99c96ae..b685d7e32a 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 package wrappers
 
 import (
-	"testing"
+	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/common/logger"
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/config"
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/sc/composite"
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/sc/flatkv"
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/sc/memiavl"
-	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-tendermint/libs/utils/require"
 )
 
 const EVMStoreName = "evm"
@@ -23,85 +22,85 @@ const (
 	CompositeCosmos DBType = "CompositeCosmos"
 )
 
-func newMemIAVLCommitStore(b *testing.B) DBWrapper {
-	b.Helper()
-	dir := b.TempDir()
+func newMemIAVLCommitStore(
+	dataDir string,
+) (DBWrapper, error) {
+
 	cfg := memiavl.DefaultConfig()
 	cfg.AsyncCommitBuffer = 10
 	cfg.SnapshotInterval = 100
-	cs := memiavl.NewCommitStore(dir, logger.NewNopLogger(), cfg)
+	cs := memiavl.NewCommitStore(dataDir, logger.NewNopLogger(), cfg)
 	cs.Initialize([]string{EVMStoreName})
 
 	_, err := cs.LoadVersion(0, false)
-	require.NoError(b, err)
-
-	b.Cleanup(func() {
-		_ = cs.Close()
-	})
+	if err != nil {
+		cs.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load version: %w", err)
+	}
 
-	return NewMemIAVLWrapper(cs)
+	return NewMemIAVLWrapper(cs), nil
 }
 
-func newFlatKVCommitStore(b *testing.B) DBWrapper {
-	b.Helper()
-	dir := b.TempDir()
+func newFlatKVCommitStore(
+	dataDir string,
+) (DBWrapper, error) {
+
 	cfg := flatkv.DefaultConfig()
 	cfg.Fsync = false
-	cs := flatkv.NewCommitStore(dir, logger.NewNopLogger(), cfg)
+	cs := flatkv.NewCommitStore(dataDir, logger.NewNopLogger(), cfg)
 
 	_, err := cs.LoadVersion(0)
-	require.NoError(b, err)
-
-	b.Cleanup(func() {
-		_ = cs.Close()
-	})
+	if err != nil {
+		cs.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load version: %w", err)
+	}
 
-	return NewFlatKVWrapper(cs)
+	return NewFlatKVWrapper(cs), nil
 }
 
-func newCompositeCommitStore(b *testing.B, writeMode config.WriteMode) DBWrapper {
-	b.Helper()
-	dir := b.TempDir()
+func newCompositeCommitStore(
+	dataDir string,
+	writeMode config.WriteMode,
+) (DBWrapper, error) {
+
 	cfg := config.DefaultStateCommitConfig()
 	cfg.WriteMode = writeMode
 	cfg.MemIAVLConfig.AsyncCommitBuffer = 10
 	cfg.MemIAVLConfig.SnapshotInterval = 100
 
-	cs := composite.NewCompositeCommitStore(dir, logger.NewNopLogger(), cfg)
+	cs := composite.NewCompositeCommitStore(dataDir, logger.NewNopLogger(), cfg)
 	cs.Initialize([]string{EVMStoreName})
 
 	loaded, err := cs.LoadVersion(0, false)
-	require.NoError(b, err)
+	if err != nil {
+		cs.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load version: %w", err)
+	}
 
 	loadedStore := loaded.(*composite.CompositeCommitStore)
 
-	b.Cleanup(func() {
-		_ = loadedStore.Close()
-	})
-
-	return NewCompositeWrapper(loadedStore)
+	return NewCompositeWrapper(loadedStore), nil
 }
 
 // Instantiates a new DBWrapper based on the given DBType.
 func NewDBImpl(
-	b *testing.B,
 	dbType DBType,
-) DBWrapper {
+	dataDir string,
+) (DBWrapper, error) {
 
 	switch dbType {
 	case MemIAVL:
-		return newMemIAVLCommitStore(b)
+		return newMemIAVLCommitStore(dataDir)
 	case FlatKV:
-		return newFlatKVCommitStore(b)
+		return newFlatKVCommitStore(dataDir)
 	case CompositeDual:
-		return newCompositeCommitStore(b, config.DualWrite)
+		return newCompositeCommitStore(dataDir, config.DualWrite)
 	case CompositeSplit:
-		return newCompositeCommitStore(b, config.SplitWrite)
+		return newCompositeCommitStore(dataDir, config.SplitWrite)
 	case CompositeCosmos:
-		return newCompositeCommitStore(b, config.CosmosOnlyWrite)
+		return newCompositeCommitStore(dataDir, config.CosmosOnlyWrite)
 	default:
-		b.Fatalf("unsupported DB type: %s", dbType)
-		return nil
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported DB type: %s", dbType)
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_wrapper.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_wrapper.go
index 7695753b39..59161cce83 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_wrapper.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_wrapper.go
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ type DBWrapper interface {
 	// Non-EVM modules are ignored. Call Commit to persist.
 	ApplyChangeSets(cs []*proto.NamedChangeSet) error
 
+	// Read reads the value for the given key.
+	Read(key []byte) (data []byte, found bool, err error)
+
 	// Commit persists buffered writes and advances the version.
 	Commit() (int64, error)
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/flatkv_wrapper.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/flatkv_wrapper.go
index 115806bb2d..1437a2ee41 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/flatkv_wrapper.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/flatkv_wrapper.go
@@ -48,3 +48,8 @@ func (f *flatKVWrapper) Version() int64 {
 func (f *flatKVWrapper) Close() error {
 	return f.base.Close()
 }
+
+func (f *flatKVWrapper) Read(key []byte) (data []byte, found bool, err error) {
+	data, found = f.base.Get(key)
+	return data, found, nil
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go
index 38f560a13c..7c029a7e0c 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go
@@ -34,3 +34,7 @@ func (m *memIAVLWrapper) ApplyChangeSets(cs []*proto.NamedChangeSet) error {
 func (m *memIAVLWrapper) Close() error {
 	return m.base.Close()
 }
+
+func (m *memIAVLWrapper) Read(key []byte) (data []byte, found bool, err error) {
+	// TODO: Implement this.
+}

From dec45bffc04c03ed7d31b912606b83e48ad3dc30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 10:35:00 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 05/49] incremental progress

---
 .gitignore                                    |   3 +
 .../bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  |   4 +
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 116 +++++++++++++++++-
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       |  67 +++++++---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go  |  38 +++++-
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go |   2 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh        |   2 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go       |   6 +-
 .../bench/wrappers/composite_wrapper.go       |   9 ++
 .../bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go         |   7 +-
 10 files changed, 225 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index d3f4ccb98f..3684e41239 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -58,3 +58,6 @@ contracts/artifacts
 
 # Integration tests build artifacts
 integration_test/dapp_tests/artifacts
+
+# DB benchmark data
+sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data/**
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9bc5de4f15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+    "Comment": "Basic configuration for the cryptosim benchmark. Intended for basic correctness/sanity testing.",
+    "DataDir": "data/basic"
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 17d2f30e63..4e03a8defb 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -2,15 +2,16 @@ package cryptosim
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/common/evm"
+	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/proto"
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
+	iavl "github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-iavl"
 )
 
 const (
-	// Used to store the seed used for the current run.
-	seedKey = string(evm.EVMKeyNonce) + "seed"
 	// Used to store the next account ID to be used when creating a new account.
 	nonceKey = string(evm.EVMKeyNonce) + "nonce"
 )
@@ -27,6 +28,12 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 
 	// The source of randomness for the benchmark.
 	rand *RandomBuffer
+
+	// The next account ID to be used when creating a new account.
+	nextAccountID int64
+
+	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed.
+	batch []*proto.NamedChangeSet
 }
 
 // Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
@@ -35,31 +42,130 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 	config *CryptoSimConfig,
 ) (*CryptoSim, error) {
 
+	if config.DataDir == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("data directory is required")
+	}
+
 	dataDir, err := resolveAndCreateDataDir(config.DataDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	fmt.Printf("Running cryptosim benchmark from data directory: %s\n", dataDir)
+
 	db, err := wrappers.NewDBImpl(config.Backend, dataDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create database: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	fmt.Printf("Initializing random buffer\n")
+	rand := NewRandomBuffer(config.RandomBufferSize, config.Seed)
+
 	c := &CryptoSim{
 		ctx:    ctx,
 		config: config,
 		db:     db,
+		rand:   rand,
+		batch:  make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, config.TransactionsPerBlock),
+	}
+
+	err = c.setup()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to setup benchmark: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	c.setup()
 	c.start()
 	return c, nil
 }
 
-func (c *CryptoSim) setup() {
-	// TODO
+func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
+
+	// Ensure that we at least have as many accounts as the hot set + 1. This simplifies logic elsewhere.
+	if c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts < c.config.HotSetSize+1 {
+		c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts = c.config.HotSetSize + 1
+	}
+
+	nextAccountID, found, err := c.db.Read([]byte(nonceKey))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read nonce: %w", err)
+	}
+	if found {
+		c.nextAccountID = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(nextAccountID))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("There are currently %d keys in the database.\n", c.nextAccountID)
+
+	if c.nextAccountID >= int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("Benchmark is configured to run with a minimum of %d accounts. Creating %d new accounts.\n",
+		c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts, int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)-c.nextAccountID)
+
+	for c.nextAccountID < int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts) {
+		err := c.createNewAccount()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	c.commitBatch()
+
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (c *CryptoSim) start() {
 	// TODO
 }
+
+// Creates a new account and writes it to the database.
+func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount() error {
+
+	accountID := c.nextAccountID
+	c.nextAccountID++
+
+	address := c.rand.Address(nonceKey, c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID)
+	balance := c.rand.Int64()
+
+	accountData := make([]byte, c.config.PaddedAccountSize)
+
+	// The first 8 bytes of the account data are the balance. For the sake of simplicity,
+	// For the sake of simplicity, we allow negative balances and don't care about overflow.
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(accountData[:8], uint64(balance))
+
+	// The remaining bytes are random data for padding.
+	randomBytes := c.rand.Bytes(c.config.PaddedAccountSize - 8)
+	copy(accountData[8:], randomBytes)
+
+	cs := &proto.NamedChangeSet{
+		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
+		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
+			{Key: address, Value: accountData},
+		}},
+	}
+	c.batch = append(c.batch, cs)
+
+	c.maybeCommitBatch()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Commit the current batch if it has reached the configured number of transactions.
+func (c *CryptoSim) maybeCommitBatch() error {
+	if len(c.batch) >= c.config.TransactionsPerBlock {
+		return c.commitBatch()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Commit the current batch.
+func (c *CryptoSim) commitBatch() error {
+	if len(c.batch) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	err := c.db.ApplyChangeSets(c.batch)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply change sets: %w", err)
+	}
+	c.batch = make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, c.config.TransactionsPerBlock)
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index 1d0e52f801..58cb976d15 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 package cryptosim
 
-import "github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
+)
 
 // Defines the configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
 type CryptoSimConfig struct {
@@ -8,7 +14,7 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	// The minimum number of accounts that should be in the DB prior to the start of the benchmark.
 	// If there are fewer than this number of accounts, the benchmark will first create the necessary
 	// accounts before starting its regular operations.
-	MinimumAccountNumber int
+	MinimumNumberOfAccounts int
 
 	// When selecting an account for a transaction, the benchmark will select a hot account with this
 	// weight. The actual probability depends on the ratio of this weight to the other account weight configurations.
@@ -37,31 +43,58 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	// The number of transactions that will be processed in each "block".
 	TransactionsPerBlock int
 
-	// The directory to store the benchmark data. If unspecified, the benchmark will use a temporary directory
-	// that is destroyed after the benchmark completes.
+	// The directory to store the benchmark data.
 	DataDir string
 
-	// The seed to use for the random number generator. If starting from a state on disk, this seed is ignored
-	// (the benchmark DB saves its own seed internally).
+	// The seed to use for the random number generator. Altering this seed for a pre-existing DB will result
+	// in undefined behavior, don't change the seed unless you are starting a new run from scratch.
 	Seed int64
 
+	// The size of the buffer for random data. Similar to the seed, altering this size for a pre-existing DB will result
+	// in undefined behavior, don't change the size unless you are starting a new run from scratch.
+	RandomBufferSize int
+
 	// The backend to use for the benchmark database.
 	Backend wrappers.DBType
+
+	// This field is ignored, but allows for a comment to be added to the config file.
+	// Something, something, why in the name of all things holy doesn't json support comments?
+	Comment string
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
 func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 	return &CryptoSimConfig{
-		MinimumAccountNumber: 1000,
-		HotAccountWeight:     50,
-		ColdAccountWeight:    49,
-		NewAccountWeight:     1,
-		HotSetSize:           100,
-		AccountKeySize:       20,
-		PaddedAccountSize:    100,
-		TransactionsPerBlock: 100,
-		DataDir:              "",
-		Seed:                 0,
-		Backend:              wrappers.FlatKV,
+		MinimumNumberOfAccounts: 1000,
+		HotAccountWeight:        50,
+		ColdAccountWeight:       49,
+		NewAccountWeight:        1,
+		HotSetSize:              100,
+		AccountKeySize:          20,
+		PaddedAccountSize:       100,
+		TransactionsPerBlock:    100,
+		DataDir:                 "",
+		Seed:                    1337,
+		RandomBufferSize:        1024 * 1024 * 1024, // 1GB
+		Backend:                 wrappers.FlatKV,
+	}
+}
+
+// LoadConfigFromFile parses a JSON config file at the given path.
+// Returns defaults with file values overlaid. Fails if the file contains
+// unrecognized configuration keys.
+func LoadConfigFromFile(path string) (*CryptoSimConfig, error) {
+	cfg := DefaultCryptoSimConfig()
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("open config file: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	dec := json.NewDecoder(f)
+	dec.DisallowUnknownFields()
+	if err := dec.Decode(cfg); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode config: %w", err)
 	}
+	return cfg, nil
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
index b4cb7850e5..ab90c428df 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
@@ -1,10 +1,42 @@
 package main
 
-import "fmt"
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+
+	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim"
+)
 
 // Run the cryptosim benchmark.
 func main() {
-	// TODO
+	err := run()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+}
+
+func run() error {
+	if len(os.Args) != 2 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Usage: %s <config-file>\n", os.Args[0])
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	config, err := cryptosim.LoadConfigFromFile(os.Args[1])
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ctx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
+	defer stop()
+
+	_, err = cryptosim.NewCryptoSim(ctx, config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create cryptosim: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	<-ctx.Done()
 
-	fmt.Println("Hello, world!")
+	return nil
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
index 32acb4208a..583fcb352c 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func (rb *RandomBuffer) Int64() int64 {
 // the address will be deterministic, and any two unique account IDs are guaranteed to generate unique addresses.
 func (rb *RandomBuffer) Address(
 	// The prefix to use for the address.
-	keyPrefix []byte,
+	keyPrefix string,
 	// The size of the address to generate, not including the key prefix.
 	addressSize int,
 	// The account ID to use for the address.
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh
index 1833e95bf2..d546114644 100755
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 
 # Run the cryptosim benchmark.
-go run main/main.go
\ No newline at end of file
+go run main/main.go $@
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
index a639864006..6674ad7a1b 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
@@ -61,5 +61,9 @@ func resolveAndCreateDataDir(dataDir string) (string, error) {
 			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to create data directory: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
-	return dataDir, nil
+	abs, err := filepath.Abs(dataDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve absolute path: %w", err)
+	}
+	return abs, nil
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/composite_wrapper.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/composite_wrapper.go
index e849b12d5b..e8002df5d8 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/composite_wrapper.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/composite_wrapper.go
@@ -34,3 +34,12 @@ func (c *compositeWrapper) Version() int64 {
 func (c *compositeWrapper) Close() error {
 	return c.base.Close()
 }
+
+func (c *compositeWrapper) Read(key []byte) (data []byte, found bool, err error) {
+	store := c.base.GetChildStoreByName(EVMStoreName)
+	if store == nil {
+		return nil, false, nil
+	}
+	data = store.Get(key)
+	return data, data != nil, nil
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go
index 7c029a7e0c..6ad7cfef84 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go
@@ -36,5 +36,10 @@ func (m *memIAVLWrapper) Close() error {
 }
 
 func (m *memIAVLWrapper) Read(key []byte) (data []byte, found bool, err error) {
-	// TODO: Implement this.
+	store := m.base.GetChildStoreByName(EVMStoreName)
+	if store == nil {
+		return nil, false, nil
+	}
+	data = store.Get(key)
+	return data, data != nil, nil
 }

From 0f253ecfe709d2527f41b34abffd958345c4569b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 11:03:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 06/49] incremental progress

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  |  3 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 91 ++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index 9bc5de4f15..db3d3b025e 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 {
     "Comment": "Basic configuration for the cryptosim benchmark. Intended for basic correctness/sanity testing.",
-    "DataDir": "data/basic"
+    "DataDir": "data/basic",
+    "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 1000000
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 4e03a8defb..a540db0b75 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 	nextAccountID int64
 
 	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed.
-	batch []*proto.NamedChangeSet
+	batch map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet
 }
 
 // Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		config: config,
 		db:     db,
 		rand:   rand,
-		batch:  make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, config.TransactionsPerBlock),
+		batch:  make(map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet, config.TransactionsPerBlock),
 	}
 
 	err = c.setup()
@@ -107,8 +107,21 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 		}
+		err = c.maybeCommitBatch()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	err = c.commitBatch()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit batch: %w", err)
+	}
+	_, err = c.db.Commit()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit database: %w", err)
 	}
-	c.commitBatch()
+
+	fmt.Printf("There are now %d accounts in the database.\n", c.nextAccountID)
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -136,15 +149,10 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount() error {
 	randomBytes := c.rand.Bytes(c.config.PaddedAccountSize - 8)
 	copy(accountData[8:], randomBytes)
 
-	cs := &proto.NamedChangeSet{
-		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
-		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
-			{Key: address, Value: accountData},
-		}},
+	err := c.put(address, accountData)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put account: %w", err)
 	}
-	c.batch = append(c.batch, cs)
-
-	c.maybeCommitBatch()
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -162,10 +170,67 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) commitBatch() error {
 	if len(c.batch) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	err := c.db.ApplyChangeSets(c.batch)
+
+	changeSets := make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, len(c.batch)+1)
+	for _, cs := range c.batch {
+		changeSets = append(changeSets, cs)
+	}
+
+	// Within each batch, be sure to include the nonce key.
+	nonceKey := []byte(nonceKey)
+	nonceValue := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(nonceValue, uint64(c.nextAccountID))
+	changeSets = append(changeSets, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
+		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
+		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
+			{Key: nonceKey, Value: nonceValue},
+		}},
+	})
+
+	err := c.db.ApplyChangeSets(changeSets)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply change sets: %w", err)
 	}
-	c.batch = make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, c.config.TransactionsPerBlock)
+	c.batch = make(map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet)
 	return nil
 }
+
+// Insert a key-value pair into the database/cache.
+func (c *CryptoSim) put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	stringKey := string(key)
+
+	pending, found := c.batch[stringKey]
+	if found {
+		pending.Changeset.Pairs[0].Value = value
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	c.batch[stringKey] = &proto.NamedChangeSet{
+		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
+		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
+			{Key: key, Value: value},
+		}},
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Retrieve a value from the database/cache.
+func (c *CryptoSim) get(key []byte) ([]byte, bool, error) {
+	stringKey := string(key)
+
+	pending, found := c.batch[stringKey]
+	if found {
+		return pending.Changeset.Pairs[0].Value, true, nil
+	}
+
+	value, found, err := c.db.Read(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("failed to read from database: %w", err)
+	}
+	if found {
+		return value, true, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, false, nil
+}

From 926f8284badd6c9874fd84db8b302f6dc7c800c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 11:24:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 07/49] startup now working

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 71 +++++++++++++------
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go  |  8 ++-
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go | 25 ++-----
 3 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index a540db0b75..9b5959518c 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -11,11 +11,6 @@ import (
 	iavl "github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-iavl"
 )
 
-const (
-	// Used to store the next account ID to be used when creating a new account.
-	nonceKey = string(evm.EVMKeyNonce) + "nonce"
-)
-
 // The test runner for the cryptosim benchmark.
 type CryptoSim struct {
 	ctx context.Context
@@ -34,6 +29,10 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 
 	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed.
 	batch map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet
+
+	// Memiavl nonce key for the account ID counter (0x0a + reserved 20-byte addr).
+	// Uses non-zero sentinel address to avoid potential edge cases with all-zero key.
+	accountIDCounterKey []byte
 }
 
 // Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
@@ -61,12 +60,18 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 	fmt.Printf("Initializing random buffer\n")
 	rand := NewRandomBuffer(config.RandomBufferSize, config.Seed)
 
+	// Reserved address for counter: 20 bytes of 0x01 (avoids all-zero key edge cases).
+	reservedAddr := make([]byte, 20)
+	for i := range reservedAddr {
+		reservedAddr[i] = 0x01
+	}
 	c := &CryptoSim{
-		ctx:    ctx,
-		config: config,
-		db:     db,
-		rand:   rand,
-		batch:  make(map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet, config.TransactionsPerBlock),
+		ctx:                 ctx,
+		config:              config,
+		db:                  db,
+		rand:                rand,
+		batch:               make(map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet, config.TransactionsPerBlock),
+		accountIDCounterKey: evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, reservedAddr),
 	}
 
 	err = c.setup()
@@ -85,9 +90,9 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 		c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts = c.config.HotSetSize + 1
 	}
 
-	nextAccountID, found, err := c.db.Read([]byte(nonceKey))
+	nextAccountID, found, err := c.db.Read(c.accountIDCounterKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read nonce: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read account counter: %w", err)
 	}
 	if found {
 		c.nextAccountID = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(nextAccountID))
@@ -112,12 +117,10 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
-	err = c.commitBatch()
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := c.commitBatch(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit batch: %w", err)
 	}
-	_, err = c.db.Commit()
-	if err != nil {
+	if _, err := c.db.Commit(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit database: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -136,7 +139,9 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount() error {
 	accountID := c.nextAccountID
 	c.nextAccountID++
 
-	address := c.rand.Address(nonceKey, c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID)
+	// Use memiavl code key format (0x07 + addr) so FlatKV persists account data.
+	addr := c.rand.Address(c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID)
+	address := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr)
 	balance := c.rand.Int64()
 
 	accountData := make([]byte, c.config.PaddedAccountSize)
@@ -175,15 +180,13 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) commitBatch() error {
 	for _, cs := range c.batch {
 		changeSets = append(changeSets, cs)
 	}
-
-	// Within each batch, be sure to include the nonce key.
-	nonceKey := []byte(nonceKey)
+	// Persist the account ID counter in every batch.
 	nonceValue := make([]byte, 8)
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(nonceValue, uint64(c.nextAccountID))
 	changeSets = append(changeSets, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
 		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
 		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
-			{Key: nonceKey, Value: nonceValue},
+			{Key: c.accountIDCounterKey, Value: nonceValue},
 		}},
 	})
 
@@ -234,3 +237,29 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) get(key []byte) ([]byte, bool, error) {
 
 	return nil, false, nil
 }
+
+// Shut down the benchmark and release any resources.
+func (c *CryptoSim) Close() error {
+
+	fmt.Printf("Committing final batch...\n")
+
+	if err := c.commitBatch(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit batch: %w", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := c.db.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("Closing database...\n")
+	err := c.db.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("benchmark terminated successfully\n")
+
+	// Specifically release rand, since it's likely to hold a lot of memory.
+	c.rand = nil
+
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
index ab90c428df..2c1a8ceb50 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
@@ -31,10 +31,16 @@ func run() error {
 	ctx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
 	defer stop()
 
-	_, err = cryptosim.NewCryptoSim(ctx, config)
+	cs, err := cryptosim.NewCryptoSim(ctx, config)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create cryptosim: %w", err)
 	}
+	defer func() {
+		err := cs.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error closing cryptosim: %v\n", err)
+		}
+	}()
 
 	<-ctx.Done()
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
index 583fcb352c..789b610e92 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
@@ -98,32 +98,19 @@ func (rb *RandomBuffer) Int64() int64 {
 
 // Generate a random address suitable for use simulating an eth-style address. Given the same account ID,
 // the address will be deterministic, and any two unique account IDs are guaranteed to generate unique addresses.
-func (rb *RandomBuffer) Address(
-	// The prefix to use for the address.
-	keyPrefix string,
-	// The size of the address to generate, not including the key prefix.
-	addressSize int,
-	// The account ID to use for the address.
-	accountID int64,
-) []byte {
-
+func (rb *RandomBuffer) Address(addressSize int, accountID int64) []byte {
 	if addressSize < 8 {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("address size must be at least 8 bytes, got %d", addressSize))
 	}
 
-	result := make([]byte, len(keyPrefix)+addressSize)
-	address := result[len(keyPrefix):]
-	copy(result, keyPrefix)
-
+	result := make([]byte, addressSize)
 	baseBytes := rb.SeededBytes(addressSize, accountID)
 
-	// Inject the account ID into the middle of the address span (excluding the prefix) to ensure uniqueness.
-	accountIDIndex := len(keyPrefix) + (addressSize / 2)
-	if accountIDIndex+8 > len(result) {
-		accountIDIndex = len(result) - 8
+	accountIDIndex := addressSize / 2
+	if accountIDIndex+8 > addressSize {
+		accountIDIndex = addressSize - 8
 	}
-
-	copy(address, baseBytes)
+	copy(result, baseBytes)
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(result[accountIDIndex:accountIDIndex+8], uint64(accountID))
 
 	return result

From 61b4e86b3b1395209d873ffc478d740153de0c9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 12:11:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 08/49] incremental progress, code written for simulating
 transactions

---
 .../{random_buffer.go => canned_random.go}    |  66 ++++--
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 201 ++++++++++++++++--
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       |  51 ++---
 3 files changed, 256 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)
 rename sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/{random_buffer.go => canned_random.go} (65%)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
similarity index 65%
rename from sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
rename to sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
index 789b610e92..771b344a2b 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/random_buffer.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ package cryptosim
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"math/rand"
 )
 
-// A utility that buffers randomness in a way that is highly performant for benchmarking.
+// CannedRandom provides pre-generated randomness for benchmarking.
 // It contains a buffer of random bytes that it reuses to avoid generating lots of random numbers
 // at runtime.
 //
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 // This utility is not thread safe.
 //
 // In case it requires saying, this utility is NOT a suitable source cryptographically secure random numbers.
-type RandomBuffer struct {
+type CannedRandom struct {
 	// Pre-generated buffer of random bytes.
 	buffer []byte
 
@@ -24,8 +25,8 @@ type RandomBuffer struct {
 	index int64
 }
 
-// Creates a new random buffer.
-func NewRandomBuffer(
+// NewCannedRandom creates a new CannedRandom.
+func NewCannedRandom(
 	// The size of the buffer to create. A slice of this size is instantiated, so avoid setting this too large.
 	// Do not set this too small though, as the buffer will panic if the requested number of bytes is greater
 	// than the buffer size.
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ func NewRandomBuffer(
 	// The seed to use to generate the random bytes. This utility provides deterministic random numbers
 	// given the same seed.
 	seed int64,
-) *RandomBuffer {
+) *CannedRandom {
 
 	if bufferSize < 8 {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("buffer size must be at least 8 bytes, got %d", bufferSize))
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ func NewRandomBuffer(
 	buffer := make([]byte, bufferSize)
 	rng.Read(buffer)
 
-	return &RandomBuffer{
+	return &CannedRandom{
 		buffer: buffer,
 		index:  0,
 	}
@@ -59,52 +60,75 @@ func NewRandomBuffer(
 // Returns a slice of random bytes.
 //
 // Returned slice is NOT safe to modify. If modification is required, the caller should make a copy of the slice.
-func (rb *RandomBuffer) Bytes(count int) []byte {
-	return rb.SeededBytes(count, rb.Int64())
+func (cr *CannedRandom) Bytes(count int) []byte {
+	return cr.SeededBytes(count, cr.Int64())
 }
 
 // Returns a slice of random bytes from a given seed. Bytes are deterministic given the same seed.
 //
 // Returned slice is NOT safe to modify. If modification is required, the caller should make a copy of the slice.
-func (rb *RandomBuffer) SeededBytes(count int, seed int64) []byte {
+func (cr *CannedRandom) SeededBytes(count int, seed int64) []byte {
 
 	if count < 0 {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("count must be non-negative, got %d", count))
 	}
-	if count > len(rb.buffer) {
+	if count > len(cr.buffer) {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("count must be less than or equal to the buffer size, got %d", count))
-	} else if count == len(rb.buffer) {
-		return rb.buffer
+	} else if count == len(cr.buffer) {
+		return cr.buffer
 	}
 
-	startIndex := PositiveHash64(seed) % int64(len(rb.buffer)-count)
-	return rb.buffer[startIndex : startIndex+int64(count)]
+	startIndex := PositiveHash64(seed) % int64(len(cr.buffer)-count)
+	return cr.buffer[startIndex : startIndex+int64(count)]
 }
 
 // Generate a random-ish int64.
-func (rb *RandomBuffer) Int64() int64 {
-	bufLen := int64(len(rb.buffer))
+func (cr *CannedRandom) Int64() int64 {
+	bufLen := int64(len(cr.buffer))
 	var buf [8]byte
 	for i := int64(0); i < 8; i++ {
-		buf[i] = rb.buffer[(rb.index+i)%bufLen]
+		buf[i] = cr.buffer[(cr.index+i)%bufLen]
 	}
 	base := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(buf[:])
-	result := Hash64(int64(base) + rb.index)
+	result := Hash64(int64(base) + cr.index)
 
 	// Add 8 to the index to skip the 8 bytes we just read.
-	rb.index = (rb.index + 8) % bufLen
+	cr.index = (cr.index + 8) % bufLen
 	return result
 }
 
+// Int64Range returns a random int64 in [min, max). Min is inclusive, max is exclusive.
+// If min == max, returns min.
+func (cr *CannedRandom) Int64Range(min int64, max int64) int64 {
+	if min == max {
+		return min
+	}
+	if max < min {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("max must be >= min, got min=%d max=%d", min, max))
+	}
+	return min + int64(uint64(cr.Int64())%uint64(max-min))
+}
+
+// Float64 returns a random float64 in the range [0.0, 1.0].
+// It uses Int64() internally and converts the result to the proper range.
+func (cr *CannedRandom) Float64() float64 {
+	return float64(uint64(cr.Int64())) / float64(math.MaxUint64)
+}
+
+// Bool returns a random boolean.
+func (cr *CannedRandom) Bool() bool {
+	return cr.Int64()%2 == 0
+}
+
 // Generate a random address suitable for use simulating an eth-style address. Given the same account ID,
 // the address will be deterministic, and any two unique account IDs are guaranteed to generate unique addresses.
-func (rb *RandomBuffer) Address(addressSize int, accountID int64) []byte {
+func (cr *CannedRandom) Address(addressSize int, accountID int64) []byte {
 	if addressSize < 8 {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("address size must be at least 8 bytes, got %d", addressSize))
 	}
 
 	result := make([]byte, addressSize)
-	baseBytes := rb.SeededBytes(addressSize, accountID)
+	baseBytes := cr.SeededBytes(addressSize, accountID)
 
 	accountIDIndex := addressSize / 2
 	if accountIDIndex+8 > addressSize {
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 9b5959518c..10fd6f72a4 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/common/evm"
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/proto"
@@ -22,17 +23,33 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 	db wrappers.DBWrapper
 
 	// The source of randomness for the benchmark.
-	rand *RandomBuffer
+	rand *CannedRandom
 
 	// The next account ID to be used when creating a new account.
 	nextAccountID int64
 
+	// The total number of transactions executed by the benchmark since it last started.
+	transactionCount int64
+
 	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed.
 	batch map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet
 
 	// Memiavl nonce key for the account ID counter (0x0a + reserved 20-byte addr).
 	// Uses non-zero sentinel address to avoid potential edge cases with all-zero key.
 	accountIDCounterKey []byte
+
+	// The address of the fee account (i.e. the account that collects gas fees). This is a special account
+	// and has account ID 0. Since we reuse this account very often, it is cached for performance.
+	feeCollectionAddress []byte
+
+	// If this much time has passed since the last console update, the benchmark will print a report to the console.
+	consoleUpdatePeriod time.Duration
+
+	// The time of the last console update.
+	lastConsoleUpdateTime time.Time
+
+	// The number of transactions executed by the benchmark the last time the console was updated.
+	lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount int64
 }
 
 // Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
@@ -57,21 +74,30 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("Initializing random buffer\n")
-	rand := NewRandomBuffer(config.RandomBufferSize, config.Seed)
+	fmt.Printf("Initializing canned random\n")
+	rand := NewCannedRandom(config.CannedRandomSize, config.Seed)
+
+	feeCollectionAddress := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, rand.Address(config.AccountKeySize, 0))
 
 	// Reserved address for counter: 20 bytes of 0x01 (avoids all-zero key edge cases).
 	reservedAddr := make([]byte, 20)
 	for i := range reservedAddr {
 		reservedAddr[i] = 0x01
 	}
+
+	consoleUpdatePeriod := time.Duration(config.ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds * float64(time.Second))
+
 	c := &CryptoSim{
-		ctx:                 ctx,
-		config:              config,
-		db:                  db,
-		rand:                rand,
-		batch:               make(map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet, config.TransactionsPerBlock),
-		accountIDCounterKey: evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, reservedAddr),
+		ctx:                               ctx,
+		config:                            config,
+		db:                                db,
+		rand:                              rand,
+		batch:                             make(map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet, config.TransactionsPerBlock),
+		accountIDCounterKey:               evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, reservedAddr),
+		feeCollectionAddress:              feeCollectionAddress,
+		consoleUpdatePeriod:               consoleUpdatePeriod,
+		lastConsoleUpdateTime:             time.Now(),
+		lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount: 0,
 	}
 
 	err = c.setup()
@@ -79,10 +105,11 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to setup benchmark: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	c.start()
+	go c.run()
 	return c, nil
 }
 
+// Prepare the benchmark by pre-populating the database with the minimum number of accounts.
 func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 
 	// Ensure that we at least have as many accounts as the hot set + 1. This simplifies logic elsewhere.
@@ -108,7 +135,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 		c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts, int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)-c.nextAccountID)
 
 	for c.nextAccountID < int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts) {
-		err := c.createNewAccount()
+		_, err := c.createNewAccount()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -129,12 +156,152 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (c *CryptoSim) start() {
-	// TODO
+// The main loop of the benchmark.
+func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		default:
+			err := c.executeTransaction()
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Printf("failed to execute transaction: %v\n", err)
+			}
+			c.transactionCount++
+			c.generateConsoleReport()
+		}
+	}
 }
 
-// Creates a new account and writes it to the database.
-func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount() error {
+// Perform a single transaction.
+func (c *CryptoSim) executeTransaction() error {
+
+	// Determine which accounts will be involved in the transaction.
+	srcAccount, err := c.randomAccount()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account: %w", err)
+	}
+	dstAccount, err := c.randomAccount()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Read the current balances of the accounts.
+	// TODO we should be able to parrelize these reads, do this as a follow up
+	srcValue, found, err := c.get(srcAccount)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !found {
+		// return fmt.Errorf("source account not found")
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("source account not found: %s", srcAccount)) // TODO
+	}
+
+	dstValue, found, err := c.get(dstAccount)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get destination account: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !found {
+		return fmt.Errorf("destination account not found")
+	}
+
+	feeValue, found, err := c.get(c.feeCollectionAddress)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get fee collection account: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !found {
+		return fmt.Errorf("fee collection account not found")
+	}
+
+	// Generate new balances for the accounts.
+	// The "balance" is simulated as the first 8 bytes of the account data.
+	// We can just choose a new random balance, since we don't care about the actual balance.
+
+	newSrcBalance := c.rand.Int64()
+	newDstBalance := c.rand.Int64()
+	newFeeBalance := c.rand.Int64()
+
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(srcValue[:8], uint64(newSrcBalance))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(dstValue[:8], uint64(newDstBalance))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(feeValue[:8], uint64(newFeeBalance))
+
+	// Write the new balances to the DB.
+	err = c.put(srcAccount, srcValue)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put source account: %w", err)
+	}
+	err = c.put(dstAccount, dstValue)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put destination account: %w", err)
+	}
+	err = c.put(c.feeCollectionAddress, feeValue)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put fee collection account: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Generates a human readable report of the benchmark's progress.
+func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport() {
+
+	// TODO measuring time each cycle is not efficient
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	timeSinceLastUpdate := now.Sub(c.lastConsoleUpdateTime)
+	transactionsSinceLastUpdate := c.transactionCount - c.lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount
+
+	if timeSinceLastUpdate < c.consoleUpdatePeriod &&
+		transactionsSinceLastUpdate < int64(c.config.ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions) {
+
+		// Not yet time to update the console.
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.lastConsoleUpdateTime = now
+	c.lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount = c.transactionCount
+
+	// Generate the report.
+	fmt.Printf("%d txns executed in %s (%.2f txns/sec), totall number of accounts: %d\n",
+		transactionsSinceLastUpdate,
+		timeSinceLastUpdate,
+		float64(transactionsSinceLastUpdate)/timeSinceLastUpdate.Seconds(),
+		c.nextAccountID)
+}
+
+// Select a random account for a transaction.
+func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount() ([]byte, error) {
+	hot := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.HotAccountProbably
+
+	if hot {
+		firstHotAccountID := 1
+		lastHotAccountID := c.config.HotSetSize
+		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstHotAccountID), int64(lastHotAccountID+1))
+
+		fmt.Printf("selected hot account: %d\n", accountID) // TODO
+		return c.rand.Address(c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID), nil
+	} else {
+
+		new := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.NewAccountProbably
+		if new {
+			fmt.Printf("creating new account, id: %d\n", c.nextAccountID) // TODO
+			account, err := c.createNewAccount()
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
+			}
+			return account, nil
+		}
+
+		firstNonHotAccountID := c.config.HotSetSize + 1
+		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstNonHotAccountID), int64(c.nextAccountID))
+
+		fmt.Printf("selected cold account: %d\n", accountID) // TODO
+		return c.rand.Address(c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID), nil
+	}
+}
+
+// Creates a new account and writes it to the database. Returns the address of the new account.
+func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount() ([]byte, error) {
 
 	accountID := c.nextAccountID
 	c.nextAccountID++
@@ -156,10 +323,10 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount() error {
 
 	err := c.put(address, accountData)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put account: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to put account: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	return address, nil
 }
 
 // Commit the current batch if it has reached the configured number of transactions.
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index 58cb976d15..ccb31c540f 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -16,17 +16,13 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	// accounts before starting its regular operations.
 	MinimumNumberOfAccounts int
 
-	// When selecting an account for a transaction, the benchmark will select a hot account with this
-	// weight. The actual probability depends on the ratio of this weight to the other account weight configurations.
-	HotAccountWeight float64
+	// When selecting an account for a transaction, select a hot account with this probability. Should be
+	// a value between 0.0 and 1.0.
+	HotAccountProbably float64
 
-	// When selecting an account for a transaction, the benchmark will select a cold account with this
-	// weight. The actual probability depends on the ratio of this weight to the other account weight configurations.
-	ColdAccountWeight float64
-
-	// When selecting an account for a transaction, the benchmark will create a new account with this
-	// weight. The actual probability depends on the ratio of this weight to the other account weight configurations.
-	NewAccountWeight float64
+	// When selecting a non-hot account for a transaction, the benchmark will create a new account with this
+	// probability. Should be a value between 0.0 and 1.0.
+	NewAccountProbably float64
 
 	// The number of hot accounts.
 	//
@@ -50,9 +46,9 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	// in undefined behavior, don't change the seed unless you are starting a new run from scratch.
 	Seed int64
 
-	// The size of the buffer for random data. Similar to the seed, altering this size for a pre-existing DB will result
+	// The size of the CannedRandom buffer. Similar to the seed, altering this size for a pre-existing DB will result
 	// in undefined behavior, don't change the size unless you are starting a new run from scratch.
-	RandomBufferSize int
+	CannedRandomSize int
 
 	// The backend to use for the benchmark database.
 	Backend wrappers.DBType
@@ -60,23 +56,30 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	// This field is ignored, but allows for a comment to be added to the config file.
 	// Something, something, why in the name of all things holy doesn't json support comments?
 	Comment string
+
+	// If this many seconds go by without a console update, the benchmark will print a report to the console.
+	ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds float64
+
+	// If this many transactions are executed without a console update, the benchmark will print a report to the console.
+	ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions float64
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
 func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 	return &CryptoSimConfig{
-		MinimumNumberOfAccounts: 1000,
-		HotAccountWeight:        50,
-		ColdAccountWeight:       49,
-		NewAccountWeight:        1,
-		HotSetSize:              100,
-		AccountKeySize:          20,
-		PaddedAccountSize:       100,
-		TransactionsPerBlock:    100,
-		DataDir:                 "",
-		Seed:                    1337,
-		RandomBufferSize:        1024 * 1024 * 1024, // 1GB
-		Backend:                 wrappers.FlatKV,
+		MinimumNumberOfAccounts:           1000,
+		HotAccountProbably:                0.5,
+		NewAccountProbably:                0.001,
+		HotSetSize:                        100,
+		AccountKeySize:                    20,
+		PaddedAccountSize:                 100,
+		TransactionsPerBlock:              100,
+		DataDir:                           "",
+		Seed:                              1337,
+		CannedRandomSize:                  1024 * 1024 * 1024, // 1GB
+		Backend:                           wrappers.FlatKV,
+		ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds:      1,
+		ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions: 1_000_000,
 	}
 }
 

From 96f2c6681240907486b810e82ddc3b7f80b949b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 13:08:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 09/49] basic benchmark is now functional

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  |   2 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 117 +++++++++++++-----
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       |  14 ++-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/kill-all.sh   |  22 ++++
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go  |   1 +
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go       |  65 ++++++++++
 6 files changed, 185 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/kill-all.sh

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index db3d3b025e..8a00255113 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
     "Comment": "Basic configuration for the cryptosim benchmark. Intended for basic correctness/sanity testing.",
     "DataDir": "data/basic",
-    "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 1000000
+    "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 10000000
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 10fd6f72a4..3afdb1e1f1 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ import (
 
 // The test runner for the cryptosim benchmark.
 type CryptoSim struct {
-	ctx context.Context
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
 
 	// The configuration for the benchmark.
 	config *CryptoSimConfig
@@ -31,7 +32,11 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 	// The total number of transactions executed by the benchmark since it last started.
 	transactionCount int64
 
-	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed.
+	// The number of blocks that have been executed since the last commit.
+	uncommitedBlockCount int64
+
+	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed. Represents changes we are accumulating
+	// as part of a simulated "block".
 	batch map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet
 
 	// Memiavl nonce key for the account ID counter (0x0a + reserved 20-byte addr).
@@ -50,6 +55,12 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 
 	// The number of transactions executed by the benchmark the last time the console was updated.
 	lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount int64
+
+	// The time the benchmark started.
+	startTimestamp time.Time
+
+	// The run channel sends a signal on this channel when it has halted.
+	runHaltedChan chan struct{}
 }
 
 // Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
@@ -67,14 +78,14 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("Running cryptosim benchmark from data directory: %s\n", dataDir)
+	fmt.Printf("running cryptosim benchmark from data directory: %s\n", dataDir)
 
 	db, err := wrappers.NewDBImpl(config.Backend, dataDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("Initializing canned random\n")
+	fmt.Printf("initializing random number generator\n")
 	rand := NewCannedRandom(config.CannedRandomSize, config.Seed)
 
 	feeCollectionAddress := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, rand.Address(config.AccountKeySize, 0))
@@ -87,8 +98,13 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 
 	consoleUpdatePeriod := time.Duration(config.ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds * float64(time.Second))
 
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+
 	c := &CryptoSim{
 		ctx:                               ctx,
+		cancel:                            cancel,
 		config:                            config,
 		db:                                db,
 		rand:                              rand,
@@ -96,8 +112,10 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		accountIDCounterKey:               evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, reservedAddr),
 		feeCollectionAddress:              feeCollectionAddress,
 		consoleUpdatePeriod:               consoleUpdatePeriod,
-		lastConsoleUpdateTime:             time.Now(),
+		lastConsoleUpdateTime:             start,
 		lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount: 0,
+		startTimestamp:                    start,
+		runHaltedChan:                     make(chan struct{}, 1),
 	}
 
 	err = c.setup()
@@ -135,21 +153,34 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 		c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts, int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)-c.nextAccountID)
 
 	for c.nextAccountID < int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts) {
+
+		if c.ctx.Err() != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("benchmark aborted during account creation\n")
+			break
+		}
+
 		_, err := c.createNewAccount()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 		}
-		err = c.maybeCommitBatch()
+		err = c.maybeFinalizeBlock()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
 		}
+
+		if c.nextAccountID%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
+			fmt.Printf("created %s of %s accounts\r",
+				int64Commas(c.nextAccountID), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
+		}
 	}
-	if err := c.commitBatch(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit batch: %w", err)
+	fmt.Printf("created %d of %d accounts\n", c.nextAccountID, c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)
+	if err := c.finalizeBlock(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit block: %w", err)
 	}
 	if _, err := c.db.Commit(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit database: %w", err)
 	}
+	c.uncommitedBlockCount = 0
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are now %d accounts in the database.\n", c.nextAccountID)
 
@@ -158,9 +189,18 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 
 // The main loop of the benchmark.
 func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
+
+	defer func() {
+		c.runHaltedChan <- struct{}{}
+	}()
+
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-c.ctx.Done():
+			if c.transactionCount > 0 {
+				c.generateConsoleReport(true)
+				fmt.Printf("\ntransaction workload halted\n")
+			}
 			return
 		default:
 			err := c.executeTransaction()
@@ -168,7 +208,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 				fmt.Printf("failed to execute transaction: %v\n", err)
 			}
 			c.transactionCount++
-			c.generateConsoleReport()
+			c.generateConsoleReport(false)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -193,8 +233,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) executeTransaction() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account: %w", err)
 	}
 	if !found {
-		// return fmt.Errorf("source account not found")
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("source account not found: %s", srcAccount)) // TODO
+		return fmt.Errorf("source account not found")
 	}
 
 	dstValue, found, err := c.get(dstAccount)
@@ -243,7 +282,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) executeTransaction() error {
 }
 
 // Generates a human readable report of the benchmark's progress.
-func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport() {
+func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport(force bool) {
 
 	// TODO measuring time each cycle is not efficient
 
@@ -251,7 +290,8 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport() {
 	timeSinceLastUpdate := now.Sub(c.lastConsoleUpdateTime)
 	transactionsSinceLastUpdate := c.transactionCount - c.lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount
 
-	if timeSinceLastUpdate < c.consoleUpdatePeriod &&
+	if !force &&
+		timeSinceLastUpdate < c.consoleUpdatePeriod &&
 		transactionsSinceLastUpdate < int64(c.config.ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions) {
 
 		// Not yet time to update the console.
@@ -261,12 +301,15 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport() {
 	c.lastConsoleUpdateTime = now
 	c.lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount = c.transactionCount
 
+	totalElapsedTime := now.Sub(c.startTimestamp)
+	transactionsPerSecond := float64(c.transactionCount) / totalElapsedTime.Seconds()
+
 	// Generate the report.
-	fmt.Printf("%d txns executed in %s (%.2f txns/sec), totall number of accounts: %d\n",
-		transactionsSinceLastUpdate,
-		timeSinceLastUpdate,
-		float64(transactionsSinceLastUpdate)/timeSinceLastUpdate.Seconds(),
-		c.nextAccountID)
+	fmt.Printf("%s txns executed in %v (%s txns/sec), total number of accounts: %s\r",
+		int64Commas(c.transactionCount),
+		totalElapsedTime,
+		formatNumberFloat64(transactionsPerSecond, 2),
+		int64Commas(c.nextAccountID))
 }
 
 // Select a random account for a transaction.
@@ -277,14 +320,12 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount() ([]byte, error) {
 		firstHotAccountID := 1
 		lastHotAccountID := c.config.HotSetSize
 		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstHotAccountID), int64(lastHotAccountID+1))
-
-		fmt.Printf("selected hot account: %d\n", accountID) // TODO
-		return c.rand.Address(c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID), nil
+		addr := c.rand.Address(c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID)
+		return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
 	} else {
 
 		new := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.NewAccountProbably
 		if new {
-			fmt.Printf("creating new account, id: %d\n", c.nextAccountID) // TODO
 			account, err := c.createNewAccount()
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
@@ -294,9 +335,8 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount() ([]byte, error) {
 
 		firstNonHotAccountID := c.config.HotSetSize + 1
 		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstNonHotAccountID), int64(c.nextAccountID))
-
-		fmt.Printf("selected cold account: %d\n", accountID) // TODO
-		return c.rand.Address(c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID), nil
+		addr := c.rand.Address(c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID)
+		return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
 	}
 }
 
@@ -330,15 +370,15 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount() ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 // Commit the current batch if it has reached the configured number of transactions.
-func (c *CryptoSim) maybeCommitBatch() error {
+func (c *CryptoSim) maybeFinalizeBlock() error {
 	if len(c.batch) >= c.config.TransactionsPerBlock {
-		return c.commitBatch()
+		return c.finalizeBlock()
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Commit the current batch.
-func (c *CryptoSim) commitBatch() error {
+// Push the current block out to the database.
+func (c *CryptoSim) finalizeBlock() error {
 	if len(c.batch) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -362,6 +402,17 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) commitBatch() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply change sets: %w", err)
 	}
 	c.batch = make(map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet)
+
+	// Periodically commit the changes to the database.
+	c.uncommitedBlockCount++
+	if c.uncommitedBlockCount >= int64(c.config.BlocksPerCommit) {
+		_, err := c.db.Commit()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit: %w", err)
+		}
+		c.uncommitedBlockCount = 0
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -407,17 +458,19 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) get(key []byte) ([]byte, bool, error) {
 
 // Shut down the benchmark and release any resources.
 func (c *CryptoSim) Close() error {
+	c.cancel()
+	<-c.runHaltedChan
 
-	fmt.Printf("Committing final batch...\n")
+	fmt.Printf("committing final batch\n")
 
-	if err := c.commitBatch(); err != nil {
+	if err := c.finalizeBlock(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit batch: %w", err)
 	}
 	if _, err := c.db.Commit(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("Closing database...\n")
+	fmt.Printf("closing database\n")
 	err := c.db.Close()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close database: %w", err)
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index ccb31c540f..d9158ec905 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	// The number of transactions that will be processed in each "block".
 	TransactionsPerBlock int
 
+	// Commit is called on the database after this many blocks have been processed.
+	BlocksPerCommit int
+
 	// The directory to store the benchmark data.
 	DataDir string
 
@@ -62,24 +65,29 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 
 	// If this many transactions are executed without a console update, the benchmark will print a report to the console.
 	ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions float64
+
+	// When setting up the benchmark, print a console update after adding this many accounts to the DB.
+	SetupUpdateIntervalCount int64
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
 func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 	return &CryptoSimConfig{
-		MinimumNumberOfAccounts:           1000,
+		MinimumNumberOfAccounts:           1_000_000,
 		HotAccountProbably:                0.5,
 		NewAccountProbably:                0.001,
 		HotSetSize:                        100,
 		AccountKeySize:                    20,
-		PaddedAccountSize:                 100,
-		TransactionsPerBlock:              100,
+		PaddedAccountSize:                 69, // Not a joke, this is the actual size
+		TransactionsPerBlock:              1024,
+		BlocksPerCommit:                   32,
 		DataDir:                           "",
 		Seed:                              1337,
 		CannedRandomSize:                  1024 * 1024 * 1024, // 1GB
 		Backend:                           wrappers.FlatKV,
 		ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds:      1,
 		ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions: 1_000_000,
+		SetupUpdateIntervalCount:          100_000,
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/kill-all.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/kill-all.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..47e1823840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/kill-all.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# Kill all cryptosim benchmark processes.
+# Targets: run.sh, go run main/main.go, and the compiled main binary.
+
+BENCH_PATH="sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim"
+
+pids=$(pgrep -f "$BENCH_PATH" 2>/dev/null || true)
+pids="$pids $(pgrep -f 'cryptosim/run\.sh' 2>/dev/null || true)"
+pids="$pids $(pgrep -f 'cryptosim.*main/main\.go' 2>/dev/null || true)"
+
+# Dedupe and kill
+killed=0
+for pid in $(echo "$pids" | tr ' ' '\n' | sort -un); do
+	[ -n "$pid" ] && [ "$pid" -gt 0 ] 2>/dev/null || continue
+	if kill -9 "$pid" 2>/dev/null; then
+		echo "Killed PID $pid"
+		killed=$((killed + 1))
+	fi
+done
+
+[ "$killed" -eq 0 ] && echo "No cryptosim benchmark processes found."
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
index 2c1a8ceb50..ca741e9dc3 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ func run() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create cryptosim: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
+		fmt.Printf("initiating teardown\n")
 		err := cs.Close()
 		if err != nil {
 			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error closing cryptosim: %v\n", err)
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
index 6674ad7a1b..ea762bcadb 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 )
 
@@ -67,3 +68,67 @@ func resolveAndCreateDataDir(dataDir string) (string, error) {
 	}
 	return abs, nil
 }
+
+// int64Commas formats n with commas as thousands separators (e.g., 1000000 -> "1,000,000").
+func int64Commas(n int64) string {
+	abs := n
+	if n < 0 {
+		abs = -n
+	}
+	s := strconv.FormatInt(abs, 10)
+	if len(s) <= 3 {
+		if n < 0 {
+			return "-" + s
+		}
+		return s
+	}
+	firstGroupLen := len(s) % 3
+	if firstGroupLen == 0 {
+		firstGroupLen = 3
+	}
+	var b strings.Builder
+	if n < 0 {
+		b.WriteByte('-')
+	}
+	b.WriteString(s[:firstGroupLen])
+	for i := firstGroupLen; i < len(s); i += 3 {
+		b.WriteByte(',')
+		b.WriteString(s[i : i+3])
+	}
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+// formatNumberFloat64 formats f with commas in the integer part and the given number of decimal places.
+// Special values (NaN, Inf) are formatted as strconv.FormatFloat would.
+func formatNumberFloat64(f float64, decimals int) string {
+	switch {
+	case math.IsNaN(f):
+		return "NaN"
+	case math.IsInf(f, 1):
+		return "+Inf"
+	case math.IsInf(f, -1):
+		return "-Inf"
+	}
+	format := fmt.Sprintf("%%.%df", decimals)
+	s := fmt.Sprintf(format, f)
+	// Handle negative sign - we'll need to format the abs and prepend minus
+	neg := strings.HasPrefix(s, "-")
+	if neg {
+		s = s[1:]
+	}
+	parts := strings.SplitN(s, ".", 2)
+	integerPart, _ := strconv.ParseInt(parts[0], 10, 64)
+	if neg {
+		integerPart = -integerPart
+	}
+	var b strings.Builder
+	if neg && integerPart == 0 {
+		b.WriteString("-")
+	}
+	b.WriteString(int64Commas(integerPart))
+	if len(parts) == 2 {
+		b.WriteByte('.')
+		b.WriteString(parts[1])
+	}
+	return b.String()
+}

From acd6cb87a80ff7d1337f862e8bab9d19ce7d129a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Tue, 24 Feb 2026 17:47:24 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 10/49] cleanup

---
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  |  2 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go           | 10 ++++++----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index 8a00255113..a1e838883d 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
     "Comment": "Basic configuration for the cryptosim benchmark. Intended for basic correctness/sanity testing.",
     "DataDir": "data/basic",
-    "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 10000000
+    "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 100000000
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 3afdb1e1f1..c59c3538fc 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -114,7 +114,6 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		consoleUpdatePeriod:               consoleUpdatePeriod,
 		lastConsoleUpdateTime:             start,
 		lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount: 0,
-		startTimestamp:                    start,
 		runHaltedChan:                     make(chan struct{}, 1),
 	}
 
@@ -123,6 +122,8 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to setup benchmark: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	c.startTimestamp = time.Now()
+
 	go c.run()
 	return c, nil
 }
@@ -143,14 +144,15 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 		c.nextAccountID = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(nextAccountID))
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("There are currently %d keys in the database.\n", c.nextAccountID)
+	fmt.Printf("There are currently %s keys in the database.\n", int64Commas(c.nextAccountID))
 
 	if c.nextAccountID >= int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts) {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("Benchmark is configured to run with a minimum of %d accounts. Creating %d new accounts.\n",
-		c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts, int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)-c.nextAccountID)
+	fmt.Printf("Benchmark is configured to run with a minimum of %s accounts. Creating %s new accounts.\n",
+		int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)),
+		int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)-c.nextAccountID))
 
 	for c.nextAccountID < int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts) {
 

From 7238fa6715c6ab54d5856b195338fe9858a1cedb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2026 13:32:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 11/49] Update model for more realistic simulation

---
 .gitignore                                    |   2 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md     |  50 ++-
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go |  42 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  |   5 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 375 +++++++++++++++---
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       |  46 ++-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/kill-all.sh   |  22 -
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go  |   2 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh        |   2 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go               |   4 +-
 10 files changed, 432 insertions(+), 118 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100755 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/kill-all.sh

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 3684e41239..881a462cc3 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -60,4 +60,4 @@ contracts/artifacts
 integration_test/dapp_tests/artifacts
 
 # DB benchmark data
-sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data/**
\ No newline at end of file
+sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data/**
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
index 8674372df7..f9cfd8af8b 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,52 @@
 The `cryptosim` benchmark simulates basic cryptocurrency transfer transactions. It's a benchmark designed to be
 predictive of DB performance under a heavy crypto transfer load.
 
-TODO expand this doc
\ No newline at end of file
+# Running Cryptosim
+
+To run this benchmark, execute the following from within the cryptosim directory:
+
+```
+./run.sh ./config/basic-config.json
+```
+
+# Configuring Cryptosim
+
+You can modify or provide a different config file for this benchmark. Available configuration options and their
+defaults are defined in the [cryptosim config struct](./cryptosim_config.go). Fields in the json file should
+mirror struct field names exactly.
+
+# Data Persistence
+
+The cryptosim benchmark writes database files. If provided with those database files at startup time, the cryptosim
+benchmark can continue running with that database. This may be useful when operating on large data sets that require
+significant setup time.
+
+Note that if continuing from an earlier run, you may not alter the `Seed`, `CannedRandomSize`, or 
+`AccountKeySize` parameters, since keys are deterministically derived from these configuration values.
+
+# Transaciton Model
+
+The goal of this benchmark is to generate database load similar to that generated by processing ERC20 transactions.
+
+Each "transaction" performs the following operations (in no particular order):
+
+- Randomly select a source and a destination account. For both:
+    - Performs an account read + write (native balance, nonce, codehash)
+    - Performs a read + write on a storage slot
+- Randomly selects a simulated ERC20 contract and reads it
+- Performs a read+write on an account that "collects gas fees"
+
+# Future Work
+
+The following features might be useful to add to this benchmark:
+
+- Metrics collection
+    - Measurements of size of data on disk vs. keys in the database
+    - Detailed latency breakdown
+    - Measurements of variance (e.g. p99 vs. just average)
+    - Memory utilization
+    - Raw disk IO utilization
+    - Compaction overhead
+    - Metrics exported by the underlying DB
+- Prometheus/Grafana dashboards to visualize metrics
+- More exotic key access patterns
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
index 771b344a2b..e82bd7b48c 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func NewCannedRandom(
 
 	// Adjust the buffer size so that (bufferSize % 8) == 1. This way when the index wraps around, it won't align
 	// perfectly with the buffer, giving us a longer runway before we repeat the exact same sequence of bytes.
-	// TODO verify that this logic works as intended.
+	// The expression maps (bufferSize%8) -> add: 0->1, 1->0, 2->7, 3->6, 4->5, 5->4, 6->3, 7->2.
 	bufferSize += (1 - (bufferSize % 8) + 8) % 8
 
 	source := rand.NewSource(seed)
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ func (cr *CannedRandom) Bytes(count int) []byte {
 //
 // Returned slice is NOT safe to modify. If modification is required, the caller should make a copy of the slice.
 func (cr *CannedRandom) SeededBytes(count int, seed int64) []byte {
-
 	if count < 0 {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("count must be non-negative, got %d", count))
 	}
@@ -120,22 +119,35 @@ func (cr *CannedRandom) Bool() bool {
 	return cr.Int64()%2 == 0
 }
 
-// Generate a random address suitable for use simulating an eth-style address. Given the same account ID,
-// the address will be deterministic, and any two unique account IDs are guaranteed to generate unique addresses.
-func (cr *CannedRandom) Address(addressSize int, accountID int64) []byte {
-	if addressSize < 8 {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("address size must be at least 8 bytes, got %d", addressSize))
-	}
+// Generate a random 20 byte address suitable for use simulating an eth-style address.
+// For the same input arguments, a canned random generator with the same seed and size will produce
+// deterministic results addresses.
+//
+// Addresses have the following shape:
+//
+//		1 byte addressType
+//		8 bytes of random data
+//		8 bytes containing the ID
+//	    3 bytes of random data (to bring the total to 20 bytes)
+//
+// The ID is not included in the begining so that adjacent IDs will not appear close to each other if addresses
+// are sorted in lexicographic order.
+func (cr *CannedRandom) Address(
+	// A one-char byte descriptor. Allows for keys for different types of things to have different values
+	// even if they have the same ID.
+	addressType uint8,
+	// A unique ID for the key.
+	id int64,
 
-	result := make([]byte, addressSize)
-	baseBytes := cr.SeededBytes(addressSize, accountID)
+) []byte {
 
-	accountIDIndex := addressSize / 2
-	if accountIDIndex+8 > addressSize {
-		accountIDIndex = addressSize - 8
-	}
+	result := make([]byte, 20)
+
+	baseBytes := cr.SeededBytes(20, id)
 	copy(result, baseBytes)
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(result[accountIDIndex:accountIDIndex+8], uint64(accountID))
+
+	result[0] = addressType
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(result[9:], uint64(id))
 
 	return result
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index a1e838883d..f16c1668ed 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
     "Comment": "Basic configuration for the cryptosim benchmark. Intended for basic correctness/sanity testing.",
     "DataDir": "data/basic",
-    "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 100000000
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+    "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 100000
+}
+
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index c59c3538fc..37e660044b 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -12,6 +12,17 @@ import (
 	iavl "github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-iavl"
 )
 
+const (
+	// Used to store the next account ID in the database.
+	accountIdCounterKey = "accountIdCounterKey"
+	// Used to store the next ERC20 contract ID in the database.
+	erc20IdCounterKey = "erc20IdCounterKey"
+
+	accountPrefix    = 'a'
+	contractPrefix   = 'c'
+	ethStoragePrefix = 's'
+)
+
 // The test runner for the cryptosim benchmark.
 type CryptoSim struct {
 	ctx    context.Context
@@ -29,20 +40,25 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 	// The next account ID to be used when creating a new account.
 	nextAccountID int64
 
+	// Key for the account ID counter in the database.
+	accountIDCounterKey []byte
+
+	// The next ERC20 contract ID to be used when creating a new ERC20 contract.
+	nextErc20ContractID int64
+
+	// Key for the ERC20 contract ID counter in the database.
+	erc20IDCounterKey []byte
+
 	// The total number of transactions executed by the benchmark since it last started.
 	transactionCount int64
 
 	// The number of blocks that have been executed since the last commit.
-	uncommitedBlockCount int64
+	uncommittedBlockCount int64
 
 	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed. Represents changes we are accumulating
 	// as part of a simulated "block".
 	batch map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet
 
-	// Memiavl nonce key for the account ID counter (0x0a + reserved 20-byte addr).
-	// Uses non-zero sentinel address to avoid potential edge cases with all-zero key.
-	accountIDCounterKey []byte
-
 	// The address of the fee account (i.e. the account that collects gas fees). This is a special account
 	// and has account ID 0. Since we reuse this account very often, it is cached for performance.
 	feeCollectionAddress []byte
@@ -63,6 +79,20 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 	runHaltedChan chan struct{}
 }
 
+// The keys that a transaction will read and write.
+type transactionKeys struct {
+	// The simualted ERC20 contract that will be interacted with. This value is read.
+	erc20Contract []byte
+	// The source account that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
+	srcAccount []byte
+	// The destination account that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
+	dstAccount []byte
+	// The source account's storage slot that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
+	srcAccountSlot []byte
+	// The destination account's storage slot that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
+	dstAccountSlot []byte
+}
+
 // Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
 func NewCryptoSim(
 	ctx context.Context,
@@ -88,13 +118,18 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 	fmt.Printf("initializing random number generator\n")
 	rand := NewCannedRandom(config.CannedRandomSize, config.Seed)
 
-	feeCollectionAddress := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, rand.Address(config.AccountKeySize, 0))
+	feeCollectionAddress := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(
+		evm.EVMKeyCode,
+		rand.Address(accountPrefix, 0),
+	)
 
-	// Reserved address for counter: 20 bytes of 0x01 (avoids all-zero key edge cases).
-	reservedAddr := make([]byte, 20)
-	for i := range reservedAddr {
-		reservedAddr[i] = 0x01
-	}
+	accountIdCounterBytes := make([]byte, 20)
+	copy(accountIdCounterBytes, []byte(accountIdCounterKey))
+	accountIDCounterKey := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, accountIdCounterBytes)
+
+	erc20IdCounterBytes := make([]byte, 20)
+	copy(erc20IdCounterBytes, []byte(erc20IdCounterKey))
+	erc20IDCounterKey := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, erc20IdCounterBytes)
 
 	consoleUpdatePeriod := time.Duration(config.ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds * float64(time.Second))
 
@@ -109,7 +144,8 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		db:                                db,
 		rand:                              rand,
 		batch:                             make(map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet, config.TransactionsPerBlock),
-		accountIDCounterKey:               evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, reservedAddr),
+		accountIDCounterKey:               accountIDCounterKey,
+		erc20IDCounterKey:                 erc20IDCounterKey,
 		feeCollectionAddress:              feeCollectionAddress,
 		consoleUpdatePeriod:               consoleUpdatePeriod,
 		lastConsoleUpdateTime:             start,
@@ -130,10 +166,21 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 
 // Prepare the benchmark by pre-populating the database with the minimum number of accounts.
 func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
+	err := c.setupAccounts()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to setup accounts: %w", err)
+	}
+	err = c.setupErc20Contracts()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to setup ERC20 contracts: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
 
-	// Ensure that we at least have as many accounts as the hot set + 1. This simplifies logic elsewhere.
-	if c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts < c.config.HotSetSize+1 {
-		c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts = c.config.HotSetSize + 1
+func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
+	// Ensure that we at least have as many accounts as the hot set + 2. This simplifies logic elsewhere.
+	if c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts < c.config.HotAccountSetSize+2 {
+		c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts = c.config.HotAccountSetSize + 2
 	}
 
 	nextAccountID, found, err := c.db.Read(c.accountIDCounterKey)
@@ -155,13 +202,12 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 		int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)-c.nextAccountID))
 
 	for c.nextAccountID < int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts) {
-
 		if c.ctx.Err() != nil {
 			fmt.Printf("benchmark aborted during account creation\n")
 			break
 		}
 
-		_, err := c.createNewAccount()
+		_, _, err := c.createNewAccount()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -175,20 +221,98 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 				int64Commas(c.nextAccountID), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
 		}
 	}
-	fmt.Printf("created %d of %d accounts\n", c.nextAccountID, c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)
+	if c.nextAccountID >= c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount {
+		fmt.Printf("\n")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s accounts.\n",
+		int64Commas(c.nextAccountID), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
 	if err := c.finalizeBlock(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit block: %w", err)
 	}
 	if _, err := c.db.Commit(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit database: %w", err)
 	}
-	c.uncommitedBlockCount = 0
+	c.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are now %d accounts in the database.\n", c.nextAccountID)
 
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
+
+	// Ensure that we at least have as many ERC20 contracts as the hot set + 1. This simplifies logic elsewhere.
+	if c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts < c.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize+1 {
+		c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts = c.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize + 1
+	}
+
+	nextErc20ContractID, found, err := c.db.Read(c.erc20IDCounterKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read ERC20 contract counter: %w", err)
+	}
+	if found {
+		c.nextErc20ContractID = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(nextErc20ContractID))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("There are currently %s simulated ERC20 contracts in the database.\n",
+		int64Commas(c.nextErc20ContractID))
+
+	if c.nextErc20ContractID >= int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("Benchmark is configured to run with a minimum of %s simulated ERC20 contracts. "+
+		"Creating %s new ERC20 contracts.\n",
+		int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)),
+		int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)-c.nextErc20ContractID))
+
+	for c.nextErc20ContractID < int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts) {
+		if c.ctx.Err() != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("benchmark aborted during ERC20 contract creation\n")
+			break
+		}
+
+		_, err := c.createNewErc20Contract()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new ERC20 contract: %w", err)
+		}
+		err = c.maybeFinalizeBlock()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if c.nextErc20ContractID%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
+			fmt.Printf("created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts\r",
+				int64Commas(c.nextErc20ContractID), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// As a final step, write the ERC20 contract ID counter to the database.
+	data := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data, uint64(c.nextErc20ContractID))
+	err = c.put(c.erc20IDCounterKey, data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put ERC20 contract ID counter: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if c.nextErc20ContractID >= c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount {
+		fmt.Printf("\n")
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts.\n",
+		int64Commas(c.nextErc20ContractID), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)))
+	if err := c.finalizeBlock(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit block: %w", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := c.db.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit database: %w", err)
+	}
+	c.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
+
+	fmt.Printf("There are now %d simulated ERC20 contracts in the database.\n", c.nextErc20ContractID)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // The main loop of the benchmark.
 func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 
@@ -201,7 +325,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 		case <-c.ctx.Done():
 			if c.transactionCount > 0 {
 				c.generateConsoleReport(true)
-				fmt.Printf("\ntransaction workload halted\n")
+				fmt.Printf("\nTransaction workload halted.\n")
 			}
 			return
 		default:
@@ -215,22 +339,66 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 	}
 }
 
+// Selects the keys that a transaction will read and write.
+func (c *CryptoSim) selectTransactionKeys() (*transactionKeys, error) {
+	srcAccountID, srcAccountAddress, err := c.randomAccount()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account: %w", err)
+	}
+	dstAccountID, dstAccountAddress, err := c.randomAccount()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	srcAccountSlot, err := c.randomAccountSlot(srcAccountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+	dstAccountSlot, err := c.randomAccountSlot(dstAccountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+	erc20Contract, err := c.randomErc20Contract()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select ERC20 contract: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &transactionKeys{
+		srcAccount:     srcAccountAddress,
+		dstAccount:     dstAccountAddress,
+		srcAccountSlot: srcAccountSlot,
+		dstAccountSlot: dstAccountSlot,
+		erc20Contract:  erc20Contract,
+	}, nil
+}
+
 // Perform a single transaction.
 func (c *CryptoSim) executeTransaction() error {
 
-	// Determine which accounts will be involved in the transaction.
-	srcAccount, err := c.randomAccount()
+	// Determine which accounts and ERC20 contract will be involved in the transaction.
+	keys, err := c.selectTransactionKeys()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to select transaction keys: %w", err)
 	}
-	dstAccount, err := c.randomAccount()
+
+	// Read the simulated ERC20 contract.
+	_, found, err := c.get(keys.erc20Contract)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get ERC20 contract: %w", err)
 	}
+	if !found {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ERC20 contract not found")
+	}
+
+	// Read the following:
+	// - the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash
+	// - the receiver's native balance
+	// - the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
+	// - the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
+	// - the fee collection account's native balance
 
-	// Read the current balances of the accounts.
-	// TODO we should be able to parrelize these reads, do this as a follow up
-	srcValue, found, err := c.get(srcAccount)
+	// Read the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash.
+	srcAccountValue, found, err := c.get(keys.srcAccount)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -238,7 +406,8 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) executeTransaction() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("source account not found")
 	}
 
-	dstValue, found, err := c.get(dstAccount)
+	// Read the receiver's native balance.
+	dstAccountValue, found, err := c.get(keys.dstAccount)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get destination account: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -246,6 +415,21 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) executeTransaction() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("destination account not found")
 	}
 
+	// Read the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
+	// We don't care if the value isn't in the DB yet, since we don't pre-populate the database with storage slots.
+	_, _, err = c.get(keys.srcAccountSlot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Read the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
+	// We don't care if the value isn't in the DB yet, since we don't pre-populate the database with storage slots.
+	_, _, err = c.get(keys.dstAccountSlot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get destination account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Read the fee collection account's native balance.
 	feeValue, found, err := c.get(c.feeCollectionAddress)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get fee collection account: %w", err)
@@ -254,27 +438,52 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) executeTransaction() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("fee collection account not found")
 	}
 
-	// Generate new balances for the accounts.
-	// The "balance" is simulated as the first 8 bytes of the account data.
-	// We can just choose a new random balance, since we don't care about the actual balance.
+	// Generate new data for the sender and reciver's native balance / nonce / codehash, as well
+	// as the sender and receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
 
 	newSrcBalance := c.rand.Int64()
 	newDstBalance := c.rand.Int64()
 	newFeeBalance := c.rand.Int64()
 
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(srcValue[:8], uint64(newSrcBalance))
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(dstValue[:8], uint64(newDstBalance))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(srcAccountValue[:8], uint64(newSrcBalance))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(dstAccountValue[:8], uint64(newDstBalance))
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(feeValue[:8], uint64(newFeeBalance))
 
-	// Write the new balances to the DB.
-	err = c.put(srcAccount, srcValue)
+	newSrcAccountSlotValue := c.rand.Bytes(c.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize)
+	newDstAccountSlotValue := c.rand.Bytes(c.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize)
+
+	// Write the following:
+	// - the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash
+	// - the receiver's native balance
+	// - the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
+	// - the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
+	// - the fee collection account's native balance
+
+	// Write the sender's account data.
+	err = c.put(keys.srcAccount, srcAccountValue)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put source account: %w", err)
 	}
-	err = c.put(dstAccount, dstValue)
+
+	// Write the receiver's account data.
+	err = c.put(keys.dstAccount, dstAccountValue)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put destination account: %w", err)
 	}
+
+	// Write the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
+	err = c.put(keys.srcAccountSlot, newSrcAccountSlotValue)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put source account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Write the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
+	err = c.put(keys.dstAccountSlot, newDstAccountSlotValue)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put destination account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Write the fee collection account's native balance.
 	err = c.put(c.feeCollectionAddress, feeValue)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put fee collection account: %w", err)
@@ -286,7 +495,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) executeTransaction() error {
 // Generates a human readable report of the benchmark's progress.
 func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport(force bool) {
 
-	// TODO measuring time each cycle is not efficient
+	// Future work: determine overhead of measuring time each cycle and change accordingly.
 
 	now := time.Now()
 	timeSinceLastUpdate := now.Sub(c.lastConsoleUpdateTime)
@@ -315,57 +524,99 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport(force bool) {
 }
 
 // Select a random account for a transaction.
-func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount() ([]byte, error) {
-	hot := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.HotAccountProbably
+func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount() (id int64, address []byte, err error) {
+	hot := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.HotAccountProbability
 
 	if hot {
 		firstHotAccountID := 1
-		lastHotAccountID := c.config.HotSetSize
+		lastHotAccountID := c.config.HotAccountSetSize
 		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstHotAccountID), int64(lastHotAccountID+1))
-		addr := c.rand.Address(c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID)
-		return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
+		addr := c.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
+		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
 	} else {
 
-		new := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.NewAccountProbably
+		new := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.NewAccountProbability
 		if new {
-			account, err := c.createNewAccount()
+			id, address, err := c.createNewAccount()
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
+				return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 			}
-			return account, nil
+			return id, address, nil
 		}
 
-		firstNonHotAccountID := c.config.HotSetSize + 1
+		firstNonHotAccountID := c.config.HotAccountSetSize + 1
 		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstNonHotAccountID), int64(c.nextAccountID))
-		addr := c.rand.Address(c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID)
+		addr := c.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
+		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
+	}
+}
+
+// Selects a random account slot for a transaction.
+func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccountSlot(accountID int64) ([]byte, error) {
+	slotNumber := c.rand.Int64Range(0, int64(c.config.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount))
+	slotID := accountID*int64(c.config.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount) + slotNumber
+
+	addr := c.rand.Address(ethStoragePrefix, slotID)
+	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
+}
+
+// Selects a random ERC20 contract for a transaction.
+func (c *CryptoSim) randomErc20Contract() ([]byte, error) {
+
+	hot := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.HotErc20ContractProbability
+
+	if hot {
+		erc20ContractID := c.rand.Int64Range(0, int64(c.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize))
+		addr := c.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
 		return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
 	}
+
+	// Otherwise, select a cold ERC20 contract at random.
+
+	erc20ContractID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(c.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize), int64(c.nextErc20ContractID))
+	addr := c.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
+	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
 }
 
 // Creates a new account and writes it to the database. Returns the address of the new account.
-func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount() ([]byte, error) {
+func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount() (id int64, address []byte, err error) {
 
 	accountID := c.nextAccountID
 	c.nextAccountID++
 
 	// Use memiavl code key format (0x07 + addr) so FlatKV persists account data.
-	addr := c.rand.Address(c.config.AccountKeySize, accountID)
-	address := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr)
+	addr := c.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
+	address = evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr)
 	balance := c.rand.Int64()
 
 	accountData := make([]byte, c.config.PaddedAccountSize)
 
-	// The first 8 bytes of the account data are the balance. For the sake of simplicity,
-	// For the sake of simplicity, we allow negative balances and don't care about overflow.
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(accountData[:8], uint64(balance))
 
 	// The remaining bytes are random data for padding.
 	randomBytes := c.rand.Bytes(c.config.PaddedAccountSize - 8)
 	copy(accountData[8:], randomBytes)
 
-	err := c.put(address, accountData)
+	err = c.put(address, accountData)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to put account: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return accountID, address, nil
+}
+
+// Creates a new ERC20 contract and writes it to the database. Returns the address of the new ERC20 contract.
+func (c *CryptoSim) createNewErc20Contract() ([]byte, error) {
+	erc20ContractID := c.nextErc20ContractID
+	c.nextErc20ContractID++
+
+	erc20Address := c.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
+	address := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, erc20Address)
+
+	erc20Data := c.rand.Bytes(c.config.Erc20ContractSize)
+	err := c.put(address, erc20Data)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to put account: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to put ERC20 contract: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return address, nil
@@ -406,13 +657,13 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) finalizeBlock() error {
 	c.batch = make(map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet)
 
 	// Periodically commit the changes to the database.
-	c.uncommitedBlockCount++
-	if c.uncommitedBlockCount >= int64(c.config.BlocksPerCommit) {
+	c.uncommittedBlockCount++
+	if c.uncommittedBlockCount >= int64(c.config.BlocksPerCommit) {
 		_, err := c.db.Commit()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit: %w", err)
 		}
-		c.uncommitedBlockCount = 0
+		c.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -463,7 +714,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) Close() error {
 	c.cancel()
 	<-c.runHaltedChan
 
-	fmt.Printf("committing final batch\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Committing final batch.\n")
 
 	if err := c.finalizeBlock(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit batch: %w", err)
@@ -472,13 +723,13 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) Close() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("closing database\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Closing database.\n")
 	err := c.db.Close()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("benchmark terminated successfully\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Benchmark terminated successfully.\n")
 
 	// Specifically release rand, since it's likely to hold a lot of memory.
 	c.rand = nil
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index d9158ec905..a6335cf50e 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -18,24 +18,44 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 
 	// When selecting an account for a transaction, select a hot account with this probability. Should be
 	// a value between 0.0 and 1.0.
-	HotAccountProbably float64
+	HotAccountProbability float64
 
 	// When selecting a non-hot account for a transaction, the benchmark will create a new account with this
 	// probability. Should be a value between 0.0 and 1.0.
-	NewAccountProbably float64
+	NewAccountProbability float64
 
 	// The number of hot accounts.
 	//
 	// Future work: add different distributions of hot account access. Currently, distribution is flat.
-	HotSetSize int
-
-	// The number of bytes in the account key.
-	AccountKeySize int
+	HotAccountSetSize int
 
 	// Each account contains an integer value used to track a balance, plus a bunch of random
 	// bytes for padding. This is the total size of the account after padding is added.
 	PaddedAccountSize int
 
+	// The minimum number of ERC20 contracts that should be in the DB prior to the start of the benchmark.
+	// If there are fewer than this number of contracts, the benchmark will first create the necessary
+	// contracts before starting its regular operations.
+	MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts int
+
+	// When selecting an ERC20 contract for a transaction, select a hot ERC20 contract with this probability.
+	// Should be a value between 0.0 and 1.0.
+	HotErc20ContractProbability float64
+
+	// The number of hot ERC20 contracts.
+	HotErc20ContractSetSize int
+
+	// The size of the a simulated ERC20 contract, in bytes.
+	Erc20ContractSize int
+
+	// The size of a simulated ERC20 storage slot, in bytes.
+	Erc20StorageSlotSize int
+
+	// The number of of ERC20 tokens that each account will interact with.
+	// Each account will have an eth storage slot for tracking the balance of each ERC20 token it owns.
+	// It is not legal to modify this value after the benchmark has started.
+	Erc20InteractionsPerAccount int
+
 	// The number of transactions that will be processed in each "block".
 	TransactionsPerBlock int
 
@@ -74,14 +94,18 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 	return &CryptoSimConfig{
 		MinimumNumberOfAccounts:           1_000_000,
-		HotAccountProbably:                0.5,
-		NewAccountProbably:                0.001,
-		HotSetSize:                        100,
-		AccountKeySize:                    20,
+		HotAccountProbability:             0.5,
+		NewAccountProbability:             0.001,
+		HotAccountSetSize:                 100,
 		PaddedAccountSize:                 69, // Not a joke, this is the actual size
+		MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts:     10_000,
+		HotErc20ContractProbability:       0.5,
+		HotErc20ContractSetSize:           100,
+		Erc20ContractSize:                 1024 * 2, // 2kb
+		Erc20StorageSlotSize:              32,
+		Erc20InteractionsPerAccount:       10,
 		TransactionsPerBlock:              1024,
 		BlocksPerCommit:                   32,
-		DataDir:                           "",
 		Seed:                              1337,
 		CannedRandomSize:                  1024 * 1024 * 1024, // 1GB
 		Backend:                           wrappers.FlatKV,
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/kill-all.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/kill-all.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 47e1823840..0000000000
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/kill-all.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-# Kill all cryptosim benchmark processes.
-# Targets: run.sh, go run main/main.go, and the compiled main binary.
-
-BENCH_PATH="sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim"
-
-pids=$(pgrep -f "$BENCH_PATH" 2>/dev/null || true)
-pids="$pids $(pgrep -f 'cryptosim/run\.sh' 2>/dev/null || true)"
-pids="$pids $(pgrep -f 'cryptosim.*main/main\.go' 2>/dev/null || true)"
-
-# Dedupe and kill
-killed=0
-for pid in $(echo "$pids" | tr ' ' '\n' | sort -un); do
-	[ -n "$pid" ] && [ "$pid" -gt 0 ] 2>/dev/null || continue
-	if kill -9 "$pid" 2>/dev/null; then
-		echo "Killed PID $pid"
-		killed=$((killed + 1))
-	fi
-done
-
-[ "$killed" -eq 0 ] && echo "No cryptosim benchmark processes found."
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
index ca741e9dc3..c1a80a319f 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func run() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create cryptosim: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		fmt.Printf("initiating teardown\n")
+		fmt.Printf("Initiating teardown.\n")
 		err := cs.Close()
 		if err != nil {
 			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error closing cryptosim: %v\n", err)
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh
index d546114644..7fc988cf3d 100755
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/run.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 
 # Run the cryptosim benchmark.
-go run main/main.go $@
\ No newline at end of file
+go run main/main.go $@
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go
index 94730cc169..421b9c0b14 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go
@@ -265,12 +265,12 @@ func runBenchmark(b *testing.B, scenario TestScenario, withProgress bool) {
 		func() {
 			b.StopTimer()
 			cs, err := wrappers.NewDBImpl(scenario.Backend, b.TempDir())
+			require.NoError(b, err)
+			require.NotNil(b, cs)
 			defer func() {
 				err := cs.Close()
 				require.NoError(b, err)
 			}()
-			require.NoError(b, err)
-			require.NotNil(b, cs)
 			changesetChannel := startChangesetGenerator(scenario)
 
 			var progress *ProgressReporter

From ed52867c7d50d4bb7798556eee87abda7ad9e270 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2026 13:37:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 12/49] bugfixes

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json | 2 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/medium.json       | 6 ++++++
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go             | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/medium.json

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index f16c1668ed..001849740d 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
     "Comment": "Basic configuration for the cryptosim benchmark. Intended for basic correctness/sanity testing.",
-    "DataDir": "data/basic",
+    "DataDir": "data",
     "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 100000
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/medium.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/medium.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67307ef1d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/medium.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "Comment": "A medium-sized simulation. Takes a few minutes to set up, but is not extremely onerous to set up.",
+    "DataDir": "data",
+    "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 10000000
+}
+
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 37e660044b..f67cda2be2 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -108,14 +108,14 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("running cryptosim benchmark from data directory: %s\n", dataDir)
+	fmt.Printf("Running cryptosim benchmark from data directory: %s\n", dataDir)
 
 	db, err := wrappers.NewDBImpl(config.Backend, dataDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("initializing random number generator\n")
+	fmt.Printf("Initializing random number generator.\n")
 	rand := NewCannedRandom(config.CannedRandomSize, config.Seed)
 
 	feeCollectionAddress := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 		}
 
 		if c.nextAccountID%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
-			fmt.Printf("created %s of %s accounts\r",
+			fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s accounts.\r",
 				int64Commas(c.nextAccountID), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
 		}
 	}
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 		}
 
 		if c.nextErc20ContractID%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
-			fmt.Printf("created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts\r",
+			fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts.\r",
 				int64Commas(c.nextErc20ContractID), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)))
 		}
 	}

From 16be236691754a48e13a046a8ba62c020896e5a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2026 15:01:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 13/49] code organization, bugfixes

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 247 ++++--------------
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       |   9 +
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go  |   2 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/sync_map.go   |  45 ++++
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaciton.go   | 224 ++++++++++++++++
 .../bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go   |  22 ++
 6 files changed, 359 insertions(+), 190 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/sync_map.go
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaciton.go
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index f67cda2be2..c75c1b522f 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -57,7 +57,10 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 
 	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed. Represents changes we are accumulating
 	// as part of a simulated "block".
-	batch map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet
+	batch *SyncMap[string, *proto.NamedChangeSet]
+
+	// A count of the number of transactions in the current batch.
+	transactionsInCurrentBlock int64
 
 	// The address of the fee account (i.e. the account that collects gas fees). This is a special account
 	// and has account ID 0. Since we reuse this account very often, it is cached for performance.
@@ -79,20 +82,6 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 	runHaltedChan chan struct{}
 }
 
-// The keys that a transaction will read and write.
-type transactionKeys struct {
-	// The simualted ERC20 contract that will be interacted with. This value is read.
-	erc20Contract []byte
-	// The source account that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
-	srcAccount []byte
-	// The destination account that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
-	dstAccount []byte
-	// The source account's storage slot that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
-	srcAccountSlot []byte
-	// The destination account's storage slot that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
-	dstAccountSlot []byte
-}
-
 // Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
 func NewCryptoSim(
 	ctx context.Context,
@@ -143,7 +132,7 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		config:                            config,
 		db:                                db,
 		rand:                              rand,
-		batch:                             make(map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet, config.TransactionsPerBlock),
+		batch:                             NewSyncMap[string, *proto.NamedChangeSet](),
 		accountIDCounterKey:               accountIDCounterKey,
 		erc20IDCounterKey:                 erc20IDCounterKey,
 		feeCollectionAddress:              feeCollectionAddress,
@@ -207,10 +196,11 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 			break
 		}
 
-		_, _, err := c.createNewAccount()
+		_, _, err := c.createNewAccount(true)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 		}
+		c.transactionsInCurrentBlock++
 		err = c.maybeFinalizeBlock()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
@@ -272,6 +262,8 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 			break
 		}
 
+		c.transactionsInCurrentBlock++
+
 		_, err := c.createNewErc20Contract()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new ERC20 contract: %w", err)
@@ -329,167 +321,30 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 			}
 			return
 		default:
-			err := c.executeTransaction()
+
+			txn, err := BuildTransaction(c)
 			if err != nil {
-				fmt.Printf("failed to execute transaction: %v\n", err)
+				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to build transaction: %v\n", err)
+				continue
 			}
-			c.transactionCount++
-			c.generateConsoleReport(false)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// Selects the keys that a transaction will read and write.
-func (c *CryptoSim) selectTransactionKeys() (*transactionKeys, error) {
-	srcAccountID, srcAccountAddress, err := c.randomAccount()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account: %w", err)
-	}
-	dstAccountID, dstAccountAddress, err := c.randomAccount()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	srcAccountSlot, err := c.randomAccountSlot(srcAccountID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account slot: %w", err)
-	}
-	dstAccountSlot, err := c.randomAccountSlot(dstAccountID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account slot: %w", err)
-	}
-	erc20Contract, err := c.randomErc20Contract()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select ERC20 contract: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return &transactionKeys{
-		srcAccount:     srcAccountAddress,
-		dstAccount:     dstAccountAddress,
-		srcAccountSlot: srcAccountSlot,
-		dstAccountSlot: dstAccountSlot,
-		erc20Contract:  erc20Contract,
-	}, nil
-}
-
-// Perform a single transaction.
-func (c *CryptoSim) executeTransaction() error {
-
-	// Determine which accounts and ERC20 contract will be involved in the transaction.
-	keys, err := c.selectTransactionKeys()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to select transaction keys: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Read the simulated ERC20 contract.
-	_, found, err := c.get(keys.erc20Contract)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get ERC20 contract: %w", err)
-	}
-	if !found {
-		return fmt.Errorf("ERC20 contract not found")
-	}
 
-	// Read the following:
-	// - the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash
-	// - the receiver's native balance
-	// - the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
-	// - the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
-	// - the fee collection account's native balance
-
-	// Read the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash.
-	srcAccountValue, found, err := c.get(keys.srcAccount)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account: %w", err)
-	}
-	if !found {
-		return fmt.Errorf("source account not found")
-	}
-
-	// Read the receiver's native balance.
-	dstAccountValue, found, err := c.get(keys.dstAccount)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get destination account: %w", err)
-	}
-	if !found {
-		return fmt.Errorf("destination account not found")
-	}
-
-	// Read the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
-	// We don't care if the value isn't in the DB yet, since we don't pre-populate the database with storage slots.
-	_, _, err = c.get(keys.srcAccountSlot)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account slot: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Read the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
-	// We don't care if the value isn't in the DB yet, since we don't pre-populate the database with storage slots.
-	_, _, err = c.get(keys.dstAccountSlot)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get destination account slot: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Read the fee collection account's native balance.
-	feeValue, found, err := c.get(c.feeCollectionAddress)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get fee collection account: %w", err)
-	}
-	if !found {
-		return fmt.Errorf("fee collection account not found")
-	}
-
-	// Generate new data for the sender and reciver's native balance / nonce / codehash, as well
-	// as the sender and receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
-
-	newSrcBalance := c.rand.Int64()
-	newDstBalance := c.rand.Int64()
-	newFeeBalance := c.rand.Int64()
-
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(srcAccountValue[:8], uint64(newSrcBalance))
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(dstAccountValue[:8], uint64(newDstBalance))
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(feeValue[:8], uint64(newFeeBalance))
-
-	newSrcAccountSlotValue := c.rand.Bytes(c.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize)
-	newDstAccountSlotValue := c.rand.Bytes(c.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize)
-
-	// Write the following:
-	// - the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash
-	// - the receiver's native balance
-	// - the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
-	// - the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
-	// - the fee collection account's native balance
-
-	// Write the sender's account data.
-	err = c.put(keys.srcAccount, srcAccountValue)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put source account: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Write the receiver's account data.
-	err = c.put(keys.dstAccount, dstAccountValue)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put destination account: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Write the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
-	err = c.put(keys.srcAccountSlot, newSrcAccountSlotValue)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put source account slot: %w", err)
-	}
+			err = txn.Execute(c)
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to execute transaction: %v\n", err)
+				continue
+			}
 
-	// Write the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
-	err = c.put(keys.dstAccountSlot, newDstAccountSlotValue)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put destination account slot: %w", err)
-	}
+			err = c.maybeFinalizeBlock()
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Printf("error finalizing block: %v\n", err)
+				continue
+			}
 
-	// Write the fee collection account's native balance.
-	err = c.put(c.feeCollectionAddress, feeValue)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put fee collection account: %w", err)
+			c.transactionCount++
+			c.transactionsInCurrentBlock++
+			c.generateConsoleReport(false)
+		}
 	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 // Generates a human readable report of the benchmark's progress.
@@ -524,7 +379,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport(force bool) {
 }
 
 // Select a random account for a transaction.
-func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount() (id int64, address []byte, err error) {
+func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount() (id int64, address []byte, isNew bool, err error) {
 	hot := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.HotAccountProbability
 
 	if hot {
@@ -532,22 +387,22 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount() (id int64, address []byte, err error) {
 		lastHotAccountID := c.config.HotAccountSetSize
 		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstHotAccountID), int64(lastHotAccountID+1))
 		addr := c.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
-		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
+		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), false, nil
 	} else {
 
 		new := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.NewAccountProbability
 		if new {
-			id, address, err := c.createNewAccount()
+			id, address, err := c.createNewAccount(false)
 			if err != nil {
-				return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
+				return 0, nil, false, fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 			}
-			return id, address, nil
+			return id, address, true, nil
 		}
 
 		firstNonHotAccountID := c.config.HotAccountSetSize + 1
 		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstNonHotAccountID), int64(c.nextAccountID))
 		addr := c.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
-		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
+		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), false, nil
 	}
 }
 
@@ -578,8 +433,8 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) randomErc20Contract() ([]byte, error) {
 	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
 }
 
-// Creates a new account and writes it to the database. Returns the address of the new account.
-func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount() (id int64, address []byte, err error) {
+// Creates a new account and optinally writes it to the database. Returns the address of the new account.
+func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount(write bool) (id int64, address []byte, err error) {
 
 	accountID := c.nextAccountID
 	c.nextAccountID++
@@ -587,6 +442,11 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount() (id int64, address []byte, err error) {
 	// Use memiavl code key format (0x07 + addr) so FlatKV persists account data.
 	addr := c.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
 	address = evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr)
+
+	if !write {
+		return accountID, address, nil
+	}
+
 	balance := c.rand.Int64()
 
 	accountData := make([]byte, c.config.PaddedAccountSize)
@@ -624,7 +484,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) createNewErc20Contract() ([]byte, error) {
 
 // Commit the current batch if it has reached the configured number of transactions.
 func (c *CryptoSim) maybeFinalizeBlock() error {
-	if len(c.batch) >= c.config.TransactionsPerBlock {
+	if c.transactionsInCurrentBlock >= int64(c.config.TransactionsPerBlock) {
 		return c.finalizeBlock()
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -632,14 +492,18 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) maybeFinalizeBlock() error {
 
 // Push the current block out to the database.
 func (c *CryptoSim) finalizeBlock() error {
-	if len(c.batch) == 0 {
+	if c.transactionsInCurrentBlock == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	changeSets := make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, len(c.batch)+1)
-	for _, cs := range c.batch {
+	c.transactionsInCurrentBlock = 0
+
+	changeSets := make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, c.transactionsInCurrentBlock+1)
+	for _, cs := range c.batch.Iterator() {
 		changeSets = append(changeSets, cs)
 	}
+	c.batch.Clear()
+
 	// Persist the account ID counter in every batch.
 	nonceValue := make([]byte, 8)
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(nonceValue, uint64(c.nextAccountID))
@@ -654,7 +518,6 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) finalizeBlock() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply change sets: %w", err)
 	}
-	c.batch = make(map[string]*proto.NamedChangeSet)
 
 	// Periodically commit the changes to the database.
 	c.uncommittedBlockCount++
@@ -670,30 +533,36 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) finalizeBlock() error {
 }
 
 // Insert a key-value pair into the database/cache.
+//
+// This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to put() and get(). Is not thread
+// safe with finalizeBlock().
 func (c *CryptoSim) put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
 	stringKey := string(key)
 
-	pending, found := c.batch[stringKey]
+	pending, found := c.batch.Get(stringKey)
 	if found {
 		pending.Changeset.Pairs[0].Value = value
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	c.batch[stringKey] = &proto.NamedChangeSet{
+	c.batch.Put(stringKey, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
 		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
 		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
 			{Key: key, Value: value},
 		}},
-	}
+	})
 
 	return nil
 }
 
 // Retrieve a value from the database/cache.
+//
+// This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to put() and get(). Is not thread
+// safe with finalizeBlock().
 func (c *CryptoSim) get(key []byte) ([]byte, bool, error) {
 	stringKey := string(key)
 
-	pending, found := c.batch[stringKey]
+	pending, found := c.batch.Get(stringKey)
 	if found {
 		return pending.Changeset.Pairs[0].Value, true, nil
 	}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index a6335cf50e..7cbaba8fa8 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -88,6 +88,13 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 
 	// When setting up the benchmark, print a console update after adding this many accounts to the DB.
 	SetupUpdateIntervalCount int64
+
+	// Run a number of threads equal to the number of cores on the host machine, multiplied by this value.
+	ThreadsPerCore float64
+
+	// Increase or decrease the thread count by this many threads. Total thread count is a function of
+	// ThreadsPerCore and ConstantThreadCount.
+	ConstantThreadCount int
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
@@ -112,6 +119,8 @@ func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 		ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds:      1,
 		ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions: 1_000_000,
 		SetupUpdateIntervalCount:          100_000,
+		ThreadsPerCore:                    1.0,
+		ConstantThreadCount:               0,
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
index c1a80a319f..efb6365067 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func run() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create cryptosim: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		fmt.Printf("Initiating teardown.\n")
+		fmt.Printf("\nInitiating teardown.\n")
 		err := cs.Close()
 		if err != nil {
 			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error closing cryptosim: %v\n", err)
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/sync_map.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/sync_map.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d97d283637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/sync_map.go
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package cryptosim
+
+import (
+	"iter"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// A thread safe map-like data structure. Unlike sync.Map, supports generics.
+type SyncMap[K comparable, V any] struct {
+	base sync.Map
+}
+
+// NewSyncMap returns a new empty SyncMap.
+func NewSyncMap[K comparable, V any]() *SyncMap[K, V] {
+	return &SyncMap[K, V]{}
+}
+
+// Put stores the key-value pair in the map.
+func (m *SyncMap[K, V]) Put(key K, value V) {
+	m.base.Store(key, value)
+}
+
+// Clear removes all key-value pairs from the map.
+func (m *SyncMap[K, V]) Clear() {
+	m.base.Clear()
+}
+
+// Get returns the value for key and true if present, or the zero value of V and false otherwise.
+func (m *SyncMap[K, V]) Get(key K) (V, bool) {
+	val, ok := m.base.Load(key)
+	if !ok {
+		var zero V
+		return zero, false
+	}
+	return val.(V), true
+}
+
+// All returns an iterator over the map's key-value pairs for use with range.
+func (m *SyncMap[K, V]) Iterator() iter.Seq2[K, V] {
+	return func(yield func(K, V) bool) {
+		m.base.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
+			return yield(key.(K), value.(V))
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaciton.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaciton.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0fc108191a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaciton.go
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+package cryptosim
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// The data needed to execute a transaction.
+type transaction struct {
+	// The simualted ERC20 contract that will be interacted with. This value is read.
+	erc20Contract []byte
+
+	// The source account that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
+	srcAccount []byte
+	// If true, the source account is new and needs to be created.
+	isSrcNew bool
+	// If the source account is new, this is the data that will be written to the account.
+	// If not new, this will be nil.
+	newSrcData []byte
+
+	// The destination account that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
+	dstAccount []byte
+	// If true, the destination account is new and needs to be created.
+	isDstNew bool
+	// If the destination account is new, this is the data that will be written to the account.
+	// If not new, this will be nil.
+	newDstData []byte
+
+	// The source account's storage slot that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
+	srcAccountSlot []byte
+	// The destination account's storage slot that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
+	dstAccountSlot []byte
+
+	// Pre-generated random value for the source account's new native balance.
+	newSrcBalance int64
+	// Pre-generated random value for the destination account's new native balance.
+	newDstBalance int64
+	// Pre-generated random value for the fee collection account's new native balance.
+	newFeeBalance int64
+	// Pre-generated random value for the source account's ERC20 storage slot.
+	newSrcAccountSlot []byte
+	// Pre-generated random value for the destination account's ERC20 storage slot.
+	newDstAccountSlot []byte
+}
+
+// Generate all data needed to execute a transaction.
+//
+// This method is not thread safe to call concurrently with other calls to BuildTransaction().
+func BuildTransaction(cryptosim *CryptoSim) (*transaction, error) {
+	srcAccountID, srcAccountAddress, isSrcNew, err := cryptosim.randomAccount()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account: %w", err)
+	}
+	dstAccountID, dstAccountAddress, isDstNew, err := cryptosim.randomAccount()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	srcAccountSlot, err := cryptosim.randomAccountSlot(srcAccountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+	dstAccountSlot, err := cryptosim.randomAccountSlot(dstAccountID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+	erc20Contract, err := cryptosim.randomErc20Contract()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select ERC20 contract: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var newSrcData []byte
+	if isSrcNew {
+		newSrcData = cryptosim.rand.Bytes(cryptosim.config.PaddedAccountSize)
+	}
+	var newDstData []byte
+	if isDstNew {
+		newDstData = cryptosim.rand.Bytes(cryptosim.config.PaddedAccountSize)
+	}
+
+	return &transaction{
+		srcAccount:        srcAccountAddress,
+		isSrcNew:          isSrcNew,
+		newSrcData:        newSrcData,
+		dstAccount:        dstAccountAddress,
+		isDstNew:          isDstNew,
+		newDstData:        newDstData,
+		srcAccountSlot:    srcAccountSlot,
+		dstAccountSlot:    dstAccountSlot,
+		erc20Contract:     erc20Contract,
+		newSrcBalance:     cryptosim.rand.Int64(),
+		newDstBalance:     cryptosim.rand.Int64(),
+		newFeeBalance:     cryptosim.rand.Int64(),
+		newSrcAccountSlot: cryptosim.rand.Bytes(cryptosim.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize),
+		newDstAccountSlot: cryptosim.rand.Bytes(cryptosim.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Execute the transaction.
+//
+// This method is thread safe with other calls to Execute(),
+// but must not be called concurrently with CryptoSim.finalizeBlock().
+func (txn *transaction) Execute(cryptosim *CryptoSim) error {
+
+	// Read the simulated ERC20 contract.
+	_, found, err := cryptosim.get(txn.erc20Contract)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get ERC20 contract: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !found {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ERC20 contract not found")
+	}
+
+	// Read the following:
+	// - the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash
+	// - the receiver's native balance
+	// - the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
+	// - the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
+	// - the fee collection account's native balance
+
+	// Read the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash.
+	srcAccountValue, found, err := cryptosim.get(txn.srcAccount)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if txn.isSrcNew {
+		// This is a new account, so we should not find it in the DB.
+		if found {
+			return fmt.Errorf("should not find source account in DB, account should be new")
+		}
+		srcAccountValue = txn.newSrcData
+	} else {
+		// This is an existing account, so we should find it in the DB.
+		if !found {
+			return fmt.Errorf("source account not found")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Read the receiver's native balance.
+	dstAccountValue, found, err := cryptosim.get(txn.dstAccount)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get destination account: %w", err)
+	}
+	if txn.isDstNew {
+		// This is a new account, so we should not find it in the DB.
+		if found {
+			return fmt.Errorf("should not find destination account in DB, account should be new")
+		}
+		dstAccountValue = txn.newDstData
+	} else {
+		// This is an existing account, so we should find it in the DB.
+		if !found {
+			return fmt.Errorf("destination account not found")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Read the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
+	// We don't care if the value isn't in the DB yet, since we don't pre-populate the database with storage slots.
+	_, _, err = cryptosim.get(txn.srcAccountSlot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Read the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
+	// We don't care if the value isn't in the DB yet, since we don't pre-populate the database with storage slots.
+	_, _, err = cryptosim.get(txn.dstAccountSlot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get destination account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Read the fee collection account's native balance.
+	feeValue, found, err := cryptosim.get(cryptosim.feeCollectionAddress)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get fee collection account: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !found {
+		return fmt.Errorf("fee collection account not found")
+	}
+
+	// Apply the random values from the transaction to the account and slot data.
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(srcAccountValue[:8], uint64(txn.newSrcBalance))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(dstAccountValue[:8], uint64(txn.newDstBalance))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(feeValue[:8], uint64(txn.newFeeBalance))
+
+	// Write the following:
+	// - the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash
+	// - the receiver's native balance
+	// - the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
+	// - the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
+	// - the fee collection account's native balance
+
+	// Write the sender's account data.
+	err = cryptosim.put(txn.srcAccount, srcAccountValue)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put source account: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Write the receiver's account data.
+	err = cryptosim.put(txn.dstAccount, dstAccountValue)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put destination account: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Write the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
+	err = cryptosim.put(txn.srcAccountSlot, txn.newSrcAccountSlot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put source account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Write the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
+	err = cryptosim.put(txn.dstAccountSlot, txn.newDstAccountSlot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put destination account slot: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Write the fee collection account's native balance.
+	err = cryptosim.put(cryptosim.feeCollectionAddress, feeValue)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put fee collection account: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c4d34db80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package cryptosim
+
+type TransactionExecutor struct {
+	// The CryptoSim benchmark runner.
+	cryptoSim *CryptoSim
+
+	// The Incoming transactions to be executed.
+	workChan chan *any
+}
+
+// A single threaded transaction executor.
+func NewTransactionExecutor(
+	cryptosim *CryptoSim,
+	queueSize int,
+) *TransactionExecutor {
+	return &TransactionExecutor{
+		cryptoSim: cryptosim,
+		workChan:  make(chan *any, queueSize),
+	}
+}
+
+// TODO

From e662b332eba9034475608f5174de8e381cd6cb6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2026 15:51:17 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 14/49] reorganized code, introduced bugs

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 170 +++++-------------
 .../bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go         | 152 ++++++++++++++++
 .../{transaciton.go => transaction.go}        |  14 +-
 3 files changed, 207 insertions(+), 129 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
 rename sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/{transaciton.go => transaction.go} (95%)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index c75c1b522f..bdd1d51374 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -13,11 +13,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	// Used to store the next account ID in the database.
-	accountIdCounterKey = "accountIdCounterKey"
-	// Used to store the next ERC20 contract ID in the database.
-	erc20IdCounterKey = "erc20IdCounterKey"
-
 	accountPrefix    = 'a'
 	contractPrefix   = 'c'
 	ethStoragePrefix = 's'
@@ -37,18 +32,6 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 	// The source of randomness for the benchmark.
 	rand *CannedRandom
 
-	// The next account ID to be used when creating a new account.
-	nextAccountID int64
-
-	// Key for the account ID counter in the database.
-	accountIDCounterKey []byte
-
-	// The next ERC20 contract ID to be used when creating a new ERC20 contract.
-	nextErc20ContractID int64
-
-	// Key for the ERC20 contract ID counter in the database.
-	erc20IDCounterKey []byte
-
 	// The total number of transactions executed by the benchmark since it last started.
 	transactionCount int64
 
@@ -80,6 +63,9 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 
 	// The run channel sends a signal on this channel when it has halted.
 	runHaltedChan chan struct{}
+
+	// The data generator for the benchmark.
+	dataGenerator *DataGenerator
 }
 
 // Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
@@ -112,20 +98,19 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		rand.Address(accountPrefix, 0),
 	)
 
-	accountIdCounterBytes := make([]byte, 20)
-	copy(accountIdCounterBytes, []byte(accountIdCounterKey))
-	accountIDCounterKey := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, accountIdCounterBytes)
-
-	erc20IdCounterBytes := make([]byte, 20)
-	copy(erc20IdCounterBytes, []byte(erc20IdCounterKey))
-	erc20IDCounterKey := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, erc20IdCounterBytes)
-
 	consoleUpdatePeriod := time.Duration(config.ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds * float64(time.Second))
 
 	start := time.Now()
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 
+	dataGenerator, err := NewDataGenerator(db, rand)
+	if err != nil {
+		cancel()
+		db.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create data generator: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	c := &CryptoSim{
 		ctx:                               ctx,
 		cancel:                            cancel,
@@ -133,13 +118,12 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		db:                                db,
 		rand:                              rand,
 		batch:                             NewSyncMap[string, *proto.NamedChangeSet](),
-		accountIDCounterKey:               accountIDCounterKey,
-		erc20IDCounterKey:                 erc20IDCounterKey,
 		feeCollectionAddress:              feeCollectionAddress,
 		consoleUpdatePeriod:               consoleUpdatePeriod,
 		lastConsoleUpdateTime:             start,
 		lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount: 0,
 		runHaltedChan:                     make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		dataGenerator:                     dataGenerator,
 	}
 
 	err = c.setup()
@@ -172,31 +156,21 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 		c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts = c.config.HotAccountSetSize + 2
 	}
 
-	nextAccountID, found, err := c.db.Read(c.accountIDCounterKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read account counter: %w", err)
-	}
-	if found {
-		c.nextAccountID = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(nextAccountID))
-	}
-
-	fmt.Printf("There are currently %s keys in the database.\n", int64Commas(c.nextAccountID))
-
-	if c.nextAccountID >= int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts) {
+	if c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID() >= int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts) {
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	fmt.Printf("Benchmark is configured to run with a minimum of %s accounts. Creating %s new accounts.\n",
 		int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)),
-		int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)-c.nextAccountID))
+		int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)-c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()))
 
-	for c.nextAccountID < int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts) {
+	for c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID() < int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts) {
 		if c.ctx.Err() != nil {
 			fmt.Printf("benchmark aborted during account creation\n")
 			break
 		}
 
-		_, _, err := c.createNewAccount(true)
+		_, _, err := c.dataGenerator.CreateNewAccount(c, c.config.PaddedAccountSize, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -206,16 +180,16 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		if c.nextAccountID%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
+		if c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
 			fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s accounts.\r",
-				int64Commas(c.nextAccountID), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
+				int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
 		}
 	}
-	if c.nextAccountID >= c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount {
+	if c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID() >= c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount {
 		fmt.Printf("\n")
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s accounts.\n",
-		int64Commas(c.nextAccountID), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
+		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
 	if err := c.finalizeBlock(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit block: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -224,7 +198,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 	}
 	c.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
 
-	fmt.Printf("There are now %d accounts in the database.\n", c.nextAccountID)
+	fmt.Printf("There are now %d accounts in the database.\n", c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID())
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -236,27 +210,16 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 		c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts = c.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize + 1
 	}
 
-	nextErc20ContractID, found, err := c.db.Read(c.erc20IDCounterKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read ERC20 contract counter: %w", err)
-	}
-	if found {
-		c.nextErc20ContractID = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(nextErc20ContractID))
-	}
-
-	fmt.Printf("There are currently %s simulated ERC20 contracts in the database.\n",
-		int64Commas(c.nextErc20ContractID))
-
-	if c.nextErc20ContractID >= int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts) {
+	if c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID() >= int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts) {
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	fmt.Printf("Benchmark is configured to run with a minimum of %s simulated ERC20 contracts. "+
 		"Creating %s new ERC20 contracts.\n",
 		int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)),
-		int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)-c.nextErc20ContractID))
+		int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)-c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()))
 
-	for c.nextErc20ContractID < int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts) {
+	for c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID() < int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts) {
 		if c.ctx.Err() != nil {
 			fmt.Printf("benchmark aborted during ERC20 contract creation\n")
 			break
@@ -264,7 +227,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 
 		c.transactionsInCurrentBlock++
 
-		_, err := c.createNewErc20Contract()
+		_, _, err := c.dataGenerator.CreateNewErc20Contract(c, c.config.Erc20ContractSize, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new ERC20 contract: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -273,25 +236,26 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		if c.nextErc20ContractID%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
+		if c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
 			fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts.\r",
-				int64Commas(c.nextErc20ContractID), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)))
+				int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()),
+				int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)))
 		}
 	}
 
 	// As a final step, write the ERC20 contract ID counter to the database.
 	data := make([]byte, 8)
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data, uint64(c.nextErc20ContractID))
-	err = c.put(c.erc20IDCounterKey, data)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data, uint64(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()))
+	err := c.put(Erc20IDCounterKey(), data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put ERC20 contract ID counter: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if c.nextErc20ContractID >= c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount {
+	if c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID() >= c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount {
 		fmt.Printf("\n")
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts.\n",
-		int64Commas(c.nextErc20ContractID), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)))
+		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)))
 	if err := c.finalizeBlock(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit block: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -300,7 +264,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 	}
 	c.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
 
-	fmt.Printf("There are now %d simulated ERC20 contracts in the database.\n", c.nextErc20ContractID)
+	fmt.Printf("There are now %d simulated ERC20 contracts in the database.\n", c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -322,7 +286,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 			return
 		default:
 
-			txn, err := BuildTransaction(c)
+			txn, err := BuildTransaction(c, c.dataGenerator)
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to build transaction: %v\n", err)
 				continue
@@ -375,11 +339,12 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport(force bool) {
 		int64Commas(c.transactionCount),
 		totalElapsedTime,
 		formatNumberFloat64(transactionsPerSecond, 2),
-		int64Commas(c.nextAccountID))
+		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()))
 }
 
-// Select a random account for a transaction.
-func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount() (id int64, address []byte, isNew bool, err error) {
+// Select a random account for a transaction. If an existing account is selected then its ID is guaranteed to be
+// less or equal to maxAccountID. If a new account is created, it may have an ID greater than maxAccountID.
+func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount(maxAccountID int64) (id int64, address []byte, isNew bool, err error) {
 	hot := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.HotAccountProbability
 
 	if hot {
@@ -392,15 +357,17 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount() (id int64, address []byte, isNew bool, err e
 
 		new := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.NewAccountProbability
 		if new {
-			id, address, err := c.createNewAccount(false)
+			id, address, err := c.dataGenerator.CreateNewAccount(c, c.config.PaddedAccountSize, false)
 			if err != nil {
 				return 0, nil, false, fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 			}
 			return id, address, true, nil
 		}
 
+		// select an existing account at random
+
 		firstNonHotAccountID := c.config.HotAccountSetSize + 1
-		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstNonHotAccountID), int64(c.nextAccountID))
+		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstNonHotAccountID), maxAccountID+1)
 		addr := c.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
 		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), false, nil
 	}
@@ -428,60 +395,11 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) randomErc20Contract() ([]byte, error) {
 
 	// Otherwise, select a cold ERC20 contract at random.
 
-	erc20ContractID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(c.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize), int64(c.nextErc20ContractID))
+	erc20ContractID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(c.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize), int64(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()))
 	addr := c.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
 	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
 }
 
-// Creates a new account and optinally writes it to the database. Returns the address of the new account.
-func (c *CryptoSim) createNewAccount(write bool) (id int64, address []byte, err error) {
-
-	accountID := c.nextAccountID
-	c.nextAccountID++
-
-	// Use memiavl code key format (0x07 + addr) so FlatKV persists account data.
-	addr := c.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
-	address = evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr)
-
-	if !write {
-		return accountID, address, nil
-	}
-
-	balance := c.rand.Int64()
-
-	accountData := make([]byte, c.config.PaddedAccountSize)
-
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(accountData[:8], uint64(balance))
-
-	// The remaining bytes are random data for padding.
-	randomBytes := c.rand.Bytes(c.config.PaddedAccountSize - 8)
-	copy(accountData[8:], randomBytes)
-
-	err = c.put(address, accountData)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to put account: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return accountID, address, nil
-}
-
-// Creates a new ERC20 contract and writes it to the database. Returns the address of the new ERC20 contract.
-func (c *CryptoSim) createNewErc20Contract() ([]byte, error) {
-	erc20ContractID := c.nextErc20ContractID
-	c.nextErc20ContractID++
-
-	erc20Address := c.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
-	address := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, erc20Address)
-
-	erc20Data := c.rand.Bytes(c.config.Erc20ContractSize)
-	err := c.put(address, erc20Data)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to put ERC20 contract: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return address, nil
-}
-
 // Commit the current batch if it has reached the configured number of transactions.
 func (c *CryptoSim) maybeFinalizeBlock() error {
 	if c.transactionsInCurrentBlock >= int64(c.config.TransactionsPerBlock) {
@@ -506,11 +424,11 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) finalizeBlock() error {
 
 	// Persist the account ID counter in every batch.
 	nonceValue := make([]byte, 8)
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(nonceValue, uint64(c.nextAccountID))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(nonceValue, uint64(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()))
 	changeSets = append(changeSets, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
 		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
 		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
-			{Key: c.accountIDCounterKey, Value: nonceValue},
+			{Key: AccountIDCounterKey(), Value: nonceValue},
 		}},
 	})
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86e9cecca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+package cryptosim
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/common/evm"
+	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Used to store the next account ID in the database.
+	accountIdCounterKey = "accountIdCounterKey"
+	// Used to store the next ERC20 contract ID in the database.
+	erc20IdCounterKey = "erc20IdCounterKey"
+)
+
+// Generates random data for the benchmark. This is not a thread safe utility.
+type DataGenerator struct {
+	nextAccountID       int64
+	nextErc20ContractID int64
+
+	rand *CannedRandom
+}
+
+// Creates a new data generator.
+func NewDataGenerator(
+	db wrappers.DBWrapper,
+	rand *CannedRandom) (*DataGenerator, error) {
+
+	nextAccountIDBinary, found, err := db.Read(AccountIDCounterKey())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read account counter: %w", err)
+	}
+	var nextAccountID int64
+	if found {
+		nextAccountID = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(nextAccountIDBinary))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("There are currently %s keys in the database.\n", int64Commas(nextAccountID))
+
+	// erc20IdCounterBytes := make([]byte, 20)
+	// copy(erc20IdCounterBytes, []byte(erc20IdCounterKey))
+	// erc20IDCounterKey := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, erc20IdCounterBytes)
+
+	nextErc20ContractIDBinary, found, err := db.Read(Erc20IDCounterKey())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read ERC20 contract counter: %w", err)
+	}
+	var nextErc20ContractID int64
+	if found {
+		nextErc20ContractID = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(nextErc20ContractIDBinary))
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("There are currently %s ERC20 contracts in the database.\n", int64Commas(nextErc20ContractID))
+
+	return &DataGenerator{
+		nextAccountID:       nextAccountID,
+		nextErc20ContractID: nextErc20ContractID,
+		rand:                rand,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Get the key for the account ID counter in the database.
+func AccountIDCounterKey() []byte {
+	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, []byte(accountIdCounterKey))
+}
+
+// Get the key for the ERC20 contract ID counter in the database.
+func Erc20IDCounterKey() []byte {
+	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, []byte(erc20IdCounterKey))
+}
+
+// Get the next account ID to be used when creating a new account. This is also the total number of accounts
+// currently in the database.
+func (d *DataGenerator) NextAccountID() int64 {
+	return d.nextAccountID
+}
+
+// Get the next ERC20 contract ID to be used when creating a new ERC20 contract. This is also the total number of
+// ERC20 contracts currently in the database.
+func (d *DataGenerator) NextErc20ContractID() int64 {
+	return d.nextErc20ContractID
+}
+
+// Creates a new account and optionally writes it to the database. Returns the address of the new account.
+func (d *DataGenerator) CreateNewAccount(
+	cryptosim *CryptoSim,
+	// The number of bytes to allocate for the account data.
+	accountSize int,
+	// If true, the account will be immediately written to the database.
+	write bool,
+) (id int64, address []byte, err error) {
+
+	accountID := d.nextAccountID
+	d.nextAccountID++
+
+	// Use memiavl code key format (0x07 + addr) so FlatKV persists account data.
+	addr := d.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
+	address = evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr)
+
+	if !write {
+		return accountID, address, nil
+	}
+
+	balance := d.rand.Int64()
+
+	accountData := make([]byte, accountSize)
+
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(accountData[:8], uint64(balance))
+
+	// The remaining bytes are random data for padding.
+	randomBytes := d.rand.Bytes(accountSize - 8)
+	copy(accountData[8:], randomBytes)
+
+	err = cryptosim.put(address, accountData)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to put account: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return accountID, address, nil
+}
+
+// Creates a new ERC20 contract and optionally writes it to the database. Returns the address of the new ERC20 contract.
+func (d *DataGenerator) CreateNewErc20Contract(
+	cryptosim *CryptoSim,
+	// The number of bytes to allocate for the ERC20 contract data.
+	erc20ContractSize int,
+	// If true, the ERC20 contract will be immediately written to the database.
+	write bool,
+) (id int64, address []byte, err error) {
+	erc20ContractID := d.nextErc20ContractID
+	d.nextErc20ContractID++
+
+	erc20Address := d.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
+	address = evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyStorage, erc20Address)
+
+	if !write {
+		return erc20ContractID, address, nil
+	}
+
+	erc20Data := make([]byte, erc20ContractSize)
+	randomBytes := d.rand.Bytes(erc20ContractSize)
+	copy(erc20Data, randomBytes)
+
+	err = cryptosim.put(address, erc20Data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to put ERC20 contract: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return erc20ContractID, address, nil
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaciton.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
similarity index 95%
rename from sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaciton.go
rename to sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
index 0fc108191a..e37bc7e902 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaciton.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
@@ -46,12 +46,20 @@ type transaction struct {
 // Generate all data needed to execute a transaction.
 //
 // This method is not thread safe to call concurrently with other calls to BuildTransaction().
-func BuildTransaction(cryptosim *CryptoSim) (*transaction, error) {
-	srcAccountID, srcAccountAddress, isSrcNew, err := cryptosim.randomAccount()
+func BuildTransaction(
+	cryptosim *CryptoSim,
+	dataGenerator *DataGenerator,
+) (*transaction, error) {
+
+	// The maximum account ID for existing transactions. If random account returns a new account ID,
+	// that ID may be greater than this value.
+	maxAccountID := dataGenerator.NextAccountID() - 1
+
+	srcAccountID, srcAccountAddress, isSrcNew, err := cryptosim.randomAccount(maxAccountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account: %w", err)
 	}
-	dstAccountID, dstAccountAddress, isDstNew, err := cryptosim.randomAccount()
+	dstAccountID, dstAccountAddress, isDstNew, err := cryptosim.randomAccount(maxAccountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account: %w", err)
 	}

From aa45ea3c3d6c984509518e14d18e142a6f5f828d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2026 16:30:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 15/49] More changes, more bugs

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 270 ++----------------
 .../bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go         | 132 +++++++--
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   | 184 ++++++++++++
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go   |  52 ++--
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go       |  12 +
 5 files changed, 359 insertions(+), 291 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index bdd1d51374..4df1bd6131 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -2,14 +2,10 @@ package cryptosim
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/common/evm"
-	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/proto"
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
-	iavl "github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-iavl"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -26,29 +22,6 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 	// The configuration for the benchmark.
 	config *CryptoSimConfig
 
-	// The database implementation to use for the benchmark.
-	db wrappers.DBWrapper
-
-	// The source of randomness for the benchmark.
-	rand *CannedRandom
-
-	// The total number of transactions executed by the benchmark since it last started.
-	transactionCount int64
-
-	// The number of blocks that have been executed since the last commit.
-	uncommittedBlockCount int64
-
-	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed. Represents changes we are accumulating
-	// as part of a simulated "block".
-	batch *SyncMap[string, *proto.NamedChangeSet]
-
-	// A count of the number of transactions in the current batch.
-	transactionsInCurrentBlock int64
-
-	// The address of the fee account (i.e. the account that collects gas fees). This is a special account
-	// and has account ID 0. Since we reuse this account very often, it is cached for performance.
-	feeCollectionAddress []byte
-
 	// If this much time has passed since the last console update, the benchmark will print a report to the console.
 	consoleUpdatePeriod time.Duration
 
@@ -66,6 +39,9 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 
 	// The data generator for the benchmark.
 	dataGenerator *DataGenerator
+
+	// The database for the benchmark.
+	database *Database
 }
 
 // Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
@@ -93,18 +69,15 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 	fmt.Printf("Initializing random number generator.\n")
 	rand := NewCannedRandom(config.CannedRandomSize, config.Seed)
 
-	feeCollectionAddress := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(
-		evm.EVMKeyCode,
-		rand.Address(accountPrefix, 0),
-	)
-
 	consoleUpdatePeriod := time.Duration(config.ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds * float64(time.Second))
 
 	start := time.Now()
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 
-	dataGenerator, err := NewDataGenerator(db, rand)
+	database := NewDatabase(config, db)
+
+	dataGenerator, err := NewDataGenerator(config, database, rand)
 	if err != nil {
 		cancel()
 		db.Close()
@@ -115,15 +88,12 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		ctx:                               ctx,
 		cancel:                            cancel,
 		config:                            config,
-		db:                                db,
-		rand:                              rand,
-		batch:                             NewSyncMap[string, *proto.NamedChangeSet](),
-		feeCollectionAddress:              feeCollectionAddress,
 		consoleUpdatePeriod:               consoleUpdatePeriod,
 		lastConsoleUpdateTime:             start,
 		lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount: 0,
 		runHaltedChan:                     make(chan struct{}, 1),
 		dataGenerator:                     dataGenerator,
+		database:                          database,
 	}
 
 	err = c.setup()
@@ -170,12 +140,12 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 			break
 		}
 
-		_, _, err := c.dataGenerator.CreateNewAccount(c, c.config.PaddedAccountSize, true)
+		_, _, err := c.dataGenerator.CreateNewAccount(c.config.PaddedAccountSize, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 		}
-		c.transactionsInCurrentBlock++
-		err = c.maybeFinalizeBlock()
+		c.database.IncrementTransactionCount()
+		err = c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -190,13 +160,10 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s accounts.\n",
 		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
-	if err := c.finalizeBlock(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit block: %w", err)
-	}
-	if _, err := c.db.Commit(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit database: %w", err)
+	err := c.database.FinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID(), true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to finalize block: %w", err)
 	}
-	c.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are now %d accounts in the database.\n", c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID())
 
@@ -225,13 +192,13 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 			break
 		}
 
-		c.transactionsInCurrentBlock++
+		c.database.IncrementTransactionCount()
 
 		_, _, err := c.dataGenerator.CreateNewErc20Contract(c, c.config.Erc20ContractSize, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new ERC20 contract: %w", err)
 		}
-		err = c.maybeFinalizeBlock()
+		err = c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -243,26 +210,15 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// As a final step, write the ERC20 contract ID counter to the database.
-	data := make([]byte, 8)
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data, uint64(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()))
-	err := c.put(Erc20IDCounterKey(), data)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put ERC20 contract ID counter: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	if c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID() >= c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount {
 		fmt.Printf("\n")
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts.\n",
 		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)))
-	if err := c.finalizeBlock(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit block: %w", err)
-	}
-	if _, err := c.db.Commit(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit database: %w", err)
+	err := c.database.FinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID(), true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to finalize block: %w", err)
 	}
-	c.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are now %d simulated ERC20 contracts in the database.\n", c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 
@@ -279,33 +235,32 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-c.ctx.Done():
-			if c.transactionCount > 0 {
+			if c.database.TransactionCount() > 0 {
 				c.generateConsoleReport(true)
 				fmt.Printf("\nTransaction workload halted.\n")
 			}
 			return
 		default:
 
-			txn, err := BuildTransaction(c, c.dataGenerator)
+			txn, err := BuildTransaction(c.dataGenerator)
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to build transaction: %v\n", err)
 				continue
 			}
 
-			err = txn.Execute(c)
+			err = txn.Execute(c.database, c.dataGenerator.FeeCollectionAddress())
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to execute transaction: %v\n", err)
 				continue
 			}
 
-			err = c.maybeFinalizeBlock()
+			err = c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("error finalizing block: %v\n", err)
 				continue
 			}
 
-			c.transactionCount++
-			c.transactionsInCurrentBlock++
+			c.database.IncrementTransactionCount()
 			c.generateConsoleReport(false)
 		}
 	}
@@ -318,7 +273,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport(force bool) {
 
 	now := time.Now()
 	timeSinceLastUpdate := now.Sub(c.lastConsoleUpdateTime)
-	transactionsSinceLastUpdate := c.transactionCount - c.lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount
+	transactionsSinceLastUpdate := c.database.TransactionCount() - c.lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount
 
 	if !force &&
 		timeSinceLastUpdate < c.consoleUpdatePeriod &&
@@ -329,197 +284,32 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport(force bool) {
 	}
 
 	c.lastConsoleUpdateTime = now
-	c.lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount = c.transactionCount
+	c.lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount = c.database.TransactionCount()
 
 	totalElapsedTime := now.Sub(c.startTimestamp)
-	transactionsPerSecond := float64(c.transactionCount) / totalElapsedTime.Seconds()
+	transactionsPerSecond := float64(c.database.TransactionCount()) / totalElapsedTime.Seconds()
 
 	// Generate the report.
 	fmt.Printf("%s txns executed in %v (%s txns/sec), total number of accounts: %s\r",
-		int64Commas(c.transactionCount),
+		int64Commas(c.database.TransactionCount()),
 		totalElapsedTime,
 		formatNumberFloat64(transactionsPerSecond, 2),
 		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()))
 }
 
-// Select a random account for a transaction. If an existing account is selected then its ID is guaranteed to be
-// less or equal to maxAccountID. If a new account is created, it may have an ID greater than maxAccountID.
-func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccount(maxAccountID int64) (id int64, address []byte, isNew bool, err error) {
-	hot := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.HotAccountProbability
-
-	if hot {
-		firstHotAccountID := 1
-		lastHotAccountID := c.config.HotAccountSetSize
-		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstHotAccountID), int64(lastHotAccountID+1))
-		addr := c.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
-		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), false, nil
-	} else {
-
-		new := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.NewAccountProbability
-		if new {
-			id, address, err := c.dataGenerator.CreateNewAccount(c, c.config.PaddedAccountSize, false)
-			if err != nil {
-				return 0, nil, false, fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
-			}
-			return id, address, true, nil
-		}
-
-		// select an existing account at random
-
-		firstNonHotAccountID := c.config.HotAccountSetSize + 1
-		accountID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstNonHotAccountID), maxAccountID+1)
-		addr := c.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
-		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), false, nil
-	}
-}
-
-// Selects a random account slot for a transaction.
-func (c *CryptoSim) randomAccountSlot(accountID int64) ([]byte, error) {
-	slotNumber := c.rand.Int64Range(0, int64(c.config.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount))
-	slotID := accountID*int64(c.config.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount) + slotNumber
-
-	addr := c.rand.Address(ethStoragePrefix, slotID)
-	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
-}
-
-// Selects a random ERC20 contract for a transaction.
-func (c *CryptoSim) randomErc20Contract() ([]byte, error) {
-
-	hot := c.rand.Float64() < c.config.HotErc20ContractProbability
-
-	if hot {
-		erc20ContractID := c.rand.Int64Range(0, int64(c.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize))
-		addr := c.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
-		return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
-	}
-
-	// Otherwise, select a cold ERC20 contract at random.
-
-	erc20ContractID := c.rand.Int64Range(int64(c.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize), int64(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()))
-	addr := c.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
-	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
-}
-
-// Commit the current batch if it has reached the configured number of transactions.
-func (c *CryptoSim) maybeFinalizeBlock() error {
-	if c.transactionsInCurrentBlock >= int64(c.config.TransactionsPerBlock) {
-		return c.finalizeBlock()
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// Push the current block out to the database.
-func (c *CryptoSim) finalizeBlock() error {
-	if c.transactionsInCurrentBlock == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	c.transactionsInCurrentBlock = 0
-
-	changeSets := make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, c.transactionsInCurrentBlock+1)
-	for _, cs := range c.batch.Iterator() {
-		changeSets = append(changeSets, cs)
-	}
-	c.batch.Clear()
-
-	// Persist the account ID counter in every batch.
-	nonceValue := make([]byte, 8)
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(nonceValue, uint64(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()))
-	changeSets = append(changeSets, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
-		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
-		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
-			{Key: AccountIDCounterKey(), Value: nonceValue},
-		}},
-	})
-
-	err := c.db.ApplyChangeSets(changeSets)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply change sets: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Periodically commit the changes to the database.
-	c.uncommittedBlockCount++
-	if c.uncommittedBlockCount >= int64(c.config.BlocksPerCommit) {
-		_, err := c.db.Commit()
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit: %w", err)
-		}
-		c.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// Insert a key-value pair into the database/cache.
-//
-// This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to put() and get(). Is not thread
-// safe with finalizeBlock().
-func (c *CryptoSim) put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
-	stringKey := string(key)
-
-	pending, found := c.batch.Get(stringKey)
-	if found {
-		pending.Changeset.Pairs[0].Value = value
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	c.batch.Put(stringKey, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
-		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
-		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
-			{Key: key, Value: value},
-		}},
-	})
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// Retrieve a value from the database/cache.
-//
-// This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to put() and get(). Is not thread
-// safe with finalizeBlock().
-func (c *CryptoSim) get(key []byte) ([]byte, bool, error) {
-	stringKey := string(key)
-
-	pending, found := c.batch.Get(stringKey)
-	if found {
-		return pending.Changeset.Pairs[0].Value, true, nil
-	}
-
-	value, found, err := c.db.Read(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("failed to read from database: %w", err)
-	}
-	if found {
-		return value, true, nil
-	}
-
-	return nil, false, nil
-}
-
 // Shut down the benchmark and release any resources.
 func (c *CryptoSim) Close() error {
 	c.cancel()
 	<-c.runHaltedChan
 
-	fmt.Printf("Committing final batch.\n")
-
-	if err := c.finalizeBlock(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit batch: %w", err)
-	}
-	if _, err := c.db.Commit(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit database: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	fmt.Printf("Closing database.\n")
-	err := c.db.Close()
+	err := c.database.Close(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close database: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("Benchmark terminated successfully.\n")
+	c.dataGenerator.Close()
 
-	// Specifically release rand, since it's likely to hold a lot of memory.
-	c.rand = nil
+	fmt.Printf("Benchmark terminated successfully.\n")
 
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
index 86e9cecca3..e1bc052b38 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/common/evm"
-	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -17,18 +16,33 @@ const (
 
 // Generates random data for the benchmark. This is not a thread safe utility.
 type DataGenerator struct {
-	nextAccountID       int64
+	config *CryptoSimConfig
+
+	// The next account ID to be used when creating a new account.
+	nextAccountID int64
+
+	// The next ERC20 contract ID to be used when creating a new ERC20 contract.
 	nextErc20ContractID int64
 
+	// The random number generator.
 	rand *CannedRandom
+
+	// The address of the fee account (i.e. the account that collects gas fees). This is a special account
+	// and has account ID 0. Since we reuse this account very often, it is cached for performance.
+	feeCollectionAddress []byte
+
+	// The database for the benchmark.
+	database *Database
 }
 
 // Creates a new data generator.
 func NewDataGenerator(
-	db wrappers.DBWrapper,
-	rand *CannedRandom) (*DataGenerator, error) {
+	config *CryptoSimConfig,
+	database *Database,
+	rand *CannedRandom,
+) (*DataGenerator, error) {
 
-	nextAccountIDBinary, found, err := db.Read(AccountIDCounterKey())
+	nextAccountIDBinary, found, err := database.Get(AccountIDCounterKey())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read account counter: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -39,11 +53,7 @@ func NewDataGenerator(
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are currently %s keys in the database.\n", int64Commas(nextAccountID))
 
-	// erc20IdCounterBytes := make([]byte, 20)
-	// copy(erc20IdCounterBytes, []byte(erc20IdCounterKey))
-	// erc20IDCounterKey := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, erc20IdCounterBytes)
-
-	nextErc20ContractIDBinary, found, err := db.Read(Erc20IDCounterKey())
+	nextErc20ContractIDBinary, found, err := database.Get(Erc20IDCounterKey())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read ERC20 contract counter: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -54,23 +64,21 @@ func NewDataGenerator(
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are currently %s ERC20 contracts in the database.\n", int64Commas(nextErc20ContractID))
 
+	feeCollectionAddress := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(
+		evm.EVMKeyCode,
+		rand.Address(accountPrefix, 0),
+	)
+
 	return &DataGenerator{
-		nextAccountID:       nextAccountID,
-		nextErc20ContractID: nextErc20ContractID,
-		rand:                rand,
+		config:               config,
+		nextAccountID:        nextAccountID,
+		nextErc20ContractID:  nextErc20ContractID,
+		rand:                 rand,
+		feeCollectionAddress: feeCollectionAddress,
+		database:             database,
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// Get the key for the account ID counter in the database.
-func AccountIDCounterKey() []byte {
-	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, []byte(accountIdCounterKey))
-}
-
-// Get the key for the ERC20 contract ID counter in the database.
-func Erc20IDCounterKey() []byte {
-	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, []byte(erc20IdCounterKey))
-}
-
 // Get the next account ID to be used when creating a new account. This is also the total number of accounts
 // currently in the database.
 func (d *DataGenerator) NextAccountID() int64 {
@@ -85,7 +93,6 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) NextErc20ContractID() int64 {
 
 // Creates a new account and optionally writes it to the database. Returns the address of the new account.
 func (d *DataGenerator) CreateNewAccount(
-	cryptosim *CryptoSim,
 	// The number of bytes to allocate for the account data.
 	accountSize int,
 	// If true, the account will be immediately written to the database.
@@ -113,7 +120,7 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) CreateNewAccount(
 	randomBytes := d.rand.Bytes(accountSize - 8)
 	copy(accountData[8:], randomBytes)
 
-	err = cryptosim.put(address, accountData)
+	err = d.database.Put(address, accountData)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to put account: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -143,10 +150,83 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) CreateNewErc20Contract(
 	randomBytes := d.rand.Bytes(erc20ContractSize)
 	copy(erc20Data, randomBytes)
 
-	err = cryptosim.put(address, erc20Data)
+	err = d.database.Put(address, erc20Data)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to put ERC20 contract: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return erc20ContractID, address, nil
 }
+
+// Select a random account for a transaction. If an existing account is selected then its ID is guaranteed to be
+// less or equal to maxAccountID. If a new account is created, it may have an ID greater than maxAccountID.
+func (d *DataGenerator) RandomAccount(maxAccountID int64) (id int64, address []byte, isNew bool, err error) {
+
+	hot := d.rand.Float64() < d.config.HotAccountProbability
+
+	if hot {
+		firstHotAccountID := 1
+		lastHotAccountID := d.config.HotAccountSetSize
+		accountID := d.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstHotAccountID), int64(lastHotAccountID+1))
+		addr := d.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
+		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), false, nil
+	} else {
+
+		new := d.rand.Float64() < d.config.NewAccountProbability
+		if new {
+			// create a new account
+			id, address, err := d.CreateNewAccount(d.config.PaddedAccountSize, false)
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, nil, false, fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
+			}
+			return id, address, true, nil
+		}
+
+		// select an existing account at random
+
+		firstNonHotAccountID := d.config.HotAccountSetSize + 1
+		accountID := d.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstNonHotAccountID), maxAccountID+1)
+		addr := d.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
+		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), false, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// Selects a random account slot for a transaction.
+func (d *DataGenerator) randomAccountSlot(accountID int64) ([]byte, error) {
+	slotNumber := d.rand.Int64Range(0, int64(d.config.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount))
+	slotID := accountID*int64(d.config.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount) + slotNumber
+
+	addr := d.rand.Address(ethStoragePrefix, slotID)
+	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
+}
+
+// Selects a random ERC20 contract for a transaction.
+func (d *DataGenerator) randomErc20Contract() ([]byte, error) {
+
+	hot := d.rand.Float64() < d.config.HotErc20ContractProbability
+
+	if hot {
+		erc20ContractID := d.rand.Int64Range(0, int64(d.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize))
+		addr := d.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
+		return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
+	}
+
+	// Otherwise, select a cold ERC20 contract at random.
+
+	erc20ContractID := d.rand.Int64Range(
+		int64(d.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize),
+		int64(d.nextAccountID))
+	addr := d.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
+	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
+}
+
+// Close the data generator and release any resources.
+func (d *DataGenerator) Close() {
+	// Specifically release rand, since it's likely to hold a lot of memory.
+	d.rand = nil
+}
+
+// Get the address of the fee collection account.
+func (d *DataGenerator) FeeCollectionAddress() []byte {
+	return d.feeCollectionAddress
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..864c209f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+package cryptosim
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/proto"
+	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
+	iavl "github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-iavl"
+)
+
+// Encapsulates the database for the cryptosim benchmark.
+type Database struct {
+	// The configuration for the benchmark.
+	config *CryptoSimConfig
+
+	// The database implementation to use for the benchmark.
+	db wrappers.DBWrapper
+
+	// The total number of transactions executed by the benchmark since it last started.
+	transactionCount int64
+
+	// A count of the number of transactions in the current batch.
+	transactionsInCurrentBlock int64
+
+	// The number of blocks that have been executed since the last commit.
+	uncommittedBlockCount int64
+
+	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed. Represents changes we are accumulating
+	// as part of a simulated "block".
+	batch *SyncMap[string, *proto.NamedChangeSet]
+}
+
+// Creates a new database for the cryptosim benchmark.
+func NewDatabase(
+	config *CryptoSimConfig,
+	db wrappers.DBWrapper,
+) *Database {
+	return &Database{
+		config: config,
+		db:     db,
+		batch:  NewSyncMap[string, *proto.NamedChangeSet](),
+	}
+}
+
+// Insert a key-value pair into the database/cache.
+//
+// This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to Put() and Get(). Is not thread
+// safe with finalizeBlock().
+func (d *Database) Put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	stringKey := string(key)
+
+	pending, found := d.batch.Get(stringKey)
+	if found {
+		pending.Changeset.Pairs[0].Value = value
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	d.batch.Put(stringKey, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
+		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
+		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
+			{Key: key, Value: value},
+		}},
+	})
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Retrieve a value from the database/cache.
+//
+// This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to put() and get(). Is not thread
+// safe with finalizeBlock().
+func (d *Database) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, bool, error) {
+	stringKey := string(key)
+
+	pending, found := d.batch.Get(stringKey)
+	if found {
+		return pending.Changeset.Pairs[0].Value, true, nil
+	}
+
+	value, found, err := d.db.Read(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("failed to read from database: %w", err)
+	}
+	if found {
+		return value, true, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, false, nil
+}
+
+// Signal that a transaction has been executed.
+func (d *Database) IncrementTransactionCount() {
+	d.transactionCount++
+}
+
+// Get the total number of transactions executed by the benchmark since it last started.
+func (d *Database) TransactionCount() int64 {
+	return d.transactionCount
+}
+
+// Commit the current batch if it has reached the configured number of transactions.
+func (d *Database) MaybeFinalizeBlock(
+	nextAccountID int64,
+	nextErc20ContractID int64,
+) error {
+	if d.transactionsInCurrentBlock >= int64(d.config.TransactionsPerBlock) {
+		return d.FinalizeBlock(nextAccountID, nextErc20ContractID, false)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Push the current block out to the database.
+func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
+	nextAccountID int64,
+	nextErc20ContractID int64,
+	forceCommit bool,
+) error {
+	if d.transactionsInCurrentBlock == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	d.transactionsInCurrentBlock = 0
+
+	changeSets := make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, d.transactionsInCurrentBlock+2)
+	for _, cs := range d.batch.Iterator() {
+		changeSets = append(changeSets, cs)
+	}
+	d.batch.Clear()
+
+	// Persist the account ID counter in every batch.
+	nonceValue := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(nonceValue, uint64(nextAccountID))
+	changeSets = append(changeSets, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
+		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
+		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
+			{Key: AccountIDCounterKey(), Value: nonceValue},
+		}},
+	})
+
+	err := d.db.ApplyChangeSets(changeSets)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply change sets: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Persist the ERC20 contract ID counter in every batch.
+	erc20ContractIDValue := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(erc20ContractIDValue, uint64(nextErc20ContractID))
+	changeSets = append(changeSets, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
+		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
+		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
+			{Key: Erc20IDCounterKey(), Value: erc20ContractIDValue},
+		}},
+	})
+
+	// Periodically commit the changes to the database.
+	d.uncommittedBlockCount++
+	if forceCommit || d.uncommittedBlockCount >= int64(d.config.BlocksPerCommit) {
+		_, err := d.db.Commit()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit: %w", err)
+		}
+		d.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close the database and release any resources.
+func (d *Database) Close(nextAccountID int64, nextErc20ContractID int64) error {
+	fmt.Printf("Committing final batch.\n")
+
+	if err := d.FinalizeBlock(nextAccountID, nextErc20ContractID, true); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit batch: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("Closing database.\n")
+	err := d.db.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close database: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
index e37bc7e902..bcfbe72c88 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ type transaction struct {
 //
 // This method is not thread safe to call concurrently with other calls to BuildTransaction().
 func BuildTransaction(
-	cryptosim *CryptoSim,
 	dataGenerator *DataGenerator,
 ) (*transaction, error) {
 
@@ -55,35 +54,35 @@ func BuildTransaction(
 	// that ID may be greater than this value.
 	maxAccountID := dataGenerator.NextAccountID() - 1
 
-	srcAccountID, srcAccountAddress, isSrcNew, err := cryptosim.randomAccount(maxAccountID)
+	srcAccountID, srcAccountAddress, isSrcNew, err := dataGenerator.RandomAccount(maxAccountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account: %w", err)
 	}
-	dstAccountID, dstAccountAddress, isDstNew, err := cryptosim.randomAccount(maxAccountID)
+	dstAccountID, dstAccountAddress, isDstNew, err := dataGenerator.RandomAccount(maxAccountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	srcAccountSlot, err := cryptosim.randomAccountSlot(srcAccountID)
+	srcAccountSlot, err := dataGenerator.randomAccountSlot(srcAccountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account slot: %w", err)
 	}
-	dstAccountSlot, err := cryptosim.randomAccountSlot(dstAccountID)
+	dstAccountSlot, err := dataGenerator.randomAccountSlot(dstAccountID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account slot: %w", err)
 	}
-	erc20Contract, err := cryptosim.randomErc20Contract()
+	erc20Contract, err := dataGenerator.randomErc20Contract()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select ERC20 contract: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	var newSrcData []byte
 	if isSrcNew {
-		newSrcData = cryptosim.rand.Bytes(cryptosim.config.PaddedAccountSize)
+		newSrcData = dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.PaddedAccountSize)
 	}
 	var newDstData []byte
 	if isDstNew {
-		newDstData = cryptosim.rand.Bytes(cryptosim.config.PaddedAccountSize)
+		newDstData = dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.PaddedAccountSize)
 	}
 
 	return &transaction{
@@ -96,11 +95,11 @@ func BuildTransaction(
 		srcAccountSlot:    srcAccountSlot,
 		dstAccountSlot:    dstAccountSlot,
 		erc20Contract:     erc20Contract,
-		newSrcBalance:     cryptosim.rand.Int64(),
-		newDstBalance:     cryptosim.rand.Int64(),
-		newFeeBalance:     cryptosim.rand.Int64(),
-		newSrcAccountSlot: cryptosim.rand.Bytes(cryptosim.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize),
-		newDstAccountSlot: cryptosim.rand.Bytes(cryptosim.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize),
+		newSrcBalance:     dataGenerator.rand.Int64(),
+		newDstBalance:     dataGenerator.rand.Int64(),
+		newFeeBalance:     dataGenerator.rand.Int64(),
+		newSrcAccountSlot: dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize),
+		newDstAccountSlot: dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize),
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -108,10 +107,13 @@ func BuildTransaction(
 //
 // This method is thread safe with other calls to Execute(),
 // but must not be called concurrently with CryptoSim.finalizeBlock().
-func (txn *transaction) Execute(cryptosim *CryptoSim) error {
+func (txn *transaction) Execute(
+	database *Database,
+	feeCollectionAddress []byte,
+) error {
 
 	// Read the simulated ERC20 contract.
-	_, found, err := cryptosim.get(txn.erc20Contract)
+	_, found, err := database.Get(txn.erc20Contract)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get ERC20 contract: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(cryptosim *CryptoSim) error {
 	// - the fee collection account's native balance
 
 	// Read the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash.
-	srcAccountValue, found, err := cryptosim.get(txn.srcAccount)
+	srcAccountValue, found, err := database.Get(txn.srcAccount)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(cryptosim *CryptoSim) error {
 	}
 
 	// Read the receiver's native balance.
-	dstAccountValue, found, err := cryptosim.get(txn.dstAccount)
+	dstAccountValue, found, err := database.Get(txn.dstAccount)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get destination account: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -165,20 +167,20 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(cryptosim *CryptoSim) error {
 
 	// Read the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
 	// We don't care if the value isn't in the DB yet, since we don't pre-populate the database with storage slots.
-	_, _, err = cryptosim.get(txn.srcAccountSlot)
+	_, _, err = database.Get(txn.srcAccountSlot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account slot: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Read the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
 	// We don't care if the value isn't in the DB yet, since we don't pre-populate the database with storage slots.
-	_, _, err = cryptosim.get(txn.dstAccountSlot)
+	_, _, err = database.Get(txn.dstAccountSlot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get destination account slot: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Read the fee collection account's native balance.
-	feeValue, found, err := cryptosim.get(cryptosim.feeCollectionAddress)
+	feeValue, found, err := database.Get(feeCollectionAddress)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get fee collection account: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -199,31 +201,31 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(cryptosim *CryptoSim) error {
 	// - the fee collection account's native balance
 
 	// Write the sender's account data.
-	err = cryptosim.put(txn.srcAccount, srcAccountValue)
+	err = database.Put(txn.srcAccount, srcAccountValue)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put source account: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Write the receiver's account data.
-	err = cryptosim.put(txn.dstAccount, dstAccountValue)
+	err = database.Put(txn.dstAccount, dstAccountValue)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put destination account: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Write the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
-	err = cryptosim.put(txn.srcAccountSlot, txn.newSrcAccountSlot)
+	err = database.Put(txn.srcAccountSlot, txn.newSrcAccountSlot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put source account slot: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Write the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
-	err = cryptosim.put(txn.dstAccountSlot, txn.newDstAccountSlot)
+	err = database.Put(txn.dstAccountSlot, txn.newDstAccountSlot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put destination account slot: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Write the fee collection account's native balance.
-	err = cryptosim.put(cryptosim.feeCollectionAddress, feeValue)
+	err = database.Put(feeCollectionAddress, feeValue)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put fee collection account: %w", err)
 	}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
index ea762bcadb..3fa63f09df 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
@@ -7,8 +7,20 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/common/evm"
 )
 
+// Get the key for the account ID counter in the database.
+func AccountIDCounterKey() []byte {
+	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, []byte(accountIdCounterKey))
+}
+
+// Get the key for the ERC20 contract ID counter in the database.
+func Erc20IDCounterKey() []byte {
+	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, []byte(erc20IdCounterKey))
+}
+
 // Hash64 returns a well-distributed 64-bit hash of x.
 // It implements the SplitMix64 finalizer, a fast non-cryptographic mixing
 // function with excellent avalanche properties. It is suitable for hash tables,

From 847324dd96b01b9f11d7745573eb87a858781687 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2026 16:48:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 16/49] bugfixes

---
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go | 35 ++++++++++---------
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 19 ++++++++--
 .../bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go         | 26 +++++++-------
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   |  1 +
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go       | 13 +++++--
 5 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
index e82bd7b48c..eb9895b4c3 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
@@ -119,33 +119,36 @@ func (cr *CannedRandom) Bool() bool {
 	return cr.Int64()%2 == 0
 }
 
-// Generate a random 20 byte address suitable for use simulating an eth-style address.
-// For the same input arguments, a canned random generator with the same seed and size will produce
-// deterministic results addresses.
+// Address generates a deterministic byte sequence suitable for simulating keys.
+// For the same input arguments, a canned random generator with the same seed and buffer size
+// will produce the same output.
 //
-// Addresses have the following shape:
+// The first AddressLen bytes have the following shape (eth-style address):
 //
-//		1 byte addressType
-//		8 bytes of random data
-//		8 bytes containing the ID
-//	    3 bytes of random data (to bring the total to 20 bytes)
+//	1 byte addressType
+//	8 bytes of random data
+//	8 bytes containing the ID
+//	the remainder is filled with random data
 //
-// The ID is not included in the begining so that adjacent IDs will not appear close to each other if addresses
-// are sorted in lexicographic order.
+// The ID is not at the beginning so that adjacent IDs will not appear close to each other
+// if keys are sorted lexicographically. If size > AddressLen, the remainder is filled with
+// additional deterministic random bytes seeded by id.
 func (cr *CannedRandom) Address(
-	// A one-char byte descriptor. Allows for keys for different types of things to have different values
+	// A one-char byte descriptor. Allows keys for different types to have different values
 	// even if they have the same ID.
 	addressType uint8,
 	// A unique ID for the key.
 	id int64,
-
+	// Total size in bytes. Must be at least AddressLen.
+	size int,
 ) []byte {
+	if size < AddressLen {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("size must be at least %d, got %d", AddressLen, size))
+	}
 
-	result := make([]byte, 20)
-
-	baseBytes := cr.SeededBytes(20, id)
+	result := make([]byte, size)
+	baseBytes := cr.SeededBytes(AddressLen, id)
 	copy(result, baseBytes)
-
 	result[0] = addressType
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(result[9:], uint64(id))
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 4df1bd6131..13f4252c58 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package cryptosim
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
@@ -14,6 +15,13 @@ const (
 	ethStoragePrefix = 's'
 )
 
+// EVM key sizes (matches sei-db/common/evm).
+const (
+	AddressLen    = 20 // EVM address length
+	SlotLen       = 32 // EVM storage slot length
+	StorageKeyLen = AddressLen + SlotLen
+)
+
 // The test runner for the cryptosim benchmark.
 type CryptoSim struct {
 	ctx    context.Context
@@ -120,6 +128,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setup() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// Prepopulate the database with the minimum number of accounts.
 func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 	// Ensure that we at least have as many accounts as the hot set + 2. This simplifies logic elsewhere.
 	if c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts < c.config.HotAccountSetSize+2 {
@@ -160,6 +169,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s accounts.\n",
 		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
+
 	err := c.database.FinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID(), true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to finalize block: %w", err)
@@ -170,6 +180,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// Prepopulate the database with the minimum number of ERC20 contracts.
 func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 
 	// Ensure that we at least have as many ERC20 contracts as the hot set + 1. This simplifies logic elsewhere.
@@ -213,8 +224,10 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 	if c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID() >= c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount {
 		fmt.Printf("\n")
 	}
+
 	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts.\n",
 		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)))
+
 	err := c.database.FinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID(), true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to finalize block: %w", err)
@@ -245,19 +258,19 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 			txn, err := BuildTransaction(c.dataGenerator)
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to build transaction: %v\n", err)
-				continue
+				os.Exit(1) // TODO use more elegant teardown mechanism
 			}
 
 			err = txn.Execute(c.database, c.dataGenerator.FeeCollectionAddress())
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to execute transaction: %v\n", err)
-				continue
+				os.Exit(1)
 			}
 
 			err = c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("error finalizing block: %v\n", err)
-				continue
+				os.Exit(1)
 			}
 
 			c.database.IncrementTransactionCount()
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
index e1bc052b38..3c34babf68 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
@@ -64,9 +64,10 @@ func NewDataGenerator(
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are currently %s ERC20 contracts in the database.\n", int64Commas(nextErc20ContractID))
 
+	// Use EVMKeyCode for account data; EVMKeyNonce only accepts 8-byte values.
 	feeCollectionAddress := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(
 		evm.EVMKeyCode,
-		rand.Address(accountPrefix, 0),
+		rand.Address(accountPrefix, 0, AddressLen),
 	)
 
 	return &DataGenerator{
@@ -102,8 +103,8 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) CreateNewAccount(
 	accountID := d.nextAccountID
 	d.nextAccountID++
 
-	// Use memiavl code key format (0x07 + addr) so FlatKV persists account data.
-	addr := d.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
+	// Use EVMKeyCode for account data (balance+padding); EVMKeyNonce only accepts 8-byte values.
+	addr := d.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID, AddressLen)
 	address = evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr)
 
 	if !write {
@@ -139,8 +140,8 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) CreateNewErc20Contract(
 	erc20ContractID := d.nextErc20ContractID
 	d.nextErc20ContractID++
 
-	erc20Address := d.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
-	address = evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyStorage, erc20Address)
+	erc20Address := d.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID, AddressLen)
+	address = evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, erc20Address)
 
 	if !write {
 		return erc20ContractID, address, nil
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) RandomAccount(maxAccountID int64) (id int64, address []b
 		firstHotAccountID := 1
 		lastHotAccountID := d.config.HotAccountSetSize
 		accountID := d.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstHotAccountID), int64(lastHotAccountID+1))
-		addr := d.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
+		addr := d.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID, AddressLen)
 		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), false, nil
 	} else {
 
@@ -186,18 +187,19 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) RandomAccount(maxAccountID int64) (id int64, address []b
 
 		firstNonHotAccountID := d.config.HotAccountSetSize + 1
 		accountID := d.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstNonHotAccountID), maxAccountID+1)
-		addr := d.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID)
+		addr := d.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID, AddressLen)
 		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), false, nil
 	}
 }
 
 // Selects a random account slot for a transaction.
+// Uses EVMKeyStorage with addr||slot (AddressLen+SlotLen bytes) for proper storage slot format.
 func (d *DataGenerator) randomAccountSlot(accountID int64) ([]byte, error) {
 	slotNumber := d.rand.Int64Range(0, int64(d.config.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount))
 	slotID := accountID*int64(d.config.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount) + slotNumber
 
-	addr := d.rand.Address(ethStoragePrefix, slotID)
-	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
+	storageKeyBytes := d.rand.Address(ethStoragePrefix, slotID, StorageKeyLen)
+	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyStorage, storageKeyBytes), nil
 }
 
 // Selects a random ERC20 contract for a transaction.
@@ -207,7 +209,7 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) randomErc20Contract() ([]byte, error) {
 
 	if hot {
 		erc20ContractID := d.rand.Int64Range(0, int64(d.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize))
-		addr := d.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
+		addr := d.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID, AddressLen)
 		return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
 	}
 
@@ -215,8 +217,8 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) randomErc20Contract() ([]byte, error) {
 
 	erc20ContractID := d.rand.Int64Range(
 		int64(d.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize),
-		int64(d.nextAccountID))
-	addr := d.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID)
+		d.nextErc20ContractID)
+	addr := d.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID, AddressLen)
 	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index 864c209f00..73172cb1f5 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ func (d *Database) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, bool, error) {
 // Signal that a transaction has been executed.
 func (d *Database) IncrementTransactionCount() {
 	d.transactionCount++
+	d.transactionsInCurrentBlock++
 }
 
 // Get the total number of transactions executed by the benchmark since it last started.
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
index 3fa63f09df..41a0d3c144 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
@@ -12,13 +12,22 @@ import (
 )
 
 // Get the key for the account ID counter in the database.
+// Uses EVMKeyCode with padded keyBytes; EVMKeyNonce requires 20-byte addresses and
+// non-standard lengths are routed to EVMKeyLegacy which FlatKV ignores.
 func AccountIDCounterKey() []byte {
-	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, []byte(accountIdCounterKey))
+	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, paddedCounterKey(accountIdCounterKey))
 }
 
 // Get the key for the ERC20 contract ID counter in the database.
 func Erc20IDCounterKey() []byte {
-	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyNonce, []byte(erc20IdCounterKey))
+	return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, paddedCounterKey(erc20IdCounterKey))
+}
+
+// paddedCounterKey pads the string to AddressLen bytes for use with EVM key builders.
+func paddedCounterKey(s string) []byte {
+	b := make([]byte, AddressLen)
+	copy(b, s)
+	return b
 }
 
 // Hash64 returns a well-distributed 64-bit hash of x.

From e81e42a0c9d129714649d14a5b7e127bd67dc0bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2026 16:51:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 17/49] bugfixes

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go | 1 +
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go  | 6 ++++++
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 13f4252c58..094133afb5 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to setup benchmark: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	c.database.ResetTransactionCount()
 	c.startTimestamp = time.Now()
 
 	go c.run()
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index 73172cb1f5..e492901428 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -95,6 +95,12 @@ func (d *Database) IncrementTransactionCount() {
 	d.transactionsInCurrentBlock++
 }
 
+// Reset the transaction count. Useful for when changing test phases.
+func (d *Database) ResetTransactionCount() {
+	d.transactionCount = 0
+	d.transactionsInCurrentBlock = 0
+}
+
 // Get the total number of transactions executed by the benchmark since it last started.
 func (d *Database) TransactionCount() int64 {
 	return d.transactionCount

From 589baec45343b32d948a64804ed83608835f75e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2026 17:29:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 18/49] bugfixes

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go   |  6 +++---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go | 10 ++++++----
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go        |  6 ++++++
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 094133afb5..9b2e770152 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to finalize block: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("There are now %d accounts in the database.\n", c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID())
+	fmt.Printf("There are now %s accounts in the database.\n", int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()))
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 			txn, err := BuildTransaction(c.dataGenerator)
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to build transaction: %v\n", err)
-				os.Exit(1) // TODO use more elegant teardown mechanism
+				// os.Exit(1) // TODO use more elegant teardown mechanism
 			}
 
 			err = txn.Execute(c.database, c.dataGenerator.FeeCollectionAddress())
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 			err = c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("error finalizing block: %v\n", err)
-				os.Exit(1)
+				// os.Exit(1)
 			}
 
 			c.database.IncrementTransactionCount()
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
index bcfbe72c88..b9f64c2bb4 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
@@ -78,11 +78,13 @@ func BuildTransaction(
 
 	var newSrcData []byte
 	if isSrcNew {
-		newSrcData = dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.PaddedAccountSize)
+		b := dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.PaddedAccountSize)
+		newSrcData = append([]byte(nil), b...)
 	}
 	var newDstData []byte
 	if isDstNew {
-		newDstData = dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.PaddedAccountSize)
+		b := dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.PaddedAccountSize)
+		newDstData = append([]byte(nil), b...)
 	}
 
 	return &transaction{
@@ -98,8 +100,8 @@ func BuildTransaction(
 		newSrcBalance:     dataGenerator.rand.Int64(),
 		newDstBalance:     dataGenerator.rand.Int64(),
 		newFeeBalance:     dataGenerator.rand.Int64(),
-		newSrcAccountSlot: dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize),
-		newDstAccountSlot: dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize),
+		newSrcAccountSlot: append([]byte(nil), dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize)...),
+		newDstAccountSlot: append([]byte(nil), dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize)...),
 	}, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
index 41a0d3c144..1debe38b15 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package cryptosim
 
 import (
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"os"
@@ -11,6 +12,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/common/evm"
 )
 
+// BytesToHex returns a lowercase hex string with 0x prefix, suitable for printing binary keys or addresses.
+func BytesToHex(b []byte) string {
+	return "0x" + hex.EncodeToString(b)
+}
+
 // Get the key for the account ID counter in the database.
 // Uses EVMKeyCode with padded keyBytes; EVMKeyNonce requires 20-byte addresses and
 // non-standard lengths are routed to EVMKeyLegacy which FlatKV ignores.

From 0be6002aa584782936f3ff0024e055d9e9fd1bc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2026 17:48:55 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 19/49] Add threading

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 37 +++++++--
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       |  4 +
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   | 14 ++++
 .../bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go   | 75 +++++++++++++++++--
 4 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 9b2e770152..380c3a1b58 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package cryptosim
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"os"
+	"runtime"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
@@ -50,6 +50,12 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 
 	// The database for the benchmark.
 	database *Database
+
+	// The transaction executors for the benchmark. Transactions are distributed round-robin to the executors.
+	executors []*TransactionExecutor
+
+	// The index of the next executor to receive a transaction.
+	nextExecutorIndex int
 }
 
 // Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
@@ -92,6 +98,18 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create data generator: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	threadCount := int(config.ThreadsPerCore)*runtime.NumCPU() + config.ConstantThreadCount
+	if threadCount < 1 {
+		threadCount = 1
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("Running benchmark with %d threads.\n", threadCount)
+
+	executors := make([]*TransactionExecutor, threadCount)
+	for i := range threadCount {
+		executors[i] = NewTransactionExecutor(
+			ctx, database, dataGenerator.FeeCollectionAddress(), config.ExecutorQueueSize)
+	}
+
 	c := &CryptoSim{
 		ctx:                               ctx,
 		cancel:                            cancel,
@@ -102,8 +120,11 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		runHaltedChan:                     make(chan struct{}, 1),
 		dataGenerator:                     dataGenerator,
 		database:                          database,
+		executors:                         executors,
 	}
 
+	database.SetFlushFunc(c.flushExecutors)
+
 	err = c.setup()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to setup benchmark: %w", err)
@@ -262,11 +283,8 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 				// os.Exit(1) // TODO use more elegant teardown mechanism
 			}
 
-			err = txn.Execute(c.database, c.dataGenerator.FeeCollectionAddress())
-			if err != nil {
-				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to execute transaction: %v\n", err)
-				os.Exit(1)
-			}
+			c.executors[c.nextExecutorIndex].ScheduleForExecution(txn)
+			c.nextExecutorIndex = (c.nextExecutorIndex + 1) % len(c.executors)
 
 			err = c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 			if err != nil {
@@ -327,3 +345,10 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) Close() error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+// Blocks until all pending transactions sent to the executors have been executed.
+func (c *CryptoSim) flushExecutors() {
+	for _, executor := range c.executors {
+		executor.Flush()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index 7cbaba8fa8..a60c618c87 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -95,6 +95,9 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	// Increase or decrease the thread count by this many threads. Total thread count is a function of
 	// ThreadsPerCore and ConstantThreadCount.
 	ConstantThreadCount int
+
+	// The size of the queue for each transaction executor.
+	ExecutorQueueSize int
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
@@ -121,6 +124,7 @@ func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 		SetupUpdateIntervalCount:          100_000,
 		ThreadsPerCore:                    1.0,
 		ConstantThreadCount:               0,
+		ExecutorQueueSize:                 64,
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index e492901428..d9ba871a72 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ type Database struct {
 	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed. Represents changes we are accumulating
 	// as part of a simulated "block".
 	batch *SyncMap[string, *proto.NamedChangeSet]
+
+	// A method that flushes the executors.
+	flushFunc func()
 }
 
 // Creates a new database for the cryptosim benchmark.
@@ -123,6 +126,12 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 	nextErc20ContractID int64,
 	forceCommit bool,
 ) error {
+
+	// Wait for all transactions in the current block to be executed.
+	if d.flushFunc != nil {
+		d.flushFunc()
+	}
+
 	if d.transactionsInCurrentBlock == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -189,3 +198,8 @@ func (d *Database) Close(nextAccountID int64, nextErc20ContractID int64) error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+// Set the function that flushes the executors. This setter is required to break a circular dependency.
+func (d *Database) SetFlushFunc(flushFunc func()) {
+	d.flushFunc = flushFunc
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
index 0c4d34db80..65caa6a5bf 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
@@ -1,22 +1,81 @@
 package cryptosim
 
+import "context"
+
 type TransactionExecutor struct {
-	// The CryptoSim benchmark runner.
-	cryptoSim *CryptoSim
+	ctx context.Context
+
+	// The database for the benchmark.
+	database *Database
+
+	// The address of the fee collection account.
+	feeCollectionAddress []byte
 
 	// The Incoming transactions to be executed.
-	workChan chan *any
+	workChan chan any
+}
+
+// A request to flush the transaction executor.
+type flushRequest struct {
+	doneChan chan struct{}
 }
 
 // A single threaded transaction executor.
 func NewTransactionExecutor(
-	cryptosim *CryptoSim,
+	ctx context.Context,
+	database *Database,
+	feeCollectionAddress []byte,
 	queueSize int,
 ) *TransactionExecutor {
-	return &TransactionExecutor{
-		cryptoSim: cryptosim,
-		workChan:  make(chan *any, queueSize),
+	e := &TransactionExecutor{
+		ctx:                  ctx,
+		database:             database,
+		feeCollectionAddress: feeCollectionAddress,
+		workChan:             make(chan any, queueSize),
+	}
+
+	go e.mainLoop()
+
+	return e
+}
+
+// Schedule a transaction for execution.
+func (e *TransactionExecutor) ScheduleForExecution(txn *transaction) {
+	select {
+	case <-e.ctx.Done():
+	case e.workChan <- txn:
 	}
 }
 
-// TODO
+// Blocks until all currently queued transactions have been executed.
+func (e *TransactionExecutor) Flush() {
+
+	request := flushRequest{doneChan: make(chan struct{}, 1)}
+
+	select {
+	case <-e.ctx.Done():
+	case e.workChan <- request:
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case <-request.doneChan:
+	case <-e.ctx.Done():
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *TransactionExecutor) mainLoop() {
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-e.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case request := <-e.workChan:
+			switch request := request.(type) {
+			case *transaction:
+				request.Execute(e.database, e.feeCollectionAddress)
+			case flushRequest:
+				request.doneChan <- struct{}{}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

From 38ba919e8cfc1219ef1427bb28713e061a9a05b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2026 17:49:54 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 20/49] cleanup

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 380c3a1b58..5a559e76af 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -280,7 +280,6 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 			txn, err := BuildTransaction(c.dataGenerator)
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to build transaction: %v\n", err)
-				// os.Exit(1) // TODO use more elegant teardown mechanism
 			}
 
 			c.executors[c.nextExecutorIndex].ScheduleForExecution(txn)
@@ -289,7 +288,6 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 			err = c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("error finalizing block: %v\n", err)
-				// os.Exit(1)
 			}
 
 			c.database.IncrementTransactionCount()

From d23cd806168947a2b71b9fac0713f48a6262a49b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 09:01:20 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 21/49] Fixes suggested during AI code review

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  |  8 +--
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       | 59 ++++++++++++++++++-
 .../bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go         | 14 ++++-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   | 16 ++---
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go   |  6 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go   |  9 ++-
 6 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 5a559e76af..6d97fc0cf4 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 	config *CryptoSimConfig,
 ) (*CryptoSim, error) {
 
-	if config.DataDir == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("data directory is required")
+	if err := config.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid config: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	dataDir, err := resolveAndCreateDataDir(config.DataDir)
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 	fmt.Printf("Running benchmark with %d threads.\n", threadCount)
 
 	executors := make([]*TransactionExecutor, threadCount)
-	for i := range threadCount {
+	for i := 0; i < threadCount; i++ {
 		executors[i] = NewTransactionExecutor(
 			ctx, database, dataGenerator.FeeCollectionAddress(), config.ExecutorQueueSize)
 	}
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to finalize block: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("There are now %d simulated ERC20 contracts in the database.\n", c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
+	fmt.Printf("There are now %s simulated ERC20 contracts in the database.\n", int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()))
 
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index a60c618c87..c230581dec 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -8,6 +8,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
 )
 
+const (
+	minPaddedAccountSize        = 8
+	minErc20StorageSlotSize     = 32
+	minErc20InteractionsPerAcct = 1
+)
+
 // Defines the configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
 type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 
@@ -51,7 +57,7 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	// The size of a simulated ERC20 storage slot, in bytes.
 	Erc20StorageSlotSize int
 
-	// The number of of ERC20 tokens that each account will interact with.
+	// The number of ERC20 tokens that each account will interact with.
 	// Each account will have an eth storage slot for tracking the balance of each ERC20 token it owns.
 	// It is not legal to modify this value after the benchmark has started.
 	Erc20InteractionsPerAccount int
@@ -100,6 +106,54 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	ExecutorQueueSize int
 }
 
+// Validate checks that the configuration is sane and returns an error if not.
+func (c *CryptoSimConfig) Validate() error {
+	if c.DataDir == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("DataDir is required")
+	}
+	if c.PaddedAccountSize < minPaddedAccountSize {
+		return fmt.Errorf("PaddedAccountSize must be at least %d (got %d)", minPaddedAccountSize, c.PaddedAccountSize)
+	}
+	if c.MinimumNumberOfAccounts < c.HotAccountSetSize+2 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("MinimumNumberOfAccounts must be at least HotAccountSetSize+2 (%d)", c.HotAccountSetSize+2)
+	}
+	if c.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts < c.HotErc20ContractSetSize+1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts must be at least HotErc20ContractSetSize+1 (%d)",
+			c.HotErc20ContractSetSize+1)
+	}
+	if c.HotAccountProbability < 0 || c.HotAccountProbability > 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("HotAccountProbability must be in [0, 1] (got %f)", c.HotAccountProbability)
+	}
+	if c.NewAccountProbability < 0 || c.NewAccountProbability > 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("NewAccountProbability must be in [0, 1] (got %f)", c.NewAccountProbability)
+	}
+	if c.HotErc20ContractProbability < 0 || c.HotErc20ContractProbability > 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("HotErc20ContractProbability must be in [0, 1] (got %f)", c.HotErc20ContractProbability)
+	}
+	if c.Erc20StorageSlotSize < minErc20StorageSlotSize {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Erc20StorageSlotSize must be at least %d (got %d)", minErc20StorageSlotSize, c.Erc20StorageSlotSize)
+	}
+	if c.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount < minErc20InteractionsPerAcct {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Erc20InteractionsPerAccount must be at least %d (got %d)", minErc20InteractionsPerAcct, c.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount)
+	}
+	if c.TransactionsPerBlock < 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("TransactionsPerBlock must be at least 1 (got %d)", c.TransactionsPerBlock)
+	}
+	if c.BlocksPerCommit < 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("BlocksPerCommit must be at least 1 (got %d)", c.BlocksPerCommit)
+	}
+	if c.CannedRandomSize < 8 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("CannedRandomSize must be at least 8 (got %d)", c.CannedRandomSize)
+	}
+	if c.ExecutorQueueSize < 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ExecutorQueueSize must be at least 1 (got %d)", c.ExecutorQueueSize)
+	}
+	if c.SetupUpdateIntervalCount < 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("SetupUpdateIntervalCount must be at least 1 (got %d)", c.SetupUpdateIntervalCount)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
 func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 	return &CryptoSimConfig{
@@ -144,5 +198,8 @@ func LoadConfigFromFile(path string) (*CryptoSimConfig, error) {
 	if err := dec.Decode(cfg); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("decode config: %w", err)
 	}
+	if err := cfg.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid config: %w", err)
+	}
 	return cfg, nil
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
index 3c34babf68..60c253f89a 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
@@ -208,13 +208,23 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) randomErc20Contract() ([]byte, error) {
 	hot := d.rand.Float64() < d.config.HotErc20ContractProbability
 
 	if hot {
-		erc20ContractID := d.rand.Int64Range(0, int64(d.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize))
+		hotMax := int64(d.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize)
+		if d.nextErc20ContractID < hotMax {
+			hotMax = d.nextErc20ContractID
+		}
+		if hotMax <= 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("no ERC20 contracts available for hot selection")
+		}
+		erc20ContractID := d.rand.Int64Range(0, hotMax)
 		addr := d.rand.Address(contractPrefix, erc20ContractID, AddressLen)
 		return evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), nil
 	}
 
 	// Otherwise, select a cold ERC20 contract at random.
-
+	if d.nextErc20ContractID <= int64(d.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no cold ERC20 contracts available (have %d, hot set size %d)",
+			d.nextErc20ContractID, d.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize)
+	}
 	erc20ContractID := d.rand.Int64Range(
 		int64(d.config.HotErc20ContractSetSize),
 		d.nextErc20ContractID)
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index d9ba871a72..98a408efe0 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func NewDatabase(
 // Insert a key-value pair into the database/cache.
 //
 // This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to Put() and Get(). Is not thread
-// safe with finalizeBlock().
+// safe with FinalizeBlock().
 func (d *Database) Put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
 	stringKey := string(key)
 
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ func (d *Database) Put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
 
 // Retrieve a value from the database/cache.
 //
-// This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to put() and get(). Is not thread
-// safe with finalizeBlock().
+// This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to Put() and Get(). Is not thread
+// safe with FinalizeBlock().
 func (d *Database) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, bool, error) {
 	stringKey := string(key)
 
@@ -154,11 +154,6 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 		}},
 	})
 
-	err := d.db.ApplyChangeSets(changeSets)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply change sets: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	// Persist the ERC20 contract ID counter in every batch.
 	erc20ContractIDValue := make([]byte, 8)
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(erc20ContractIDValue, uint64(nextErc20ContractID))
@@ -169,6 +164,11 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 		}},
 	})
 
+	err := d.db.ApplyChangeSets(changeSets)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply change sets: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	// Periodically commit the changes to the database.
 	d.uncommittedBlockCount++
 	if forceCommit || d.uncommittedBlockCount >= int64(d.config.BlocksPerCommit) {
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
index b9f64c2bb4..ea3efd78fd 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 // The data needed to execute a transaction.
 type transaction struct {
-	// The simualted ERC20 contract that will be interacted with. This value is read.
+	// The simulated ERC20 contract that will be interacted with. This value is read.
 	erc20Contract []byte
 
 	// The source account that will be interacted with. This value is read and written.
@@ -191,6 +191,10 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 	}
 
 	// Apply the random values from the transaction to the account and slot data.
+	const minAccountBytes = 8 // balance at offset 0
+	if len(srcAccountValue) < minAccountBytes || len(dstAccountValue) < minAccountBytes || len(feeValue) < minAccountBytes {
+		return fmt.Errorf("account value too short for balance update (need %d bytes)", minAccountBytes)
+	}
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(srcAccountValue[:8], uint64(txn.newSrcBalance))
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(dstAccountValue[:8], uint64(txn.newDstBalance))
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(feeValue[:8], uint64(txn.newFeeBalance))
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
index 65caa6a5bf..27478de53a 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 package cryptosim
 
-import "context"
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log"
+)
 
 type TransactionExecutor struct {
 	ctx context.Context
@@ -72,7 +75,9 @@ func (e *TransactionExecutor) mainLoop() {
 		case request := <-e.workChan:
 			switch request := request.(type) {
 			case *transaction:
-				request.Execute(e.database, e.feeCollectionAddress)
+				if err := request.Execute(e.database, e.feeCollectionAddress); err != nil {
+					log.Printf("transaction execution error: %v", err)
+				}
 			case flushRequest:
 				request.doneChan <- struct{}{}
 			}

From ae91b2808a7710142d68f70fe0b0c4fbb6ae230d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 09:59:34 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 22/49] fix rare race condition

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 27 +++++++++++++----
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       | 10 ++++---
 .../bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go         | 29 +++++++++++++-----
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   | 11 +++++--
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go   |  8 ++---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go       | 30 +++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 6d97fc0cf4..31b4d9613b 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -176,10 +176,14 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 		}
 		c.database.IncrementTransactionCount()
-		err = c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
+		finalized, err := c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(
+			c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
 		}
+		if finalized {
+			c.dataGenerator.ReportFinalizeBlock()
+		}
 
 		if c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
 			fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s accounts.\r",
@@ -196,6 +200,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to finalize block: %w", err)
 	}
+	c.dataGenerator.ReportFinalizeBlock()
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are now %s accounts in the database.\n", int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()))
 
@@ -231,10 +236,14 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new ERC20 contract: %w", err)
 		}
-		err = c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
+		finalized, err := c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(
+			c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
 		}
+		if finalized {
+			c.dataGenerator.ReportFinalizeBlock()
+		}
 
 		if c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
 			fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts.\r",
@@ -254,8 +263,10 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to finalize block: %w", err)
 	}
+	c.dataGenerator.ReportFinalizeBlock()
 
-	fmt.Printf("There are now %s simulated ERC20 contracts in the database.\n", int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()))
+	fmt.Printf("There are now %s simulated ERC20 contracts in the database.\n",
+		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()))
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -285,10 +296,14 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 			c.executors[c.nextExecutorIndex].ScheduleForExecution(txn)
 			c.nextExecutorIndex = (c.nextExecutorIndex + 1) % len(c.executors)
 
-			err = c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
+			finalized, err := c.database.MaybeFinalizeBlock(
+				c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("error finalizing block: %v\n", err)
 			}
+			if finalized {
+				c.dataGenerator.ReportFinalizeBlock()
+			}
 
 			c.database.IncrementTransactionCount()
 			c.generateConsoleReport(false)
@@ -320,9 +335,9 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport(force bool) {
 	transactionsPerSecond := float64(c.database.TransactionCount()) / totalElapsedTime.Seconds()
 
 	// Generate the report.
-	fmt.Printf("%s txns executed in %v (%s txns/sec), total number of accounts: %s\r",
+	fmt.Printf("%s txns executed in %s (%s txns/sec), total number of accounts: %s\r",
 		int64Commas(c.database.TransactionCount()),
-		totalElapsedTime,
+		formatDuration(totalElapsedTime, 1),
 		formatNumberFloat64(transactionsPerSecond, 2),
 		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()))
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index c230581dec..b2e0776803 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -131,10 +131,12 @@ func (c *CryptoSimConfig) Validate() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("HotErc20ContractProbability must be in [0, 1] (got %f)", c.HotErc20ContractProbability)
 	}
 	if c.Erc20StorageSlotSize < minErc20StorageSlotSize {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Erc20StorageSlotSize must be at least %d (got %d)", minErc20StorageSlotSize, c.Erc20StorageSlotSize)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Erc20StorageSlotSize must be at least %d (got %d)", 
+		minErc20StorageSlotSize, c.Erc20StorageSlotSize)
 	}
 	if c.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount < minErc20InteractionsPerAcct {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Erc20InteractionsPerAccount must be at least %d (got %d)", minErc20InteractionsPerAcct, c.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Erc20InteractionsPerAccount must be at least %d (got %d)", 
+		minErc20InteractionsPerAcct, c.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount)
 	}
 	if c.TransactionsPerBlock < 1 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("TransactionsPerBlock must be at least 1 (got %d)", c.TransactionsPerBlock)
@@ -158,7 +160,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSimConfig) Validate() error {
 func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 	return &CryptoSimConfig{
 		MinimumNumberOfAccounts:           1_000_000,
-		HotAccountProbability:             0.5,
+		HotAccountProbability:             0.1,
 		NewAccountProbability:             0.001,
 		HotAccountSetSize:                 100,
 		PaddedAccountSize:                 69, // Not a joke, this is the actual size
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 		ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds:      1,
 		ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions: 1_000_000,
 		SetupUpdateIntervalCount:          100_000,
-		ThreadsPerCore:                    1.0,
+		ThreadsPerCore:                    2.0,
 		ConstantThreadCount:               0,
 		ExecutorQueueSize:                 64,
 	}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
index 60c253f89a..5635acd976 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
@@ -33,6 +33,13 @@ type DataGenerator struct {
 
 	// The database for the benchmark.
 	database *Database
+
+	// The highest account ID that has been read in the current block.
+	// Since there are multiple threads of execution, it's possible that one executor may create a new account,
+	// and another may attempt to read/write it before the account is actually created. To avoid this, we will only
+	// choose read/write targets from acccounts that were created before the current block. This field tracks the
+	// highest account ID that was created before the current block.
+	highestSafeAccountIDInBlock int64
 }
 
 // Creates a new data generator.
@@ -71,12 +78,13 @@ func NewDataGenerator(
 	)
 
 	return &DataGenerator{
-		config:               config,
-		nextAccountID:        nextAccountID,
-		nextErc20ContractID:  nextErc20ContractID,
-		rand:                 rand,
-		feeCollectionAddress: feeCollectionAddress,
-		database:             database,
+		config:                      config,
+		nextAccountID:               nextAccountID,
+		nextErc20ContractID:         nextErc20ContractID,
+		rand:                        rand,
+		feeCollectionAddress:        feeCollectionAddress,
+		database:                    database,
+		highestSafeAccountIDInBlock: nextAccountID - 1,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -161,7 +169,7 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) CreateNewErc20Contract(
 
 // Select a random account for a transaction. If an existing account is selected then its ID is guaranteed to be
 // less or equal to maxAccountID. If a new account is created, it may have an ID greater than maxAccountID.
-func (d *DataGenerator) RandomAccount(maxAccountID int64) (id int64, address []byte, isNew bool, err error) {
+func (d *DataGenerator) RandomAccount() (id int64, address []byte, isNew bool, err error) {
 
 	hot := d.rand.Float64() < d.config.HotAccountProbability
 
@@ -186,7 +194,7 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) RandomAccount(maxAccountID int64) (id int64, address []b
 		// select an existing account at random
 
 		firstNonHotAccountID := d.config.HotAccountSetSize + 1
-		accountID := d.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstNonHotAccountID), maxAccountID+1)
+		accountID := d.rand.Int64Range(int64(firstNonHotAccountID), d.highestSafeAccountIDInBlock+1)
 		addr := d.rand.Address(accountPrefix, accountID, AddressLen)
 		return accountID, evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(evm.EVMKeyCode, addr), false, nil
 	}
@@ -242,3 +250,8 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) Close() {
 func (d *DataGenerator) FeeCollectionAddress() []byte {
 	return d.feeCollectionAddress
 }
+
+// This method should be called after a block is finalized.
+func (d *DataGenerator) ReportFinalizeBlock() {
+	d.highestSafeAccountIDInBlock = d.nextAccountID - 1
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index 98a408efe0..03fc9a02e5 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -110,14 +110,19 @@ func (d *Database) TransactionCount() int64 {
 }
 
 // Commit the current batch if it has reached the configured number of transactions.
+// Returns true if the batch was finalized, false if not.
 func (d *Database) MaybeFinalizeBlock(
 	nextAccountID int64,
 	nextErc20ContractID int64,
-) error {
+) (bool, error) {
 	if d.transactionsInCurrentBlock >= int64(d.config.TransactionsPerBlock) {
-		return d.FinalizeBlock(nextAccountID, nextErc20ContractID, false)
+		err := d.FinalizeBlock(nextAccountID, nextErc20ContractID, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to finalize block: %w", err)
+		}
+		return true, nil
 	}
-	return nil
+	return false, nil
 }
 
 // Push the current block out to the database.
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
index ea3efd78fd..4a8e613513 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
@@ -50,15 +50,11 @@ func BuildTransaction(
 	dataGenerator *DataGenerator,
 ) (*transaction, error) {
 
-	// The maximum account ID for existing transactions. If random account returns a new account ID,
-	// that ID may be greater than this value.
-	maxAccountID := dataGenerator.NextAccountID() - 1
-
-	srcAccountID, srcAccountAddress, isSrcNew, err := dataGenerator.RandomAccount(maxAccountID)
+	srcAccountID, srcAccountAddress, isSrcNew, err := dataGenerator.RandomAccount()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select source account: %w", err)
 	}
-	dstAccountID, dstAccountAddress, isDstNew, err := dataGenerator.RandomAccount(maxAccountID)
+	dstAccountID, dstAccountAddress, isDstNew, err := dataGenerator.RandomAccount()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to select destination account: %w", err)
 	}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
index 1debe38b15..355e1829e5 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/common/evm"
 )
@@ -159,3 +160,32 @@ func formatNumberFloat64(f float64, decimals int) string {
 	}
 	return b.String()
 }
+
+// formatDuration formats d using the most appropriate unit (days, hours, minutes, seconds, ms, µs, ns).
+func formatDuration(d time.Duration, decimals int) string {
+	if decimals < 0 {
+		decimals = 0
+	}
+	format := fmt.Sprintf("%%.%df%%s", decimals)
+	ns := d.Nanoseconds()
+	abs := int64(ns)
+	if abs < 0 {
+		abs = -abs
+	}
+	switch {
+	case abs >= int64(24*time.Hour):
+		return fmt.Sprintf(format, float64(ns)/float64(time.Hour)/24, "d")
+	case abs >= int64(time.Hour):
+		return fmt.Sprintf(format, float64(ns)/float64(time.Hour), "h")
+	case abs >= int64(time.Minute):
+		return fmt.Sprintf(format, float64(ns)/float64(time.Minute), "m")
+	case abs >= int64(time.Second):
+		return fmt.Sprintf(format, float64(ns)/float64(time.Second), "s")
+	case abs >= int64(time.Millisecond):
+		return fmt.Sprintf(format, float64(ns)/float64(time.Millisecond), "ms")
+	case abs >= int64(time.Microsecond):
+		return fmt.Sprintf(format, float64(ns)/float64(time.Microsecond), "µs")
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf(format, float64(ns), "ns")
+	}
+}

From 0c344029eef995acc0c57d52e447153fff7d5fc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 12:42:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 23/49] made suggested changes

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  | 28 ++++++--
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 10 +--
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       | 68 ++++++++++---------
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   | 38 ++++-------
 4 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index 001849740d..bc8eca2430 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -1,6 +1,26 @@
 {
-    "Comment": "Basic configuration for the cryptosim benchmark. Intended for basic correctness/sanity testing.",
-    "DataDir": "data",
-    "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 100000
+  "Comment": "Basic configuration for the cryptosim benchmark. Intended for basic correctness/sanity testing.",
+  "Backend": "FlatKV",
+  "BlocksPerCommit": 32,
+  "CannedRandomSize": 1073741824,  
+  "ConstantThreadCount": 0,
+  "ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds": 1,
+  "ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions": 1000000,
+  "DataDir": "data",
+  "Erc20ContractSize": 2048,
+  "Erc20InteractionsPerAccount": 10,
+  "Erc20StorageSlotSize": 32,
+  "ExecutorQueueSize": 64,
+  "HotAccountProbability": 0.1,
+  "HotAccountSetSize": 100,
+  "HotErc20ContractProbability": 0.5,
+  "HotErc20ContractSetSize": 100,
+  "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 1000000,
+  "MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts": 10000,
+  "NewAccountProbability": 0.001,
+  "PaddedAccountSize": 69,
+  "Seed": 1337,
+  "SetupUpdateIntervalCount": 100000,
+  "ThreadsPerCore": 2.0,
+  "TransactionsPerBlock": 1024
 }
-
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 31b4d9613b..222b41695d 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -186,14 +186,14 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 		}
 
 		if c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
-			fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s accounts.\r",
+			fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s accounts.      \r",
 				int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
 		}
 	}
 	if c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID() >= c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount {
 		fmt.Printf("\n")
 	}
-	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s accounts.\n",
+	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s accounts.      \n",
 		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfAccounts)))
 
 	err := c.database.FinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID(), true)
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 		}
 
 		if c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
-			fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts.\r",
+			fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts.      \r",
 				int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()),
 				int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)))
 		}
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 		fmt.Printf("\n")
 	}
 
-	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts.\n",
+	fmt.Printf("Created %s of %s simulated ERC20 contracts.      \n",
 		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()), int64Commas(int64(c.config.MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts)))
 
 	err := c.database.FinalizeBlock(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID(), true)
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport(force bool) {
 	transactionsPerSecond := float64(c.database.TransactionCount()) / totalElapsedTime.Seconds()
 
 	// Generate the report.
-	fmt.Printf("%s txns executed in %s (%s txns/sec), total number of accounts: %s\r",
+	fmt.Printf("%s txns executed in %s (%s txns/sec), total number of accounts: %s      \r",
 		int64Commas(c.database.TransactionCount()),
 		formatDuration(totalElapsedTime, 1),
 		formatNumberFloat64(transactionsPerSecond, 2),
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index b2e0776803..5c9967459e 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -106,6 +106,38 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	ExecutorQueueSize int
 }
 
+// Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
+func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
+
+	// Note: if you add new fields or modify default values, be sure to keep config/basic-config.json in sync.
+	// That file should conatain every available config set to its default value, as a reference.
+
+	return &CryptoSimConfig{
+		MinimumNumberOfAccounts:           1_000_000,
+		HotAccountProbability:             0.1,
+		NewAccountProbability:             0.001,
+		HotAccountSetSize:                 100,
+		PaddedAccountSize:                 69, // Not a joke, this is the actual size
+		MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts:     10_000,
+		HotErc20ContractProbability:       0.5,
+		HotErc20ContractSetSize:           100,
+		Erc20ContractSize:                 1024 * 2, // 2kb
+		Erc20StorageSlotSize:              32,
+		Erc20InteractionsPerAccount:       10,
+		TransactionsPerBlock:              1024,
+		BlocksPerCommit:                   32,
+		Seed:                              1337,
+		CannedRandomSize:                  1024 * 1024 * 1024, // 1GB
+		Backend:                           wrappers.FlatKV,
+		ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds:      1,
+		ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions: 1_000_000,
+		SetupUpdateIntervalCount:          100_000,
+		ThreadsPerCore:                    2.0,
+		ConstantThreadCount:               0,
+		ExecutorQueueSize:                 64,
+	}
+}
+
 // Validate checks that the configuration is sane and returns an error if not.
 func (c *CryptoSimConfig) Validate() error {
 	if c.DataDir == "" {
@@ -131,12 +163,12 @@ func (c *CryptoSimConfig) Validate() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("HotErc20ContractProbability must be in [0, 1] (got %f)", c.HotErc20ContractProbability)
 	}
 	if c.Erc20StorageSlotSize < minErc20StorageSlotSize {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Erc20StorageSlotSize must be at least %d (got %d)", 
-		minErc20StorageSlotSize, c.Erc20StorageSlotSize)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Erc20StorageSlotSize must be at least %d (got %d)",
+			minErc20StorageSlotSize, c.Erc20StorageSlotSize)
 	}
 	if c.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount < minErc20InteractionsPerAcct {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Erc20InteractionsPerAccount must be at least %d (got %d)", 
-		minErc20InteractionsPerAcct, c.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Erc20InteractionsPerAccount must be at least %d (got %d)",
+			minErc20InteractionsPerAcct, c.Erc20InteractionsPerAccount)
 	}
 	if c.TransactionsPerBlock < 1 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("TransactionsPerBlock must be at least 1 (got %d)", c.TransactionsPerBlock)
@@ -156,34 +188,6 @@ func (c *CryptoSimConfig) Validate() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
-func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
-	return &CryptoSimConfig{
-		MinimumNumberOfAccounts:           1_000_000,
-		HotAccountProbability:             0.1,
-		NewAccountProbability:             0.001,
-		HotAccountSetSize:                 100,
-		PaddedAccountSize:                 69, // Not a joke, this is the actual size
-		MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts:     10_000,
-		HotErc20ContractProbability:       0.5,
-		HotErc20ContractSetSize:           100,
-		Erc20ContractSize:                 1024 * 2, // 2kb
-		Erc20StorageSlotSize:              32,
-		Erc20InteractionsPerAccount:       10,
-		TransactionsPerBlock:              1024,
-		BlocksPerCommit:                   32,
-		Seed:                              1337,
-		CannedRandomSize:                  1024 * 1024 * 1024, // 1GB
-		Backend:                           wrappers.FlatKV,
-		ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds:      1,
-		ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions: 1_000_000,
-		SetupUpdateIntervalCount:          100_000,
-		ThreadsPerCore:                    2.0,
-		ConstantThreadCount:               0,
-		ExecutorQueueSize:                 64,
-	}
-}
-
 // LoadConfigFromFile parses a JSON config file at the given path.
 // Returns defaults with file values overlaid. Fails if the file contains
 // unrecognized configuration keys.
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index 03fc9a02e5..b80b089b4a 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ type Database struct {
 	// The number of blocks that have been executed since the last commit.
 	uncommittedBlockCount int64
 
-	// The current batch of changesets waiting to be committed. Represents changes we are accumulating
-	// as part of a simulated "block".
-	batch *SyncMap[string, *proto.NamedChangeSet]
+	// The current batch of key-value pairs waiting to be committed. Represents changes we are accumulating
+	// as part of a simulated "block". Stored as value []byte; converted to NamedChangeSet when applied to the DB.
+	batch *SyncMap[string, []byte]
 
 	// A method that flushes the executors.
 	flushFunc func()
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func NewDatabase(
 	return &Database{
 		config: config,
 		db:     db,
-		batch:  NewSyncMap[string, *proto.NamedChangeSet](),
+		batch:  NewSyncMap[string, []byte](),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -51,21 +51,7 @@ func NewDatabase(
 // This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to Put() and Get(). Is not thread
 // safe with FinalizeBlock().
 func (d *Database) Put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
-	stringKey := string(key)
-
-	pending, found := d.batch.Get(stringKey)
-	if found {
-		pending.Changeset.Pairs[0].Value = value
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	d.batch.Put(stringKey, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
-		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
-		Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{
-			{Key: key, Value: value},
-		}},
-	})
-
+	d.batch.Put(string(key), value)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -74,11 +60,8 @@ func (d *Database) Put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
 // This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to Put() and Get(). Is not thread
 // safe with FinalizeBlock().
 func (d *Database) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, bool, error) {
-	stringKey := string(key)
-
-	pending, found := d.batch.Get(stringKey)
-	if found {
-		return pending.Changeset.Pairs[0].Value, true, nil
+	if value, found := d.batch.Get(string(key)); found {
+		return value, true, nil
 	}
 
 	value, found, err := d.db.Read(key)
@@ -144,8 +127,11 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 	d.transactionsInCurrentBlock = 0
 
 	changeSets := make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, d.transactionsInCurrentBlock+2)
-	for _, cs := range d.batch.Iterator() {
-		changeSets = append(changeSets, cs)
+	for key, value := range d.batch.Iterator() {
+		changeSets = append(changeSets, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
+			Name:      wrappers.EVMStoreName,
+			Changeset: iavl.ChangeSet{Pairs: []*iavl.KVPair{{Key: []byte(key), Value: value}}},
+		})
 	}
 	d.batch.Clear()
 

From ab92fce33787973e4cad1731f6cdf62865952284 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 13:17:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 24/49] added first metric

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  |  2 +
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 11 ++-
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       |  4 +
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go      | 73 +++++++++++++++++++
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   | 19 ++++-
 5 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index bc8eca2430..1537613c93 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
   "HotErc20ContractProbability": 0.5,
   "HotErc20ContractSetSize": 100,
   "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 1000000,
+  "MetricsAddr": ":9090",
+  "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 1000000,
   "MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts": 10000,
   "NewAccountProbability": 0.001,
   "PaddedAccountSize": 69,
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 222b41695d..90ea9b1ed1 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 
 	// The index of the next executor to receive a transaction.
 	nextExecutorIndex int
+
+	// The metrics for the benchmark.
+	metrics *CryptosimMetrics
 }
 
 // Creates a new cryptosim benchmark runner.
@@ -68,6 +71,9 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid config: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	metrics := NewCryptosimMetrics(ctx, config.MetricsAddr)
+
 	dataDir, err := resolveAndCreateDataDir(config.DataDir)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -87,9 +93,7 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 
 	start := time.Now()
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
-
-	database := NewDatabase(config, db)
+	database := NewDatabase(config, db, metrics)
 
 	dataGenerator, err := NewDataGenerator(config, database, rand)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -121,6 +125,7 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		dataGenerator:                     dataGenerator,
 		database:                          database,
 		executors:                         executors,
+		metrics:                           metrics,
 	}
 
 	database.SetFlushFunc(c.flushExecutors)
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index 5c9967459e..d299fdd9b6 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -104,6 +104,9 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 
 	// The size of the queue for each transaction executor.
 	ExecutorQueueSize int
+
+	// Address for the Prometheus metrics HTTP server (e.g. ":9090"). If empty, metrics are disabled.
+	MetricsAddr string
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
@@ -135,6 +138,7 @@ func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 		ThreadsPerCore:                    2.0,
 		ConstantThreadCount:               0,
 		ExecutorQueueSize:                 64,
+		MetricsAddr:                       ":9090",
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ded14a4ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package cryptosim
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
+)
+
+// CryptosimMetrics holds Prometheus metrics for the cryptosim benchmark.
+type CryptosimMetrics struct {
+	blocksFinalizedTotal     prometheus.Counter
+	blockFinalizationLatency prometheus.Observer
+}
+
+// NewCryptosimMetrics creates metrics for the cryptosim benchmark. A dedicated
+// registry is created internally. When ctx is cancelled, the metrics HTTP server
+// (if started) is shut down gracefully.
+func NewCryptosimMetrics(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	metricsAddr string,
+) *CryptosimMetrics {
+	reg := prometheus.NewRegistry()
+
+	blocksFinalizedTotal := prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_blocks_finalized_total",
+		Help: "Total number of blocks finalized",
+	})
+	blockFinalizationLatency := prometheus.NewHistogram(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+		Name:    "cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds",
+		Help:    "Time to finalize a block in seconds",
+		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
+	})
+
+	reg.MustRegister(blocksFinalizedTotal, blockFinalizationLatency)
+
+	if metricsAddr != "" {
+		startMetricsServer(ctx, reg, metricsAddr)
+	}
+
+	return &CryptosimMetrics{
+		blocksFinalizedTotal:     blocksFinalizedTotal,
+		blockFinalizationLatency: blockFinalizationLatency,
+	}
+}
+
+// startMetricsServer starts an HTTP server serving /metrics from reg. When ctx is
+// cancelled, the server is shut down gracefully.
+func startMetricsServer(ctx context.Context, reg *prometheus.Registry, addr string) {
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+	mux.Handle("/metrics", promhttp.HandlerFor(reg, promhttp.HandlerOpts{}))
+	srv := &http.Server{Addr: addr, Handler: mux}
+	go func() {
+		_ = srv.ListenAndServe()
+	}()
+	go func() {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+		shutdownCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		_ = srv.Shutdown(shutdownCtx)
+	}()
+}
+
+// ReportBlockFinalized records that a block was finalized and the latency.
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) ReportBlockFinalized(latency time.Duration) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	m.blocksFinalizedTotal.Inc()
+	m.blockFinalizationLatency.Observe(latency.Seconds())
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index b80b089b4a..2d4f734920 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package cryptosim
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/proto"
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
@@ -32,17 +33,22 @@ type Database struct {
 
 	// A method that flushes the executors.
 	flushFunc func()
+
+	// The metrics for the benchmark.
+	metrics *CryptosimMetrics
 }
 
 // Creates a new database for the cryptosim benchmark.
 func NewDatabase(
 	config *CryptoSimConfig,
 	db wrappers.DBWrapper,
+	metrics *CryptosimMetrics,
 ) *Database {
 	return &Database{
-		config: config,
-		db:     db,
-		batch:  NewSyncMap[string, []byte](),
+		config:  config,
+		db:      db,
+		batch:   NewSyncMap[string, []byte](),
+		metrics: metrics,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -124,6 +130,8 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	finalizationStart := time.Now()
+
 	d.transactionsInCurrentBlock = 0
 
 	changeSets := make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, d.transactionsInCurrentBlock+2)
@@ -160,6 +168,9 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply change sets: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	finalizationFinish := time.Now()
+	d.metrics.ReportBlockFinalized(finalizationFinish.Sub(finalizationStart))
+
 	// Periodically commit the changes to the database.
 	d.uncommittedBlockCount++
 	if forceCommit || d.uncommittedBlockCount >= int64(d.config.BlocksPerCommit) {
@@ -168,6 +179,8 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit: %w", err)
 		}
 		d.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
+
+		// commitFinish := time.Now() // TODO
 	}
 
 	return nil

From 0acc8a27d1f5daeec48ad5094dcc208581fc367c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 13:29:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 25/49] Basic tooling for starting grafana/prometheus, added
 first metric

---
 .../provisioning/datasources/prometheus.yaml  |  8 ++
 .../tools/prometheus-config/prometheus.yml    |  9 ++
 .../bench/cryptosim/tools/start-grafana.sh    | 84 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../bench/cryptosim/tools/start-prometheus.sh | 78 +++++++++++++++++
 .../bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-grafana.sh     | 33 ++++++++
 .../bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-prometheus.sh  | 33 ++++++++
 6 files changed, 245 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/grafana-config/provisioning/datasources/prometheus.yaml
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/prometheus-config/prometheus.yml
 create mode 100755 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-grafana.sh
 create mode 100755 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-prometheus.sh
 create mode 100755 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-grafana.sh
 create mode 100755 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-prometheus.sh

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/grafana-config/provisioning/datasources/prometheus.yaml b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/grafana-config/provisioning/datasources/prometheus.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49c5cb5b58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/grafana-config/provisioning/datasources/prometheus.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+apiVersion: 1
+datasources:
+  - name: Prometheus
+    type: prometheus
+    access: proxy
+    url: http://host.docker.internal:9091
+    isDefault: true
+    editable: false
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/prometheus-config/prometheus.yml b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/prometheus-config/prometheus.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8c478f098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/prometheus-config/prometheus.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+global:
+  scrape_interval: 15s
+  evaluation_interval: 15s
+
+scrape_configs:
+  - job_name: 'cryptosim'
+    static_configs:
+      - targets: ['host.docker.internal:9090']
+    scrape_interval: 5s
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-grafana.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-grafana.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..5f6462e74c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-grafana.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# Starts the local Grafana server, preconfigured with Prometheus as a data source.
+# Prometheus must be running (see start-prometheus.sh).
+#
+# Usage: ./start-grafana.sh
+#
+# Requirements: Docker must be installed and running.
+# Compatible with macOS and Linux.
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+GRAFANA_DIR="${SCRIPT_DIR}/grafana-config"
+DATASOURCES_DIR="${GRAFANA_DIR}/provisioning/datasources"
+DATASOURCE_CONFIG="${DATASOURCES_DIR}/prometheus.yaml"
+CONTAINER_NAME="cryptosim-grafana"
+GRAFANA_PORT=3000
+PROMETHEUS_UI_PORT=9091
+
+# Check for Docker
+if ! command -v docker &>/dev/null; then
+	echo "Error: docker is not installed or not in PATH" >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Check that Docker daemon is reachable
+if ! docker info &>/dev/null; then
+	echo "Error: Docker daemon is not running or not accessible. Start Docker and try again." >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Check that datasource config exists
+if [[ ! -f "${DATASOURCE_CONFIG}" ]]; then
+	echo "Error: Grafana datasource config not found at ${DATASOURCE_CONFIG}" >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# If container exists and is running, we're done
+if docker ps -q -f "name=^${CONTAINER_NAME}$" | grep -q .; then
+	echo "Grafana is already running."
+	echo "  UI: http://localhost:${GRAFANA_PORT}"
+	echo "  Default login: admin / admin"
+	exit 0
+fi
+
+# If container exists but is stopped, start it
+if docker ps -aq -f "name=^${CONTAINER_NAME}$" | grep -q .; then
+	echo "Starting existing Grafana container..."
+	docker start "$CONTAINER_NAME"
+	echo ""
+	echo "Grafana is running."
+	echo "  UI: http://localhost:${GRAFANA_PORT}"
+	echo "  Default login: admin / admin"
+	exit 0
+fi
+
+# Container doesn't exist – create and run (first-time setup)
+# Grafana needs to reach Prometheus on the host; use host.docker.internal.
+case "$(uname -s)" in
+	Linux*) ADD_HOST_FLAG="--add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway" ;;
+	*) ADD_HOST_FLAG="" ;;
+esac
+
+echo "Creating and starting Grafana container..."
+docker run -d \
+	--name "$CONTAINER_NAME" \
+	${ADD_HOST_FLAG:+"$ADD_HOST_FLAG"} \
+	-p "${GRAFANA_PORT}:3000" \
+	-v "${GRAFANA_DIR}/provisioning:/etc/grafana/provisioning:ro" \
+	-e "GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_USER=admin" \
+	-e "GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD=admin" \
+	-e "GF_USERS_ALLOW_SIGN_UP=false" \
+	grafana/grafana:latest
+
+echo ""
+echo "Grafana is running."
+echo "  UI:           http://localhost:${GRAFANA_PORT}"
+echo "  Login:        admin / admin"
+echo "  Data source:  Prometheus (provisioned from ${DATASOURCE_CONFIG})"
+echo ""
+echo "To stop: ./stop-grafana.sh"
+echo ""
+echo "Note: Start Prometheus first (./start-prometheus.sh) to have data to visualize."
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-prometheus.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-prometheus.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..3d1369f217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-prometheus.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# Starts the local Prometheus server. If the container already exists, it is
+# started; otherwise it is created and run (first-time setup).
+#
+# Usage: ./start-prometheus.sh
+#
+# Requirements: Docker must be installed and running.
+# Compatible with macOS and Linux.
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+PROMETHEUS_DIR="${SCRIPT_DIR}/prometheus-config"
+PROMETHEUS_CONFIG="${PROMETHEUS_DIR}/prometheus.yml"
+CONTAINER_NAME="cryptosim-prometheus"
+PROMETHEUS_UI_PORT=9091
+CRYPTOSIM_METRICS_PORT=9090
+
+# Check for Docker
+if ! command -v docker &>/dev/null; then
+	echo "Error: docker is not installed or not in PATH" >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Check that Docker daemon is reachable
+if ! docker info &>/dev/null; then
+	echo "Error: Docker daemon is not running or not accessible. Start Docker and try again." >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Check that config exists
+if [[ ! -f "${PROMETHEUS_CONFIG}" ]]; then
+	echo "Error: Prometheus config not found at ${PROMETHEUS_CONFIG}" >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# If container exists and is running, we're done
+if docker ps -q -f "name=^${CONTAINER_NAME}$" | grep -q .; then
+	echo "Prometheus is already running."
+	echo "  UI: http://localhost:${PROMETHEUS_UI_PORT}"
+	exit 0
+fi
+
+# If container exists but is stopped, start it
+if docker ps -aq -f "name=^${CONTAINER_NAME}$" | grep -q .; then
+	echo "Starting existing Prometheus container..."
+	docker start "$CONTAINER_NAME"
+	echo ""
+	echo "Prometheus is running."
+	echo "  UI: http://localhost:${PROMETHEUS_UI_PORT}"
+	exit 0
+fi
+
+# Container doesn't exist – create and run (first-time setup)
+# host.docker.internal works on Docker Desktop (macOS/Windows). On Linux we add it via --add-host.
+case "$(uname -s)" in
+	Linux*) ADD_HOST_FLAG="--add-host=host.docker.internal:host-gateway" ;;
+	*) ADD_HOST_FLAG="" ;;
+esac
+
+echo "Creating and starting Prometheus container..."
+docker run -d \
+	--name "$CONTAINER_NAME" \
+	${ADD_HOST_FLAG:+"$ADD_HOST_FLAG"} \
+	-p "${PROMETHEUS_UI_PORT}:9090" \
+	-v "${PROMETHEUS_CONFIG}:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml:ro" \
+	prom/prometheus:latest \
+	--config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml \
+	--storage.tsdb.path=/prometheus \
+	--web.enable-lifecycle
+
+echo ""
+echo "Prometheus is running."
+echo "  UI:        http://localhost:${PROMETHEUS_UI_PORT}"
+echo "  Config:    ${PROMETHEUS_CONFIG}"
+echo ""
+echo "To stop: ./stop-prometheus.sh"
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-grafana.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-grafana.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1d8c401769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-grafana.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# Stops the local Grafana server. The container is stopped but not removed;
+# use start-grafana.sh to start it again.
+#
+# Usage: ./stop-grafana.sh
+#
+# Requirements: Docker must be installed and running.
+# Compatible with macOS and Linux.
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+CONTAINER_NAME="cryptosim-grafana"
+
+# Check for Docker
+if ! command -v docker &>/dev/null; then
+	echo "Error: docker is not installed or not in PATH" >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Check that Docker daemon is reachable
+if ! docker info &>/dev/null; then
+	echo "Error: Docker daemon is not running or not accessible. Start Docker and try again." >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+if docker ps -q -f "name=^${CONTAINER_NAME}$" | grep -q .; then
+	echo "Stopping Grafana container..."
+	docker stop "$CONTAINER_NAME"
+	echo "Grafana stopped."
+else
+	echo "Grafana is not running."
+fi
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-prometheus.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-prometheus.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..3e91242799
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-prometheus.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# Stops the local Prometheus server. The container is stopped but not removed;
+# use start-prometheus.sh to start it again.
+#
+# Usage: ./stop-prometheus.sh
+#
+# Requirements: Docker must be installed and running.
+# Compatible with macOS and Linux.
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+CONTAINER_NAME="cryptosim-prometheus"
+
+# Check for Docker
+if ! command -v docker &>/dev/null; then
+	echo "Error: docker is not installed or not in PATH" >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Check that Docker daemon is reachable
+if ! docker info &>/dev/null; then
+	echo "Error: Docker daemon is not running or not accessible. Start Docker and try again." >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+if docker ps -q -f "name=^${CONTAINER_NAME}$" | grep -q .; then
+	echo "Stopping Prometheus container..."
+	docker stop "$CONTAINER_NAME"
+	echo "Prometheus stopped."
+else
+	echo "Prometheus is not running."
+fi

From ee71e87ba7f2d181d2fb12b2131d875df80e92bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 13:54:07 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 26/49] Add basic dashboard.

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go      |  24 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   |   3 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json    | 500 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../prometheus.yaml => metrics/grafana.yaml}  |   0
 .../prometheus.yaml}                          |   0
 .../{tools => metrics}/start-grafana.sh       |   6 +-
 .../{tools => metrics}/start-prometheus.sh    |   3 +-
 .../{tools => metrics}/stop-grafana.sh        |   0
 .../{tools => metrics}/stop-prometheus.sh     |   0
 9 files changed, 527 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
 rename sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/{tools/grafana-config/provisioning/datasources/prometheus.yaml => metrics/grafana.yaml} (100%)
 rename sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/{tools/prometheus-config/prometheus.yml => metrics/prometheus.yaml} (100%)
 rename sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/{tools => metrics}/start-grafana.sh (91%)
 rename sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/{tools => metrics}/start-prometheus.sh (95%)
 rename sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/{tools => metrics}/stop-grafana.sh (100%)
 rename sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/{tools => metrics}/stop-prometheus.sh (100%)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
index 7ded14a4ea..cf15dd3d92 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import (
 type CryptosimMetrics struct {
 	blocksFinalizedTotal     prometheus.Counter
 	blockFinalizationLatency prometheus.Observer
+	dbCommitsTotal           prometheus.Counter
+	dbCommitLatency          prometheus.Observer
 }
 
 // NewCryptosimMetrics creates metrics for the cryptosim benchmark. A dedicated
@@ -33,8 +35,17 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		Help:    "Time to finalize a block in seconds",
 		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
 	})
+	dbCommitsTotal := prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_db_commits_total",
+		Help: "Total number of database commits",
+	})
+	dbCommitLatency := prometheus.NewHistogram(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+		Name:    "cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds",
+		Help:    "Time to commit to the database in seconds",
+		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
+	})
 
-	reg.MustRegister(blocksFinalizedTotal, blockFinalizationLatency)
+	reg.MustRegister(blocksFinalizedTotal, blockFinalizationLatency, dbCommitsTotal, dbCommitLatency)
 
 	if metricsAddr != "" {
 		startMetricsServer(ctx, reg, metricsAddr)
@@ -43,6 +54,8 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 	return &CryptosimMetrics{
 		blocksFinalizedTotal:     blocksFinalizedTotal,
 		blockFinalizationLatency: blockFinalizationLatency,
+		dbCommitsTotal:           dbCommitsTotal,
+		dbCommitLatency:          dbCommitLatency,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -71,3 +84,12 @@ func (m *CryptosimMetrics) ReportBlockFinalized(latency time.Duration) {
 	m.blocksFinalizedTotal.Inc()
 	m.blockFinalizationLatency.Observe(latency.Seconds())
 }
+
+// ReportDBCommit records that a database commit completed and the latency.
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) ReportDBCommit(latency time.Duration) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	m.dbCommitsTotal.Inc()
+	m.dbCommitLatency.Observe(latency.Seconds())
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index 2d4f734920..18fad51a93 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -178,9 +178,8 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit: %w", err)
 		}
+		d.metrics.ReportDBCommit(time.Since(finalizationFinish))
 		d.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
-
-		// commitFinish := time.Now() // TODO
 	}
 
 	return nil
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4bb26a643d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+{
+    "annotations": {
+      "list": [
+        {
+          "builtIn": 1,
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "grafana",
+            "uid": "-- Grafana --"
+          },
+          "enable": true,
+          "hide": true,
+          "iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
+          "name": "Annotations & Alerts",
+          "type": "dashboard"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "description": "A DB microbenchmark, workload is a simulation of ERC20 crypto-transfer traffic.",
+    "editable": true,
+    "fiscalYearStartMonth": 0,
+    "graphTooltip": 0,
+    "links": [],
+    "panels": [
+      {
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "prometheus",
+          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+        },
+        "fieldConfig": {
+          "defaults": {
+            "color": {
+              "mode": "palette-classic"
+            },
+            "custom": {
+              "axisBorderShow": false,
+              "axisCenteredZero": false,
+              "axisColorMode": "text",
+              "axisLabel": "",
+              "axisPlacement": "auto",
+              "barAlignment": 0,
+              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+              "drawStyle": "line",
+              "fillOpacity": 0,
+              "gradientMode": "none",
+              "hideFrom": {
+                "legend": false,
+                "tooltip": false,
+                "viz": false
+              },
+              "insertNulls": false,
+              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+              "lineWidth": 1,
+              "pointSize": 5,
+              "scaleDistribution": {
+                "type": "linear"
+              },
+              "showPoints": "auto",
+              "showValues": false,
+              "spanNulls": false,
+              "stacking": {
+                "group": "A",
+                "mode": "none"
+              },
+              "thresholdsStyle": {
+                "mode": "off"
+              }
+            },
+            "mappings": [],
+            "thresholds": {
+              "mode": "absolute",
+              "steps": [
+                {
+                  "color": "green",
+                  "value": 0
+                },
+                {
+                  "color": "red",
+                  "value": 80
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "overrides": []
+        },
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 8,
+          "w": 12,
+          "x": 0,
+          "y": 0
+        },
+        "id": 1,
+        "options": {
+          "legend": {
+            "calcs": [],
+            "displayMode": "list",
+            "placement": "bottom",
+            "showLegend": true
+          },
+          "tooltip": {
+            "hideZeros": false,
+            "mode": "single",
+            "sort": "none"
+          }
+        },
+        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+        "targets": [
+          {
+            "datasource": {
+              "type": "prometheus",
+              "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+            },
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_blocks_finalized_total[5m])",
+            "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "A"
+          }
+        ],
+        "title": "Blocks / Second",
+        "type": "timeseries"
+      },
+      {
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "prometheus",
+          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+        },
+        "fieldConfig": {
+          "defaults": {
+            "color": {
+              "mode": "palette-classic"
+            },
+            "custom": {
+              "axisBorderShow": false,
+              "axisCenteredZero": false,
+              "axisColorMode": "text",
+              "axisLabel": "",
+              "axisPlacement": "auto",
+              "barAlignment": 0,
+              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+              "drawStyle": "line",
+              "fillOpacity": 0,
+              "gradientMode": "none",
+              "hideFrom": {
+                "legend": false,
+                "tooltip": false,
+                "viz": false
+              },
+              "insertNulls": false,
+              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+              "lineWidth": 1,
+              "pointSize": 5,
+              "scaleDistribution": {
+                "type": "linear"
+              },
+              "showPoints": "auto",
+              "showValues": false,
+              "spanNulls": false,
+              "stacking": {
+                "group": "A",
+                "mode": "none"
+              },
+              "thresholdsStyle": {
+                "mode": "off"
+              }
+            },
+            "mappings": [],
+            "thresholds": {
+              "mode": "absolute",
+              "steps": [
+                {
+                  "color": "green",
+                  "value": 0
+                },
+                {
+                  "color": "red",
+                  "value": 80
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            "unit": "s"
+          },
+          "overrides": []
+        },
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 8,
+          "w": 12,
+          "x": 12,
+          "y": 0
+        },
+        "id": 2,
+        "options": {
+          "legend": {
+            "calcs": [],
+            "displayMode": "list",
+            "placement": "bottom",
+            "showLegend": true
+          },
+          "tooltip": {
+            "hideZeros": false,
+            "mode": "single",
+            "sort": "none"
+          }
+        },
+        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+        "targets": [
+          {
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "legendFormat": "p99",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "A"
+          },
+          {
+            "datasource": {
+              "type": "prometheus",
+              "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+            },
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "instant": false,
+            "legendFormat": "p95",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "B"
+          },
+          {
+            "datasource": {
+              "type": "prometheus",
+              "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+            },
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "instant": false,
+            "legendFormat": "p50",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "C"
+          },
+          {
+            "datasource": {
+              "type": "prometheus",
+              "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+            },
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_sum[5m]) / rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_count[5m])",
+            "instant": false,
+            "legendFormat": "average",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "D"
+          }
+        ],
+        "title": "Block Finalization Time",
+        "type": "timeseries"
+      },
+      {
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "prometheus",
+          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+        },
+        "fieldConfig": {
+          "defaults": {
+            "color": {
+              "mode": "palette-classic"
+            },
+            "custom": {
+              "axisBorderShow": false,
+              "axisCenteredZero": false,
+              "axisColorMode": "text",
+              "axisLabel": "",
+              "axisPlacement": "auto",
+              "barAlignment": 0,
+              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+              "drawStyle": "line",
+              "fillOpacity": 0,
+              "gradientMode": "none",
+              "hideFrom": {
+                "legend": false,
+                "tooltip": false,
+                "viz": false
+              },
+              "insertNulls": false,
+              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+              "lineWidth": 1,
+              "pointSize": 5,
+              "scaleDistribution": {
+                "type": "linear"
+              },
+              "showPoints": "auto",
+              "showValues": false,
+              "spanNulls": false,
+              "stacking": {
+                "group": "A",
+                "mode": "none"
+              },
+              "thresholdsStyle": {
+                "mode": "off"
+              }
+            },
+            "mappings": [],
+            "thresholds": {
+              "mode": "absolute",
+              "steps": [
+                {
+                  "color": "green",
+                  "value": 0
+                },
+                {
+                  "color": "red",
+                  "value": 80
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "overrides": []
+        },
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 8,
+          "w": 12,
+          "x": 0,
+          "y": 8
+        },
+        "id": 3,
+        "options": {
+          "legend": {
+            "calcs": [],
+            "displayMode": "list",
+            "placement": "bottom",
+            "showLegend": true
+          },
+          "tooltip": {
+            "hideZeros": false,
+            "mode": "single",
+            "sort": "none"
+          }
+        },
+        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+        "targets": [
+          {
+            "datasource": {
+              "type": "prometheus",
+              "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+            },
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commits_total[5m])",
+            "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "A"
+          }
+        ],
+        "title": "Commits / Second",
+        "type": "timeseries"
+      },
+      {
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "prometheus",
+          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+        },
+        "fieldConfig": {
+          "defaults": {
+            "color": {
+              "mode": "palette-classic"
+            },
+            "custom": {
+              "axisBorderShow": false,
+              "axisCenteredZero": false,
+              "axisColorMode": "text",
+              "axisLabel": "",
+              "axisPlacement": "auto",
+              "barAlignment": 0,
+              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+              "drawStyle": "line",
+              "fillOpacity": 0,
+              "gradientMode": "none",
+              "hideFrom": {
+                "legend": false,
+                "tooltip": false,
+                "viz": false
+              },
+              "insertNulls": false,
+              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+              "lineWidth": 1,
+              "pointSize": 5,
+              "scaleDistribution": {
+                "type": "linear"
+              },
+              "showPoints": "auto",
+              "showValues": false,
+              "spanNulls": false,
+              "stacking": {
+                "group": "A",
+                "mode": "none"
+              },
+              "thresholdsStyle": {
+                "mode": "off"
+              }
+            },
+            "mappings": [],
+            "thresholds": {
+              "mode": "absolute",
+              "steps": [
+                {
+                  "color": "green",
+                  "value": 0
+                },
+                {
+                  "color": "red",
+                  "value": 80
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            "unit": "s"
+          },
+          "overrides": []
+        },
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 8,
+          "w": 12,
+          "x": 12,
+          "y": 8
+        },
+        "id": 4,
+        "options": {
+          "legend": {
+            "calcs": [],
+            "displayMode": "list",
+            "placement": "bottom",
+            "showLegend": true
+          },
+          "tooltip": {
+            "hideZeros": false,
+            "mode": "single",
+            "sort": "none"
+          }
+        },
+        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+        "targets": [
+          {
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "legendFormat": "p99",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "A"
+          },
+          {
+            "datasource": {
+              "type": "prometheus",
+              "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+            },
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "instant": false,
+            "legendFormat": "p95",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "B"
+          },
+          {
+            "datasource": {
+              "type": "prometheus",
+              "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+            },
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "instant": false,
+            "legendFormat": "p50",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "C"
+          },
+          {
+            "datasource": {
+              "type": "prometheus",
+              "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+            },
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_sum[5m]) / rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_count[5m])",
+            "instant": false,
+            "legendFormat": "average",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "D"
+          }
+        ],
+        "title": "DB Commit Time",
+        "type": "timeseries"
+      }
+    ],
+    "preload": false,
+    "refresh": "5s",
+    "schemaVersion": 42,
+    "tags": [],
+    "templating": {
+      "list": []
+    },
+    "time": {
+      "from": "now-15m",
+      "to": "now"
+    },
+    "timepicker": {},
+    "timezone": "browser",
+    "title": "CryptoSim",
+    "uid": "adnqfm4",
+    "version": 3,
+    "weekStart": ""
+  }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/grafana-config/provisioning/datasources/prometheus.yaml b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/grafana.yaml
similarity index 100%
rename from sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/grafana-config/provisioning/datasources/prometheus.yaml
rename to sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/grafana.yaml
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/prometheus-config/prometheus.yml b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/prometheus.yaml
similarity index 100%
rename from sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/prometheus-config/prometheus.yml
rename to sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/prometheus.yaml
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-grafana.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/start-grafana.sh
similarity index 91%
rename from sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-grafana.sh
rename to sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/start-grafana.sh
index 5f6462e74c..b59962b414 100755
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-grafana.sh
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/start-grafana.sh
@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@
 set -euo pipefail
 
 SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
-GRAFANA_DIR="${SCRIPT_DIR}/grafana-config"
-DATASOURCES_DIR="${GRAFANA_DIR}/provisioning/datasources"
-DATASOURCE_CONFIG="${DATASOURCES_DIR}/prometheus.yaml"
+DATASOURCE_CONFIG="${SCRIPT_DIR}/grafana.yaml"
 CONTAINER_NAME="cryptosim-grafana"
 GRAFANA_PORT=3000
 PROMETHEUS_UI_PORT=9091
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ docker run -d \
 	--name "$CONTAINER_NAME" \
 	${ADD_HOST_FLAG:+"$ADD_HOST_FLAG"} \
 	-p "${GRAFANA_PORT}:3000" \
-	-v "${GRAFANA_DIR}/provisioning:/etc/grafana/provisioning:ro" \
+	-v "${DATASOURCE_CONFIG}:/etc/grafana/provisioning/datasources/grafana.yaml:ro" \
 	-e "GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_USER=admin" \
 	-e "GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD=admin" \
 	-e "GF_USERS_ALLOW_SIGN_UP=false" \
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-prometheus.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/start-prometheus.sh
similarity index 95%
rename from sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-prometheus.sh
rename to sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/start-prometheus.sh
index 3d1369f217..aab63bdded 100755
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/start-prometheus.sh
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/start-prometheus.sh
@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@
 set -euo pipefail
 
 SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
-PROMETHEUS_DIR="${SCRIPT_DIR}/prometheus-config"
-PROMETHEUS_CONFIG="${PROMETHEUS_DIR}/prometheus.yml"
+PROMETHEUS_CONFIG="${SCRIPT_DIR}/prometheus.yaml"
 CONTAINER_NAME="cryptosim-prometheus"
 PROMETHEUS_UI_PORT=9091
 CRYPTOSIM_METRICS_PORT=9090
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-grafana.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/stop-grafana.sh
similarity index 100%
rename from sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-grafana.sh
rename to sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/stop-grafana.sh
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-prometheus.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/stop-prometheus.sh
similarity index 100%
rename from sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/stop-prometheus.sh
rename to sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/stop-prometheus.sh

From 859feb72e75a48fe9f2333f4975080662abc4b17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 14:36:20 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 27/49] more metrics

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  |   9 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go      |  92 ++-
 .../bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go         |   8 +
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   |   5 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json    | 577 +++++++++++++++++-
 5 files changed, 647 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 90ea9b1ed1..2721c60590 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
 	metrics := NewCryptosimMetrics(ctx, config.MetricsAddr)
+	// Server start deferred until after DataGenerator loads DB state and sets gauges,
+	// avoiding rate() spikes when restarting with a preserved DB.
 
 	dataDir, err := resolveAndCreateDataDir(config.DataDir)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -95,12 +97,13 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 
 	database := NewDatabase(config, db, metrics)
 
-	dataGenerator, err := NewDataGenerator(config, database, rand)
+	dataGenerator, err := NewDataGenerator(config, database, rand, metrics)
 	if err != nil {
 		cancel()
 		db.Close()
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create data generator: %w", err)
 	}
+	metrics.StartServer(config.MetricsAddr)
 
 	threadCount := int(config.ThreadsPerCore)*runtime.NumCPU() + config.ConstantThreadCount
 	if threadCount < 1 {
@@ -187,6 +190,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to maybe commit batch: %w", err)
 		}
 		if finalized {
+			c.metrics.SetTotalNumberOfAccounts(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID())
 			c.dataGenerator.ReportFinalizeBlock()
 		}
 
@@ -205,6 +209,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupAccounts() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to finalize block: %w", err)
 	}
+	c.metrics.SetTotalNumberOfAccounts(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID())
 	c.dataGenerator.ReportFinalizeBlock()
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are now %s accounts in the database.\n", int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID()))
@@ -248,6 +253,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 		}
 		if finalized {
 			c.dataGenerator.ReportFinalizeBlock()
+			c.metrics.SetTotalNumberOfERC20Contracts(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 		}
 
 		if c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()%c.config.SetupUpdateIntervalCount == 0 {
@@ -269,6 +275,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to finalize block: %w", err)
 	}
 	c.dataGenerator.ReportFinalizeBlock()
+	c.metrics.SetTotalNumberOfERC20Contracts(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are now %s simulated ERC20 contracts in the database.\n",
 		int64Commas(c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID()))
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
index cf15dd3d92..d6b022ce77 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -11,10 +11,15 @@ import (
 
 // CryptosimMetrics holds Prometheus metrics for the cryptosim benchmark.
 type CryptosimMetrics struct {
-	blocksFinalizedTotal     prometheus.Counter
-	blockFinalizationLatency prometheus.Observer
-	dbCommitsTotal           prometheus.Counter
-	dbCommitLatency          prometheus.Observer
+	reg                        *prometheus.Registry
+	ctx                        context.Context
+	blocksFinalizedTotal       prometheus.Counter
+	blockFinalizationLatency   prometheus.Observer
+	transactionsProcessedTotal prometheus.Counter
+	totalAccounts              prometheus.Gauge
+	totalErc20Contracts        prometheus.Gauge
+	dbCommitsTotal             prometheus.Counter
+	dbCommitLatency            prometheus.Observer
 }
 
 // NewCryptosimMetrics creates metrics for the cryptosim benchmark. A dedicated
@@ -35,6 +40,18 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		Help:    "Time to finalize a block in seconds",
 		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
 	})
+	transactionsProcessedTotal := prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_transactions_processed_total",
+		Help: "Total number of transactions processed",
+	})
+	totalAccounts := prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_accounts_total",
+		Help: "Total number of accounts",
+	})
+	totalErc20Contracts := prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_erc20_contracts_total",
+		Help: "Total number of ERC20 contracts",
+	})
 	dbCommitsTotal := prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
 		Name: "cryptosim_db_commits_total",
 		Help: "Total number of database commits",
@@ -45,18 +62,37 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
 	})
 
-	reg.MustRegister(blocksFinalizedTotal, blockFinalizationLatency, dbCommitsTotal, dbCommitLatency)
+	reg.MustRegister(
+		blocksFinalizedTotal,
+		blockFinalizationLatency,
+		transactionsProcessedTotal,
+		totalAccounts,
+		totalErc20Contracts,
+		dbCommitsTotal,
+		dbCommitLatency,
+	)
 
-	if metricsAddr != "" {
-		startMetricsServer(ctx, reg, metricsAddr)
+	return &CryptosimMetrics{
+		reg:                        reg,
+		ctx:                        ctx,
+		blocksFinalizedTotal:       blocksFinalizedTotal,
+		blockFinalizationLatency:   blockFinalizationLatency,
+		transactionsProcessedTotal: transactionsProcessedTotal,
+		totalAccounts:              totalAccounts,
+		totalErc20Contracts:        totalErc20Contracts,
+		dbCommitsTotal:             dbCommitsTotal,
+		dbCommitLatency:            dbCommitLatency,
 	}
+}
 
-	return &CryptosimMetrics{
-		blocksFinalizedTotal:     blocksFinalizedTotal,
-		blockFinalizationLatency: blockFinalizationLatency,
-		dbCommitsTotal:           dbCommitsTotal,
-		dbCommitLatency:          dbCommitLatency,
+// StartServer starts the metrics HTTP server. Call this after loading initial
+// state and setting gauges (e.g., SetTotalNumberOfAccounts) to avoid spurious
+// rate spikes on restart. If addr is empty, no server is started.
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) StartServer(addr string) {
+	if m == nil || addr == "" {
+		return
 	}
+	startMetricsServer(m.ctx, m.reg, addr)
 }
 
 // startMetricsServer starts an HTTP server serving /metrics from reg. When ctx is
@@ -76,12 +112,14 @@ func startMetricsServer(ctx context.Context, reg *prometheus.Registry, addr stri
 	}()
 }
 
-// ReportBlockFinalized records that a block was finalized and the latency.
-func (m *CryptosimMetrics) ReportBlockFinalized(latency time.Duration) {
+// ReportBlockFinalized records that a block was finalized, the number of
+// transactions in that block, and the finalization latency.
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) ReportBlockFinalized(latency time.Duration, transactionCount int64) {
 	if m == nil {
 		return
 	}
 	m.blocksFinalizedTotal.Inc()
+	m.transactionsProcessedTotal.Add(float64(transactionCount))
 	m.blockFinalizationLatency.Observe(latency.Seconds())
 }
 
@@ -93,3 +131,29 @@ func (m *CryptosimMetrics) ReportDBCommit(latency time.Duration) {
 	m.dbCommitsTotal.Inc()
 	m.dbCommitLatency.Observe(latency.Seconds())
 }
+
+// SetTotalNumberOfAccounts sets the total number of accounts (e.g., when loading
+// from existing data).
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) SetTotalNumberOfAccounts(total int64) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	m.totalAccounts.Set(float64(total))
+}
+
+// IncrementTotalNumberOfAccounts records that a new account was created.
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) IncrementTotalNumberOfAccounts() {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	m.totalAccounts.Inc()
+}
+
+// SetTotalNumberOfERC20Contracts sets the total number of ERC20 contracts (e.g.,
+// when loading from existing data).
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) SetTotalNumberOfERC20Contracts(total int64) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	m.totalErc20Contracts.Set(float64(total))
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
index 5635acd976..38b213ebfb 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ type DataGenerator struct {
 	// choose read/write targets from acccounts that were created before the current block. This field tracks the
 	// highest account ID that was created before the current block.
 	highestSafeAccountIDInBlock int64
+
+	// The metrics for the benchmark.
+	metrics *CryptosimMetrics
 }
 
 // Creates a new data generator.
@@ -47,6 +50,7 @@ func NewDataGenerator(
 	config *CryptoSimConfig,
 	database *Database,
 	rand *CannedRandom,
+	metrics *CryptosimMetrics,
 ) (*DataGenerator, error) {
 
 	nextAccountIDBinary, found, err := database.Get(AccountIDCounterKey())
@@ -59,6 +63,7 @@ func NewDataGenerator(
 	}
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are currently %s keys in the database.\n", int64Commas(nextAccountID))
+	metrics.SetTotalNumberOfAccounts(nextAccountID)
 
 	nextErc20ContractIDBinary, found, err := database.Get(Erc20IDCounterKey())
 	if err != nil {
@@ -70,6 +75,7 @@ func NewDataGenerator(
 	}
 
 	fmt.Printf("There are currently %s ERC20 contracts in the database.\n", int64Commas(nextErc20ContractID))
+	metrics.SetTotalNumberOfERC20Contracts(nextErc20ContractID)
 
 	// Use EVMKeyCode for account data; EVMKeyNonce only accepts 8-byte values.
 	feeCollectionAddress := evm.BuildMemIAVLEVMKey(
@@ -85,6 +91,7 @@ func NewDataGenerator(
 		feeCollectionAddress:        feeCollectionAddress,
 		database:                    database,
 		highestSafeAccountIDInBlock: nextAccountID - 1,
+		metrics:                     metrics,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -188,6 +195,7 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) RandomAccount() (id int64, address []byte, isNew bool, e
 			if err != nil {
 				return 0, nil, false, fmt.Errorf("failed to create new account: %w", err)
 			}
+			d.metrics.IncrementTotalNumberOfAccounts()
 			return id, address, true, nil
 		}
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index 18fad51a93..9c6ef964b9 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -132,8 +132,6 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 
 	finalizationStart := time.Now()
 
-	d.transactionsInCurrentBlock = 0
-
 	changeSets := make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, d.transactionsInCurrentBlock+2)
 	for key, value := range d.batch.Iterator() {
 		changeSets = append(changeSets, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
@@ -169,7 +167,8 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 	}
 
 	finalizationFinish := time.Now()
-	d.metrics.ReportBlockFinalized(finalizationFinish.Sub(finalizationStart))
+	d.metrics.ReportBlockFinalized(finalizationFinish.Sub(finalizationStart), d.transactionsInCurrentBlock)
+	d.transactionsInCurrentBlock = 0
 
 	// Periodically commit the changes to the database.
 	d.uncommittedBlockCount++
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
index 4bb26a643d..7aa307ede8 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
@@ -21,6 +21,127 @@
     "graphTooltip": 0,
     "links": [],
     "panels": [
+      {
+        "collapsed": false,
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 1,
+          "w": 24,
+          "x": 0,
+          "y": 0
+        },
+        "id": 13,
+        "panels": [],
+        "title": "Transactions",
+        "type": "row"
+      },
+      {
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "prometheus",
+          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+        },
+        "fieldConfig": {
+          "defaults": {
+            "color": {
+              "mode": "palette-classic"
+            },
+            "custom": {
+              "axisBorderShow": false,
+              "axisCenteredZero": false,
+              "axisColorMode": "text",
+              "axisLabel": "",
+              "axisPlacement": "auto",
+              "barAlignment": 0,
+              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+              "drawStyle": "line",
+              "fillOpacity": 0,
+              "gradientMode": "none",
+              "hideFrom": {
+                "legend": false,
+                "tooltip": false,
+                "viz": false
+              },
+              "insertNulls": false,
+              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+              "lineWidth": 1,
+              "pointSize": 5,
+              "scaleDistribution": {
+                "type": "linear"
+              },
+              "showPoints": "auto",
+              "showValues": false,
+              "spanNulls": false,
+              "stacking": {
+                "group": "A",
+                "mode": "none"
+              },
+              "thresholdsStyle": {
+                "mode": "off"
+              }
+            },
+            "mappings": [],
+            "thresholds": {
+              "mode": "absolute",
+              "steps": [
+                {
+                  "color": "green",
+                  "value": 0
+                },
+                {
+                  "color": "red",
+                  "value": 80
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            "unit": "locale"
+          },
+          "overrides": []
+        },
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 8,
+          "w": 12,
+          "x": 0,
+          "y": 1
+        },
+        "id": 5,
+        "options": {
+          "legend": {
+            "calcs": [],
+            "displayMode": "list",
+            "placement": "bottom",
+            "showLegend": false
+          },
+          "tooltip": {
+            "hideZeros": false,
+            "mode": "single",
+            "sort": "none"
+          }
+        },
+        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+        "targets": [
+          {
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_transactions_processed_total[5m])",
+            "legendFormat": "__auto",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "A"
+          }
+        ],
+        "title": "Transactions / Second",
+        "type": "timeseries"
+      },
+      {
+        "collapsed": false,
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 1,
+          "w": 24,
+          "x": 0,
+          "y": 9
+        },
+        "id": 12,
+        "panels": [],
+        "title": "Commit",
+        "type": "row"
+      },
       {
         "datasource": {
           "type": "prometheus",
@@ -86,15 +207,15 @@
           "h": 8,
           "w": 12,
           "x": 0,
-          "y": 0
+          "y": 10
         },
-        "id": 1,
+        "id": 3,
         "options": {
           "legend": {
             "calcs": [],
             "displayMode": "list",
             "placement": "bottom",
-            "showLegend": true
+            "showLegend": false
           },
           "tooltip": {
             "hideZeros": false,
@@ -110,13 +231,13 @@
               "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
             },
             "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_blocks_finalized_total[5m])",
+            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commits_total[$__rate_interval])",
             "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
             "range": true,
             "refId": "A"
           }
         ],
-        "title": "Blocks / Second",
+        "title": "Commits / Second",
         "type": "timeseries"
       },
       {
@@ -185,9 +306,9 @@
           "h": 8,
           "w": 12,
           "x": 12,
-          "y": 0
+          "y": 10
         },
-        "id": 2,
+        "id": 4,
         "options": {
           "legend": {
             "calcs": [],
@@ -205,7 +326,7 @@
         "targets": [
           {
             "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
             "legendFormat": "p99",
             "range": true,
             "refId": "A"
@@ -216,7 +337,7 @@
               "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
             },
             "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
             "instant": false,
             "legendFormat": "p95",
             "range": true,
@@ -228,7 +349,7 @@
               "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
             },
             "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
             "instant": false,
             "legendFormat": "p50",
             "range": true,
@@ -240,16 +361,29 @@
               "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
             },
             "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_sum[5m]) / rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_count[5m])",
+            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_sum[$__rate_interval]) / rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
             "instant": false,
             "legendFormat": "average",
             "range": true,
             "refId": "D"
           }
         ],
-        "title": "Block Finalization Time",
+        "title": "DB Commit Time",
         "type": "timeseries"
       },
+      {
+        "collapsed": false,
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 1,
+          "w": 24,
+          "x": 0,
+          "y": 18
+        },
+        "id": 8,
+        "panels": [],
+        "title": "Blocks",
+        "type": "row"
+      },
       {
         "datasource": {
           "type": "prometheus",
@@ -315,15 +449,15 @@
           "h": 8,
           "w": 12,
           "x": 0,
-          "y": 8
+          "y": 19
         },
-        "id": 3,
+        "id": 1,
         "options": {
           "legend": {
             "calcs": [],
             "displayMode": "list",
             "placement": "bottom",
-            "showLegend": true
+            "showLegend": false
           },
           "tooltip": {
             "hideZeros": false,
@@ -339,13 +473,13 @@
               "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
             },
             "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commits_total[5m])",
+            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_blocks_finalized_total[$__rate_interval ])",
             "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
             "range": true,
             "refId": "A"
           }
         ],
-        "title": "Commits / Second",
+        "title": "Blocks / Second",
         "type": "timeseries"
       },
       {
@@ -414,9 +548,9 @@
           "h": 8,
           "w": 12,
           "x": 12,
-          "y": 8
+          "y": 19
         },
-        "id": 4,
+        "id": 2,
         "options": {
           "legend": {
             "calcs": [],
@@ -434,7 +568,7 @@
         "targets": [
           {
             "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
             "legendFormat": "p99",
             "range": true,
             "refId": "A"
@@ -445,7 +579,7 @@
               "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
             },
             "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
             "instant": false,
             "legendFormat": "p95",
             "range": true,
@@ -457,7 +591,7 @@
               "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
             },
             "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[5m]))",
+            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
             "instant": false,
             "legendFormat": "p50",
             "range": true,
@@ -469,14 +603,405 @@
               "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
             },
             "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_sum[5m]) / rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_count[5m])",
+            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_sum[$__rate_interval]) / rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
             "instant": false,
             "legendFormat": "average",
             "range": true,
             "refId": "D"
           }
         ],
-        "title": "DB Commit Time",
+        "title": "Block Finalization Time",
+        "type": "timeseries"
+      },
+      {
+        "collapsed": false,
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 1,
+          "w": 24,
+          "x": 0,
+          "y": 27
+        },
+        "id": 9,
+        "panels": [],
+        "title": "State Size",
+        "type": "row"
+      },
+      {
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "prometheus",
+          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+        },
+        "fieldConfig": {
+          "defaults": {
+            "color": {
+              "mode": "palette-classic"
+            },
+            "custom": {
+              "axisBorderShow": false,
+              "axisCenteredZero": false,
+              "axisColorMode": "text",
+              "axisLabel": "",
+              "axisPlacement": "auto",
+              "barAlignment": 0,
+              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+              "drawStyle": "line",
+              "fillOpacity": 0,
+              "gradientMode": "none",
+              "hideFrom": {
+                "legend": false,
+                "tooltip": false,
+                "viz": false
+              },
+              "insertNulls": false,
+              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+              "lineWidth": 1,
+              "pointSize": 5,
+              "scaleDistribution": {
+                "type": "linear"
+              },
+              "showPoints": "auto",
+              "showValues": false,
+              "spanNulls": false,
+              "stacking": {
+                "group": "A",
+                "mode": "none"
+              },
+              "thresholdsStyle": {
+                "mode": "off"
+              }
+            },
+            "mappings": [],
+            "thresholds": {
+              "mode": "absolute",
+              "steps": [
+                {
+                  "color": "green",
+                  "value": 0
+                },
+                {
+                  "color": "red",
+                  "value": 80
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            "unit": "locale"
+          },
+          "overrides": []
+        },
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 8,
+          "w": 12,
+          "x": 0,
+          "y": 28
+        },
+        "id": 6,
+        "options": {
+          "legend": {
+            "calcs": [],
+            "displayMode": "list",
+            "placement": "bottom",
+            "showLegend": false
+          },
+          "tooltip": {
+            "hideZeros": false,
+            "mode": "single",
+            "sort": "none"
+          }
+        },
+        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+        "targets": [
+          {
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "cryptosim_accounts_total",
+            "legendFormat": "__auto",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "A"
+          }
+        ],
+        "title": "Number of Accounts",
+        "type": "timeseries"
+      },
+      {
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "prometheus",
+          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+        },
+        "fieldConfig": {
+          "defaults": {
+            "color": {
+              "mode": "palette-classic"
+            },
+            "custom": {
+              "axisBorderShow": false,
+              "axisCenteredZero": false,
+              "axisColorMode": "text",
+              "axisLabel": "",
+              "axisPlacement": "auto",
+              "barAlignment": 0,
+              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+              "drawStyle": "line",
+              "fillOpacity": 0,
+              "gradientMode": "none",
+              "hideFrom": {
+                "legend": false,
+                "tooltip": false,
+                "viz": false
+              },
+              "insertNulls": false,
+              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+              "lineWidth": 1,
+              "pointSize": 5,
+              "scaleDistribution": {
+                "type": "linear"
+              },
+              "showPoints": "auto",
+              "showValues": false,
+              "spanNulls": false,
+              "stacking": {
+                "group": "A",
+                "mode": "none"
+              },
+              "thresholdsStyle": {
+                "mode": "off"
+              }
+            },
+            "mappings": [],
+            "thresholds": {
+              "mode": "absolute",
+              "steps": [
+                {
+                  "color": "green",
+                  "value": 0
+                },
+                {
+                  "color": "red",
+                  "value": 80
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "overrides": []
+        },
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 8,
+          "w": 12,
+          "x": 12,
+          "y": 28
+        },
+        "id": 7,
+        "options": {
+          "legend": {
+            "calcs": [],
+            "displayMode": "list",
+            "placement": "bottom",
+            "showLegend": false
+          },
+          "tooltip": {
+            "hideZeros": false,
+            "mode": "single",
+            "sort": "none"
+          }
+        },
+        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+        "targets": [
+          {
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_accounts_total[$__rate_interval])",
+            "legendFormat": "__auto",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "A"
+          }
+        ],
+        "title": "Accounts Created / Second",
+        "type": "timeseries"
+      },
+      {
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "prometheus",
+          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+        },
+        "fieldConfig": {
+          "defaults": {
+            "color": {
+              "mode": "palette-classic"
+            },
+            "custom": {
+              "axisBorderShow": false,
+              "axisCenteredZero": false,
+              "axisColorMode": "text",
+              "axisLabel": "",
+              "axisPlacement": "auto",
+              "barAlignment": 0,
+              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+              "drawStyle": "line",
+              "fillOpacity": 0,
+              "gradientMode": "none",
+              "hideFrom": {
+                "legend": false,
+                "tooltip": false,
+                "viz": false
+              },
+              "insertNulls": false,
+              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+              "lineWidth": 1,
+              "pointSize": 5,
+              "scaleDistribution": {
+                "type": "linear"
+              },
+              "showPoints": "auto",
+              "showValues": false,
+              "spanNulls": false,
+              "stacking": {
+                "group": "A",
+                "mode": "none"
+              },
+              "thresholdsStyle": {
+                "mode": "off"
+              }
+            },
+            "mappings": [],
+            "thresholds": {
+              "mode": "absolute",
+              "steps": [
+                {
+                  "color": "green",
+                  "value": 0
+                },
+                {
+                  "color": "red",
+                  "value": 80
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            "unit": "locale"
+          },
+          "overrides": []
+        },
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 8,
+          "w": 12,
+          "x": 0,
+          "y": 36
+        },
+        "id": 10,
+        "options": {
+          "legend": {
+            "calcs": [],
+            "displayMode": "list",
+            "placement": "bottom",
+            "showLegend": false
+          },
+          "tooltip": {
+            "hideZeros": false,
+            "mode": "single",
+            "sort": "none"
+          }
+        },
+        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+        "targets": [
+          {
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "cryptosim_erc20_contracts_total",
+            "legendFormat": "__auto",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "A"
+          }
+        ],
+        "title": "Number of ERC20 Contracts",
+        "type": "timeseries"
+      },
+      {
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "prometheus",
+          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+        },
+        "fieldConfig": {
+          "defaults": {
+            "color": {
+              "mode": "palette-classic"
+            },
+            "custom": {
+              "axisBorderShow": false,
+              "axisCenteredZero": false,
+              "axisColorMode": "text",
+              "axisLabel": "",
+              "axisPlacement": "auto",
+              "barAlignment": 0,
+              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+              "drawStyle": "line",
+              "fillOpacity": 0,
+              "gradientMode": "none",
+              "hideFrom": {
+                "legend": false,
+                "tooltip": false,
+                "viz": false
+              },
+              "insertNulls": false,
+              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+              "lineWidth": 1,
+              "pointSize": 5,
+              "scaleDistribution": {
+                "type": "linear"
+              },
+              "showPoints": "auto",
+              "showValues": false,
+              "spanNulls": false,
+              "stacking": {
+                "group": "A",
+                "mode": "none"
+              },
+              "thresholdsStyle": {
+                "mode": "off"
+              }
+            },
+            "mappings": [],
+            "thresholds": {
+              "mode": "absolute",
+              "steps": [
+                {
+                  "color": "green",
+                  "value": 0
+                },
+                {
+                  "color": "red",
+                  "value": 80
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          },
+          "overrides": []
+        },
+        "gridPos": {
+          "h": 8,
+          "w": 12,
+          "x": 12,
+          "y": 36
+        },
+        "id": 11,
+        "options": {
+          "legend": {
+            "calcs": [],
+            "displayMode": "list",
+            "placement": "bottom",
+            "showLegend": false
+          },
+          "tooltip": {
+            "hideZeros": false,
+            "mode": "single",
+            "sort": "none"
+          }
+        },
+        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+        "targets": [
+          {
+            "editorMode": "code",
+            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_erc20_contracts_total[$__rate_interval])",
+            "legendFormat": "__auto",
+            "range": true,
+            "refId": "A"
+          }
+        ],
+        "title": "ERC20 Contracts Created / Second",
         "type": "timeseries"
       }
     ],
@@ -488,13 +1013,13 @@
       "list": []
     },
     "time": {
-      "from": "now-15m",
+      "from": "now-5m",
       "to": "now"
     },
     "timepicker": {},
     "timezone": "browser",
     "title": "CryptoSim",
     "uid": "adnqfm4",
-    "version": 3,
+    "version": 5,
     "weekStart": ""
   }
\ No newline at end of file

From 54e0b3c1817bf99b484c191a589a8c50a9b16b97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 15:01:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 28/49] pie chart

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  |    2 +
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go      |   42 +
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   |    4 +
 .../bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json    | 2046 +++++++++--------
 4 files changed, 1156 insertions(+), 938 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 2721c60590..bd0cbec555 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -290,6 +290,8 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 		c.runHaltedChan <- struct{}{}
 	}()
 
+	c.metrics.SetPhase(PhaseExecuting)
+
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-c.ctx.Done():
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
index d6b022ce77..9e9a65f44b 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -9,6 +9,15 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
 )
 
+// Phase identifies where the main thread is spending its time.
+type Phase string
+
+const (
+	PhaseExecuting  Phase = "executing"
+	PhaseFinalizing Phase = "finalizing"
+	PhaseCommitting Phase = "committing"
+)
+
 // CryptosimMetrics holds Prometheus metrics for the cryptosim benchmark.
 type CryptosimMetrics struct {
 	reg                        *prometheus.Registry
@@ -20,6 +29,10 @@ type CryptosimMetrics struct {
 	totalErc20Contracts        prometheus.Gauge
 	dbCommitsTotal             prometheus.Counter
 	dbCommitLatency            prometheus.Observer
+	phaseDurationTotal         *prometheus.CounterVec
+	phaseDurationCount         *prometheus.CounterVec
+	lastPhase                  Phase
+	lastPhaseChangeTime        time.Time
 }
 
 // NewCryptosimMetrics creates metrics for the cryptosim benchmark. A dedicated
@@ -61,6 +74,14 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		Help:    "Time to commit to the database in seconds",
 		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
 	})
+	phaseDurationTotal := prometheus.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_phase_duration_seconds_total",
+		Help: "Total seconds spent in each phase (executing, finalizing, committing, etc.)",
+	}, []string{"phase"})
+	phaseDurationCount := prometheus.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_phase_duration_count_total",
+		Help: "Total number of times each phase was reported",
+	}, []string{"phase"})
 
 	reg.MustRegister(
 		blocksFinalizedTotal,
@@ -70,6 +91,8 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		totalErc20Contracts,
 		dbCommitsTotal,
 		dbCommitLatency,
+		phaseDurationTotal,
+		phaseDurationCount,
 	)
 
 	return &CryptosimMetrics{
@@ -82,6 +105,8 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		totalErc20Contracts:        totalErc20Contracts,
 		dbCommitsTotal:             dbCommitsTotal,
 		dbCommitLatency:            dbCommitLatency,
+		phaseDurationTotal:         phaseDurationTotal,
+		phaseDurationCount:         phaseDurationCount,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -157,3 +182,20 @@ func (m *CryptosimMetrics) SetTotalNumberOfERC20Contracts(total int64) {
 	}
 	m.totalErc20Contracts.Set(float64(total))
 }
+
+// SetPhase records a transition of the main thread to a new phase.
+//
+// SetPhase is not safe for concurrent use.
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) SetPhase(phase Phase) {
+	if m == nil || phase == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	now := time.Now()
+	if m.lastPhase != "" {
+		latency := now.Sub(m.lastPhaseChangeTime)
+		m.phaseDurationTotal.WithLabelValues(string(m.lastPhase)).Add(latency.Seconds())
+		m.phaseDurationCount.WithLabelValues(string(m.lastPhase)).Inc()
+	}
+	m.lastPhase = phase
+	m.lastPhaseChangeTime = now
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index 9c6ef964b9..17ea214dab 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 	}
 
 	finalizationStart := time.Now()
+	d.metrics.SetPhase(PhaseFinalizing)
 
 	changeSets := make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, d.transactionsInCurrentBlock+2)
 	for key, value := range d.batch.Iterator() {
@@ -173,6 +174,7 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 	// Periodically commit the changes to the database.
 	d.uncommittedBlockCount++
 	if forceCommit || d.uncommittedBlockCount >= int64(d.config.BlocksPerCommit) {
+		d.metrics.SetPhase(PhaseCommitting)
 		_, err := d.db.Commit()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit: %w", err)
@@ -181,6 +183,8 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 		d.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
 	}
 
+	d.metrics.SetPhase(PhaseExecuting)
+
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
index 7aa307ede8..9a9190f897 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
@@ -1,1025 +1,1195 @@
 {
-    "annotations": {
-      "list": [
-        {
-          "builtIn": 1,
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "grafana",
-            "uid": "-- Grafana --"
-          },
-          "enable": true,
-          "hide": true,
-          "iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
-          "name": "Annotations & Alerts",
-          "type": "dashboard"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "description": "A DB microbenchmark, workload is a simulation of ERC20 crypto-transfer traffic.",
-    "editable": true,
-    "fiscalYearStartMonth": 0,
-    "graphTooltip": 0,
-    "links": [],
-    "panels": [
+  "annotations": {
+    "list": [
       {
-        "collapsed": false,
-        "gridPos": {
-          "h": 1,
-          "w": 24,
-          "x": 0,
-          "y": 0
+        "builtIn": 1,
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "grafana",
+          "uid": "-- Grafana --"
         },
-        "id": 13,
-        "panels": [],
-        "title": "Transactions",
-        "type": "row"
+        "enable": true,
+        "hide": true,
+        "iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
+        "name": "Annotations & Alerts",
+        "type": "dashboard"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "description": "A DB microbenchmark, workload is a simulation of ERC20 crypto-transfer traffic.",
+  "editable": true,
+  "fiscalYearStartMonth": 0,
+  "graphTooltip": 0,
+  "links": [],
+  "panels": [
+    {
+      "collapsed": false,
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 0
       },
-      {
-        "datasource": {
-          "type": "prometheus",
-          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      "id": 17,
+      "panels": [],
+      "title": "Key Metrics",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": []
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 16,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 14,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
         },
-        "fieldConfig": {
-          "defaults": {
-            "color": {
-              "mode": "palette-classic"
+        "pieType": "pie",
+        "reduceOptions": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "lastNotNull"
+          ],
+          "fields": "",
+          "values": false
+        },
+        "sort": "desc",
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "increase(cryptosim_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Time Spent",
+      "type": "piechart"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 100,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
             },
-            "custom": {
-              "axisBorderShow": false,
-              "axisCenteredZero": false,
-              "axisColorMode": "text",
-              "axisLabel": "",
-              "axisPlacement": "auto",
-              "barAlignment": 0,
-              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-              "drawStyle": "line",
-              "fillOpacity": 0,
-              "gradientMode": "none",
-              "hideFrom": {
-                "legend": false,
-                "tooltip": false,
-                "viz": false
-              },
-              "insertNulls": false,
-              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-              "lineWidth": 1,
-              "pointSize": 5,
-              "scaleDistribution": {
-                "type": "linear"
-              },
-              "showPoints": "auto",
-              "showValues": false,
-              "spanNulls": false,
-              "stacking": {
-                "group": "A",
-                "mode": "none"
-              },
-              "thresholdsStyle": {
-                "mode": "off"
-              }
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
             },
-            "mappings": [],
-            "thresholds": {
-              "mode": "absolute",
-              "steps": [
-                {
-                  "color": "green",
-                  "value": 0
-                },
-                {
-                  "color": "red",
-                  "value": 80
-                }
-              ]
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "normal"
             },
-            "unit": "locale"
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
           },
-          "overrides": []
-        },
-        "gridPos": {
-          "h": 8,
-          "w": 12,
-          "x": 0,
-          "y": 1
-        },
-        "id": 5,
-        "options": {
-          "legend": {
-            "calcs": [],
-            "displayMode": "list",
-            "placement": "bottom",
-            "showLegend": false
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
           },
-          "tooltip": {
-            "hideZeros": false,
-            "mode": "single",
-            "sort": "none"
-          }
+          "unit": "s"
         },
-        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-        "targets": [
-          {
-            "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_transactions_processed_total[5m])",
-            "legendFormat": "__auto",
-            "range": true,
-            "refId": "A"
-          }
-        ],
-        "title": "Transactions / Second",
-        "type": "timeseries"
+        "overrides": []
       },
-      {
-        "collapsed": false,
-        "gridPos": {
-          "h": 1,
-          "w": 24,
-          "x": 0,
-          "y": 9
-        },
-        "id": 12,
-        "panels": [],
-        "title": "Commit",
-        "type": "row"
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 16,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 1
       },
-      {
-        "datasource": {
-          "type": "prometheus",
-          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      "id": 15,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
         },
-        "fieldConfig": {
-          "defaults": {
-            "color": {
-              "mode": "palette-classic"
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Time Spent",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "collapsed": false,
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 17
+      },
+      "id": 13,
+      "panels": [],
+      "title": "Transactions",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
             },
-            "custom": {
-              "axisBorderShow": false,
-              "axisCenteredZero": false,
-              "axisColorMode": "text",
-              "axisLabel": "",
-              "axisPlacement": "auto",
-              "barAlignment": 0,
-              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-              "drawStyle": "line",
-              "fillOpacity": 0,
-              "gradientMode": "none",
-              "hideFrom": {
-                "legend": false,
-                "tooltip": false,
-                "viz": false
-              },
-              "insertNulls": false,
-              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-              "lineWidth": 1,
-              "pointSize": 5,
-              "scaleDistribution": {
-                "type": "linear"
-              },
-              "showPoints": "auto",
-              "showValues": false,
-              "spanNulls": false,
-              "stacking": {
-                "group": "A",
-                "mode": "none"
-              },
-              "thresholdsStyle": {
-                "mode": "off"
-              }
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
             },
-            "mappings": [],
-            "thresholds": {
-              "mode": "absolute",
-              "steps": [
-                {
-                  "color": "green",
-                  "value": 0
-                },
-                {
-                  "color": "red",
-                  "value": 80
-                }
-              ]
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
             }
           },
-          "overrides": []
-        },
-        "gridPos": {
-          "h": 8,
-          "w": 12,
-          "x": 0,
-          "y": 10
-        },
-        "id": 3,
-        "options": {
-          "legend": {
-            "calcs": [],
-            "displayMode": "list",
-            "placement": "bottom",
-            "showLegend": false
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
           },
-          "tooltip": {
-            "hideZeros": false,
-            "mode": "single",
-            "sort": "none"
-          }
+          "unit": "locale"
         },
-        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-        "targets": [
-          {
-            "datasource": {
-              "type": "prometheus",
-              "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-            },
-            "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commits_total[$__rate_interval])",
-            "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
-            "range": true,
-            "refId": "A"
-          }
-        ],
-        "title": "Commits / Second",
-        "type": "timeseries"
+        "overrides": []
       },
-      {
-        "datasource": {
-          "type": "prometheus",
-          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 18
+      },
+      "id": 16,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": false
         },
-        "fieldConfig": {
-          "defaults": {
-            "color": {
-              "mode": "palette-classic"
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_transactions_processed_total[5m])",
+          "legendFormat": "__auto",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Transactions / Second",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "collapsed": false,
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 26
+      },
+      "id": 12,
+      "panels": [],
+      "title": "Commit",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
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+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p50",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "C"
         },
-        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-        "targets": [
-          {
-            "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "cryptosim_accounts_total",
-            "legendFormat": "__auto",
-            "range": true,
-            "refId": "A"
-          }
-        ],
-        "title": "Number of Accounts",
-        "type": "timeseries"
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_sum[$__rate_interval]) / rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "average",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "D"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Block Finalization Time",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "collapsed": false,
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 44
       },
-      {
-        "datasource": {
-          "type": "prometheus",
-          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-        },
-        "fieldConfig": {
-          "defaults": {
-            "color": {
-              "mode": "palette-classic"
+      "id": 9,
+      "panels": [],
+      "title": "State Size",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
             },
-            "custom": {
-              "axisBorderShow": false,
-              "axisCenteredZero": false,
-              "axisColorMode": "text",
-              "axisLabel": "",
-              "axisPlacement": "auto",
-              "barAlignment": 0,
-              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-              "drawStyle": "line",
-              "fillOpacity": 0,
-              "gradientMode": "none",
-              "hideFrom": {
-                "legend": false,
-                "tooltip": false,
-                "viz": false
-              },
-              "insertNulls": false,
-              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-              "lineWidth": 1,
-              "pointSize": 5,
-              "scaleDistribution": {
-                "type": "linear"
-              },
-              "showPoints": "auto",
-              "showValues": false,
-              "spanNulls": false,
-              "stacking": {
-                "group": "A",
-                "mode": "none"
-              },
-              "thresholdsStyle": {
-                "mode": "off"
-              }
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
             },
-            "mappings": [],
-            "thresholds": {
-              "mode": "absolute",
-              "steps": [
-                {
-                  "color": "green",
-                  "value": 0
-                },
-                {
-                  "color": "red",
-                  "value": 80
-                }
-              ]
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
             }
           },
-          "overrides": []
-        },
-        "gridPos": {
-          "h": 8,
-          "w": 12,
-          "x": 12,
-          "y": 28
-        },
-        "id": 7,
-        "options": {
-          "legend": {
-            "calcs": [],
-            "displayMode": "list",
-            "placement": "bottom",
-            "showLegend": false
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
           },
-          "tooltip": {
-            "hideZeros": false,
-            "mode": "single",
-            "sort": "none"
-          }
+          "unit": "locale"
         },
-        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-        "targets": [
-          {
-            "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_accounts_total[$__rate_interval])",
-            "legendFormat": "__auto",
-            "range": true,
-            "refId": "A"
-          }
-        ],
-        "title": "Accounts Created / Second",
-        "type": "timeseries"
+        "overrides": []
       },
-      {
-        "datasource": {
-          "type": "prometheus",
-          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 45
+      },
+      "id": 6,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": false
         },
-        "fieldConfig": {
-          "defaults": {
-            "color": {
-              "mode": "palette-classic"
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "cryptosim_accounts_total",
+          "legendFormat": "__auto",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Number of Accounts",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
             },
-            "custom": {
-              "axisBorderShow": false,
-              "axisCenteredZero": false,
-              "axisColorMode": "text",
-              "axisLabel": "",
-              "axisPlacement": "auto",
-              "barAlignment": 0,
-              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-              "drawStyle": "line",
-              "fillOpacity": 0,
-              "gradientMode": "none",
-              "hideFrom": {
-                "legend": false,
-                "tooltip": false,
-                "viz": false
-              },
-              "insertNulls": false,
-              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-              "lineWidth": 1,
-              "pointSize": 5,
-              "scaleDistribution": {
-                "type": "linear"
-              },
-              "showPoints": "auto",
-              "showValues": false,
-              "spanNulls": false,
-              "stacking": {
-                "group": "A",
-                "mode": "none"
-              },
-              "thresholdsStyle": {
-                "mode": "off"
-              }
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
             },
-            "mappings": [],
-            "thresholds": {
-              "mode": "absolute",
-              "steps": [
-                {
-                  "color": "green",
-                  "value": 0
-                },
-                {
-                  "color": "red",
-                  "value": 80
-                }
-              ]
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
             },
-            "unit": "locale"
-          },
-          "overrides": []
-        },
-        "gridPos": {
-          "h": 8,
-          "w": 12,
-          "x": 0,
-          "y": 36
-        },
-        "id": 10,
-        "options": {
-          "legend": {
-            "calcs": [],
-            "displayMode": "list",
-            "placement": "bottom",
-            "showLegend": false
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
           },
-          "tooltip": {
-            "hideZeros": false,
-            "mode": "single",
-            "sort": "none"
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
           }
         },
-        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-        "targets": [
-          {
-            "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "cryptosim_erc20_contracts_total",
-            "legendFormat": "__auto",
-            "range": true,
-            "refId": "A"
-          }
-        ],
-        "title": "Number of ERC20 Contracts",
-        "type": "timeseries"
+        "overrides": []
       },
-      {
-        "datasource": {
-          "type": "prometheus",
-          "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 45
+      },
+      "id": 7,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": false
         },
-        "fieldConfig": {
-          "defaults": {
-            "color": {
-              "mode": "palette-classic"
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_accounts_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "legendFormat": "__auto",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Accounts Created / Second",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
             },
-            "custom": {
-              "axisBorderShow": false,
-              "axisCenteredZero": false,
-              "axisColorMode": "text",
-              "axisLabel": "",
-              "axisPlacement": "auto",
-              "barAlignment": 0,
-              "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-              "drawStyle": "line",
-              "fillOpacity": 0,
-              "gradientMode": "none",
-              "hideFrom": {
-                "legend": false,
-                "tooltip": false,
-                "viz": false
-              },
-              "insertNulls": false,
-              "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-              "lineWidth": 1,
-              "pointSize": 5,
-              "scaleDistribution": {
-                "type": "linear"
-              },
-              "showPoints": "auto",
-              "showValues": false,
-              "spanNulls": false,
-              "stacking": {
-                "group": "A",
-                "mode": "none"
-              },
-              "thresholdsStyle": {
-                "mode": "off"
-              }
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
             },
-            "mappings": [],
-            "thresholds": {
-              "mode": "absolute",
-              "steps": [
-                {
-                  "color": "green",
-                  "value": 0
-                },
-                {
-                  "color": "red",
-                  "value": 80
-                }
-              ]
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
             }
           },
-          "overrides": []
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "locale"
         },
-        "gridPos": {
-          "h": 8,
-          "w": 12,
-          "x": 12,
-          "y": 36
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 53
+      },
+      "id": 10,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": false
         },
-        "id": 11,
-        "options": {
-          "legend": {
-            "calcs": [],
-            "displayMode": "list",
-            "placement": "bottom",
-            "showLegend": false
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "cryptosim_erc20_contracts_total",
+          "legendFormat": "__auto",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Number of ERC20 Contracts",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
           },
-          "tooltip": {
-            "hideZeros": false,
-            "mode": "single",
-            "sort": "none"
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
           }
         },
-        "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-        "targets": [
-          {
-            "editorMode": "code",
-            "expr": "rate(cryptosim_erc20_contracts_total[$__rate_interval])",
-            "legendFormat": "__auto",
-            "range": true,
-            "refId": "A"
-          }
-        ],
-        "title": "ERC20 Contracts Created / Second",
-        "type": "timeseries"
-      }
-    ],
-    "preload": false,
-    "refresh": "5s",
-    "schemaVersion": 42,
-    "tags": [],
-    "templating": {
-      "list": []
-    },
-    "time": {
-      "from": "now-5m",
-      "to": "now"
-    },
-    "timepicker": {},
-    "timezone": "browser",
-    "title": "CryptoSim",
-    "uid": "adnqfm4",
-    "version": 5,
-    "weekStart": ""
-  }
\ No newline at end of file
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 53
+      },
+      "id": 11,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": false
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_erc20_contracts_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "legendFormat": "__auto",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "ERC20 Contracts Created / Second",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    }
+  ],
+  "preload": false,
+  "refresh": "5s",
+  "schemaVersion": 42,
+  "tags": [],
+  "templating": {
+    "list": []
+  },
+  "time": {
+    "from": "now-5m",
+    "to": "now"
+  },
+  "timepicker": {},
+  "timezone": "browser",
+  "title": "CryptoSim",
+  "uid": "adnqfm4",
+  "version": 6,
+  "weekStart": ""
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 3090ff146947ffbf50f0d965350d3aea0dc46afd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 15:30:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 29/49] incremental improvements

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  |   3 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  |   2 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       |   7 +
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go      |  43 +---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   |   6 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json    | 226 ++++++++++++++----
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/phase_timer.go   |  85 +++++++
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go   |  20 +-
 8 files changed, 302 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/phase_timer.go

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index 1537613c93..2e3d2b054d 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -24,5 +24,6 @@
   "Seed": 1337,
   "SetupUpdateIntervalCount": 100000,
   "ThreadsPerCore": 2.0,
-  "TransactionsPerBlock": 1024
+  "TransactionsPerBlock": 1024,
+  "TransactionMetricsSampleRate": 0.001
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index bd0cbec555..839db9c4f9 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 		c.runHaltedChan <- struct{}{}
 	}()
 
-	c.metrics.SetPhase(PhaseExecuting)
+	c.metrics.SetMainThreadPhase("executing")
 
 	for {
 		select {
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index d299fdd9b6..753c491d95 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -107,6 +107,9 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 
 	// Address for the Prometheus metrics HTTP server (e.g. ":9090"). If empty, metrics are disabled.
 	MetricsAddr string
+
+	// The probability of capturing detailed metrics about a transaction. Should be a value between 0.0 and 1.0.
+	TransactionMetricsSampleRate float64
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
@@ -139,6 +142,7 @@ func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 		ConstantThreadCount:               0,
 		ExecutorQueueSize:                 64,
 		MetricsAddr:                       ":9090",
+		TransactionMetricsSampleRate:      0.001,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -189,6 +193,9 @@ func (c *CryptoSimConfig) Validate() error {
 	if c.SetupUpdateIntervalCount < 1 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("SetupUpdateIntervalCount must be at least 1 (got %d)", c.SetupUpdateIntervalCount)
 	}
+	if c.TransactionMetricsSampleRate < 0 || c.TransactionMetricsSampleRate > 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("TransactionMetricsSampleRate must be in [0, 1] (got %f)", c.TransactionMetricsSampleRate)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
index 9e9a65f44b..0abb72b267 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -9,15 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
 )
 
-// Phase identifies where the main thread is spending its time.
-type Phase string
-
-const (
-	PhaseExecuting  Phase = "executing"
-	PhaseFinalizing Phase = "finalizing"
-	PhaseCommitting Phase = "committing"
-)
-
 // CryptosimMetrics holds Prometheus metrics for the cryptosim benchmark.
 type CryptosimMetrics struct {
 	reg                        *prometheus.Registry
@@ -29,10 +20,7 @@ type CryptosimMetrics struct {
 	totalErc20Contracts        prometheus.Gauge
 	dbCommitsTotal             prometheus.Counter
 	dbCommitLatency            prometheus.Observer
-	phaseDurationTotal         *prometheus.CounterVec
-	phaseDurationCount         *prometheus.CounterVec
-	lastPhase                  Phase
-	lastPhaseChangeTime        time.Time
+	mainThreadPhase            *PhaseTimer
 }
 
 // NewCryptosimMetrics creates metrics for the cryptosim benchmark. A dedicated
@@ -74,14 +62,7 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		Help:    "Time to commit to the database in seconds",
 		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
 	})
-	phaseDurationTotal := prometheus.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
-		Name: "cryptosim_phase_duration_seconds_total",
-		Help: "Total seconds spent in each phase (executing, finalizing, committing, etc.)",
-	}, []string{"phase"})
-	phaseDurationCount := prometheus.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
-		Name: "cryptosim_phase_duration_count_total",
-		Help: "Total number of times each phase was reported",
-	}, []string{"phase"})
+	mainThreadPhase := NewPhaseTimer(reg, "main_thread")
 
 	reg.MustRegister(
 		blocksFinalizedTotal,
@@ -91,8 +72,6 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		totalErc20Contracts,
 		dbCommitsTotal,
 		dbCommitLatency,
-		phaseDurationTotal,
-		phaseDurationCount,
 	)
 
 	return &CryptosimMetrics{
@@ -105,8 +84,7 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		totalErc20Contracts:        totalErc20Contracts,
 		dbCommitsTotal:             dbCommitsTotal,
 		dbCommitLatency:            dbCommitLatency,
-		phaseDurationTotal:         phaseDurationTotal,
-		phaseDurationCount:         phaseDurationCount,
+		mainThreadPhase:            mainThreadPhase,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -184,18 +162,9 @@ func (m *CryptosimMetrics) SetTotalNumberOfERC20Contracts(total int64) {
 }
 
 // SetPhase records a transition of the main thread to a new phase.
-//
-// SetPhase is not safe for concurrent use.
-func (m *CryptosimMetrics) SetPhase(phase Phase) {
-	if m == nil || phase == "" {
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) SetMainThreadPhase(phase string) {
+	if m == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	now := time.Now()
-	if m.lastPhase != "" {
-		latency := now.Sub(m.lastPhaseChangeTime)
-		m.phaseDurationTotal.WithLabelValues(string(m.lastPhase)).Add(latency.Seconds())
-		m.phaseDurationCount.WithLabelValues(string(m.lastPhase)).Inc()
-	}
-	m.lastPhase = phase
-	m.lastPhaseChangeTime = now
+	m.mainThreadPhase.SetPhase(phase)
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index 17ea214dab..ec4f7aa9f6 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 	}
 
 	finalizationStart := time.Now()
-	d.metrics.SetPhase(PhaseFinalizing)
+	d.metrics.SetMainThreadPhase("finalizing")
 
 	changeSets := make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, d.transactionsInCurrentBlock+2)
 	for key, value := range d.batch.Iterator() {
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 	// Periodically commit the changes to the database.
 	d.uncommittedBlockCount++
 	if forceCommit || d.uncommittedBlockCount >= int64(d.config.BlocksPerCommit) {
-		d.metrics.SetPhase(PhaseCommitting)
+		d.metrics.SetMainThreadPhase("committing")
 		_, err := d.db.Commit()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit: %w", err)
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 		d.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
 	}
 
-	d.metrics.SetPhase(PhaseExecuting)
+	d.metrics.SetMainThreadPhase("executing")
 
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
index 9a9190f897..1ed4041940 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
       },
       "id": 17,
       "panels": [],
-      "title": "Key Metrics",
+      "title": "Overview",
       "type": "row"
     },
     {
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@
               "viz": false
             }
           },
-          "mappings": []
+          "mappings": [],
+          "unit": "s"
         },
         "overrides": []
       },
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@
       "targets": [
         {
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "increase(cryptosim_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
           "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@
       "targets": [
         {
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
           "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
@@ -191,17 +192,112 @@
       "title": "Time Spent",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "locale"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 17
+      },
+      "id": 16,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": false
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_transactions_processed_total[5m])",
+          "legendFormat": "__auto",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Transactions / Second",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
     {
       "collapsed": false,
       "gridPos": {
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 17
+        "y": 25
       },
       "id": 13,
       "panels": [],
-      "title": "Transactions",
+      "title": "Execution",
       "type": "row"
     },
     {
@@ -262,7 +358,7 @@
               }
             ]
           },
-          "unit": "locale"
+          "unit": "s"
         },
         "overrides": []
       },
@@ -270,15 +366,15 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 18
+        "y": 26
       },
-      "id": 16,
+      "id": 19,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
           "displayMode": "list",
           "placement": "bottom",
-          "showLegend": false
+          "showLegend": true
         },
         "tooltip": {
           "hideZeros": false,
@@ -290,13 +386,49 @@
       "targets": [
         {
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_transactions_processed_total[5m])",
-          "legendFormat": "__auto",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "legendFormat": "p99",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p95",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "B"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p50",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "C"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "average",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "D"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Transactions / Second",
+      "title": "Block Execution Time",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
     {
@@ -305,11 +437,11 @@
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 26
+        "y": 34
       },
-      "id": 12,
+      "id": 8,
       "panels": [],
-      "title": "Commit",
+      "title": "Blocks",
       "type": "row"
     },
     {
@@ -377,9 +509,9 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 27
+        "y": 35
       },
-      "id": 3,
+      "id": 1,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
@@ -401,13 +533,13 @@
             "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
           },
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commits_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_blocks_finalized_total[$__rate_interval ])",
           "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Commits / Second",
+      "title": "Blocks / Second",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
     {
@@ -476,9 +608,9 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 12,
-        "y": 27
+        "y": 35
       },
-      "id": 4,
+      "id": 18,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
@@ -496,7 +628,7 @@
       "targets": [
         {
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
           "legendFormat": "p99",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
@@ -507,7 +639,7 @@
             "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
           },
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
           "instant": false,
           "legendFormat": "p95",
           "range": true,
@@ -519,7 +651,7 @@
             "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
           },
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
           "instant": false,
           "legendFormat": "p50",
           "range": true,
@@ -531,14 +663,14 @@
             "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
           },
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_sum[$__rate_interval]) / rate(cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
+          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval])",
           "instant": false,
           "legendFormat": "average",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "D"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "DB Commit Time",
+      "title": "Block Finalization Time",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
     {
@@ -547,11 +679,11 @@
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 35
+        "y": 43
       },
-      "id": 8,
+      "id": 12,
       "panels": [],
-      "title": "Blocks",
+      "title": "Commit",
       "type": "row"
     },
     {
@@ -619,9 +751,9 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 36
+        "y": 44
       },
-      "id": 1,
+      "id": 3,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
@@ -643,13 +775,13 @@
             "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
           },
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_blocks_finalized_total[$__rate_interval ])",
+          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commits_total[$__rate_interval])",
           "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Blocks / Second",
+      "title": "Commits / Second",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
     {
@@ -718,9 +850,9 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 12,
-        "y": 36
+        "y": 44
       },
-      "id": 2,
+      "id": 4,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
@@ -738,7 +870,7 @@
       "targets": [
         {
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
           "legendFormat": "p99",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
@@ -749,7 +881,7 @@
             "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
           },
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
           "instant": false,
           "legendFormat": "p95",
           "range": true,
@@ -761,7 +893,7 @@
             "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
           },
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
           "instant": false,
           "legendFormat": "p50",
           "range": true,
@@ -773,14 +905,14 @@
             "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
           },
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_sum[$__rate_interval]) / rate(cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
+          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval])",
           "instant": false,
           "legendFormat": "average",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "D"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Block Finalization Time",
+      "title": "DB Commit Time",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
     {
@@ -789,7 +921,7 @@
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 44
+        "y": 52
       },
       "id": 9,
       "panels": [],
@@ -862,7 +994,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 45
+        "y": 53
       },
       "id": 6,
       "options": {
@@ -956,7 +1088,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 12,
-        "y": 45
+        "y": 53
       },
       "id": 7,
       "options": {
@@ -1051,7 +1183,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 53
+        "y": 61
       },
       "id": 10,
       "options": {
@@ -1145,7 +1277,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 12,
-        "y": 53
+        "y": 61
       },
       "id": 11,
       "options": {
@@ -1190,6 +1322,6 @@
   "timezone": "browser",
   "title": "CryptoSim",
   "uid": "adnqfm4",
-  "version": 6,
+  "version": 7,
   "weekStart": ""
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/phase_timer.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/phase_timer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c863181cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/phase_timer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package cryptosim
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+)
+
+// PhaseTimer records time spent in phases (e.g., "executing", "finalizing").
+// Call SetPhase when transitioning to a new phase; latency is calculated from the
+// previous transition. Not safe for concurrent use.
+//
+// Grafana queries (substitute PREFIX with the name passed to NewPhaseTimer):
+//
+// Rate, for pie chart or stacked timeseries (seconds per second):
+//
+//	rate(PREFIX_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])
+//
+// Average latency:
+//
+//	rate(PREFIX_phase_latency_seconds_sum[$__rate_interval]) /
+//		rate(PREFIX_phase_latency_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])
+//
+// Latency percentiles (p99, p95, p50). The phase label (executing, finalizing,
+// etc.) distinguishes series; add {phase="executing"} to filter:
+//
+//	histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(PREFIX_phase_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))
+//	histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(PREFIX_phase_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))
+//	histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(PREFIX_phase_latency_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval]))
+type PhaseTimer struct {
+	phaseDurationTotal  *prometheus.CounterVec
+	phaseLatency        *prometheus.HistogramVec
+	lastPhase           string
+	lastPhaseChangeTime time.Time
+}
+
+// NewPhaseTimer creates a PhaseTimer that registers metrics with the given name
+// prefix (e.g., "cryptosim" produces cryptosim_phase_duration_seconds_total).
+func NewPhaseTimer(reg *prometheus.Registry, name string) *PhaseTimer {
+	phaseDurationTotal := prometheus.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: fmt.Sprintf("%s_phase_duration_seconds_total", name),
+		Help: "Total seconds spent in each phase",
+	}, []string{"phase"})
+	phaseLatency := prometheus.NewHistogramVec(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+		Name:    fmt.Sprintf("%s_phase_latency_seconds", name),
+		Help:    "Latency per phase (seconds); use for p99, p95, etc.",
+		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
+	}, []string{"phase"})
+	reg.MustRegister(phaseDurationTotal, phaseLatency)
+	return &PhaseTimer{
+		phaseDurationTotal: phaseDurationTotal,
+		phaseLatency:       phaseLatency,
+	}
+}
+
+// SetPhase records a transition to a new phase.
+func (p *PhaseTimer) SetPhase(phase string) {
+	if p == nil || phase == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	now := time.Now()
+	if p.lastPhase != "" {
+		latency := now.Sub(p.lastPhaseChangeTime)
+		seconds := latency.Seconds()
+		p.phaseDurationTotal.WithLabelValues(p.lastPhase).Add(seconds)
+		p.phaseLatency.WithLabelValues(p.lastPhase).Observe(seconds)
+	}
+	p.lastPhase = phase
+	p.lastPhaseChangeTime = now
+}
+
+// Reset ends the current phase (capturing its metrics) and clears the phase state.
+func (p *PhaseTimer) Reset() {
+	if p == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if p.lastPhase != "" {
+		latency := time.Since(p.lastPhaseChangeTime)
+		seconds := latency.Seconds()
+		p.phaseDurationTotal.WithLabelValues(p.lastPhase).Add(seconds)
+		p.phaseLatency.WithLabelValues(p.lastPhase).Observe(seconds)
+	}
+	p.lastPhase = ""
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
index 4a8e613513..9315a37f47 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package cryptosim
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
+	"time"
 )
 
 // The data needed to execute a transaction.
@@ -41,6 +42,10 @@ type transaction struct {
 	newSrcAccountSlot []byte
 	// Pre-generated random value for the destination account's ERC20 storage slot.
 	newDstAccountSlot []byte
+
+	// If true, capture detailed (and potentially expensive) metrics about this transaction.
+	// We may only sample a small percentage of transactions with this flag set to true.
+	captureMetrics bool
 }
 
 // Generate all data needed to execute a transaction.
@@ -83,6 +88,8 @@ func BuildTransaction(
 		newDstData = append([]byte(nil), b...)
 	}
 
+	captureMetrics := dataGenerator.rand.Float64() < dataGenerator.config.TransactionMetricsSampleRate
+
 	return &transaction{
 		srcAccount:        srcAccountAddress,
 		isSrcNew:          isSrcNew,
@@ -98,6 +105,7 @@ func BuildTransaction(
 		newFeeBalance:     dataGenerator.rand.Int64(),
 		newSrcAccountSlot: append([]byte(nil), dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize)...),
 		newDstAccountSlot: append([]byte(nil), dataGenerator.rand.Bytes(dataGenerator.config.Erc20StorageSlotSize)...),
+		captureMetrics:    captureMetrics,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -188,7 +196,9 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 
 	// Apply the random values from the transaction to the account and slot data.
 	const minAccountBytes = 8 // balance at offset 0
-	if len(srcAccountValue) < minAccountBytes || len(dstAccountValue) < minAccountBytes || len(feeValue) < minAccountBytes {
+	if len(srcAccountValue) < minAccountBytes ||
+		len(dstAccountValue) < minAccountBytes ||
+		len(feeValue) < minAccountBytes {
 		return fmt.Errorf("account value too short for balance update (need %d bytes)", minAccountBytes)
 	}
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(srcAccountValue[:8], uint64(txn.newSrcBalance))
@@ -234,3 +244,11 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+// Returns the current time if captureMetrics is true, otherwise returns a zero time.
+func (txn *transaction) now() time.Time { // TODO
+	if txn.captureMetrics {
+		return time.Now()
+	}
+	return time.Time{}
+}

From e1e62d67f5bcb23606f71c4b0dbc732f429bb6f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Thu, 26 Feb 2026 15:58:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 30/49] More metrics

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  |    2 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go      |   45 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   |    7 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json    | 1115 ++++++++++++++++-
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/phase_timer.go   |   66 +-
 .../state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go   |   27 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go   |   13 +-
 7 files changed, 1195 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 839db9c4f9..88256102af 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 	executors := make([]*TransactionExecutor, threadCount)
 	for i := 0; i < threadCount; i++ {
 		executors[i] = NewTransactionExecutor(
-			ctx, database, dataGenerator.FeeCollectionAddress(), config.ExecutorQueueSize)
+			ctx, database, dataGenerator.FeeCollectionAddress(), config.ExecutorQueueSize, metrics)
 	}
 
 	c := &CryptoSim{
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
index 0abb72b267..c06358f697 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@ type CryptosimMetrics struct {
 	reg                        *prometheus.Registry
 	ctx                        context.Context
 	blocksFinalizedTotal       prometheus.Counter
-	blockFinalizationLatency   prometheus.Observer
 	transactionsProcessedTotal prometheus.Counter
 	totalAccounts              prometheus.Gauge
 	totalErc20Contracts        prometheus.Gauge
-	dbCommitsTotal             prometheus.Counter
-	dbCommitLatency            prometheus.Observer
-	mainThreadPhase            *PhaseTimer
+	dbCommitsTotal               prometheus.Counter
+	mainThreadPhase              *PhaseTimer
+	transactionPhaseTimerFactory *PhaseTimerFactory
 }
 
 // NewCryptosimMetrics creates metrics for the cryptosim benchmark. A dedicated
@@ -36,11 +35,6 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		Name: "cryptosim_blocks_finalized_total",
 		Help: "Total number of blocks finalized",
 	})
-	blockFinalizationLatency := prometheus.NewHistogram(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
-		Name:    "cryptosim_block_finalization_latency_seconds",
-		Help:    "Time to finalize a block in seconds",
-		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
-	})
 	transactionsProcessedTotal := prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
 		Name: "cryptosim_transactions_processed_total",
 		Help: "Total number of transactions processed",
@@ -57,34 +51,27 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		Name: "cryptosim_db_commits_total",
 		Help: "Total number of database commits",
 	})
-	dbCommitLatency := prometheus.NewHistogram(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
-		Name:    "cryptosim_db_commit_latency_seconds",
-		Help:    "Time to commit to the database in seconds",
-		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
-	})
 	mainThreadPhase := NewPhaseTimer(reg, "main_thread")
+	transactionPhaseTimerFactory := NewPhaseTimerFactory(reg, "transaction")
 
 	reg.MustRegister(
 		blocksFinalizedTotal,
-		blockFinalizationLatency,
 		transactionsProcessedTotal,
 		totalAccounts,
 		totalErc20Contracts,
 		dbCommitsTotal,
-		dbCommitLatency,
 	)
 
 	return &CryptosimMetrics{
 		reg:                        reg,
 		ctx:                        ctx,
 		blocksFinalizedTotal:       blocksFinalizedTotal,
-		blockFinalizationLatency:   blockFinalizationLatency,
 		transactionsProcessedTotal: transactionsProcessedTotal,
 		totalAccounts:              totalAccounts,
 		totalErc20Contracts:        totalErc20Contracts,
-		dbCommitsTotal:             dbCommitsTotal,
-		dbCommitLatency:            dbCommitLatency,
-		mainThreadPhase:            mainThreadPhase,
+		dbCommitsTotal:               dbCommitsTotal,
+		mainThreadPhase:              mainThreadPhase,
+		transactionPhaseTimerFactory: transactionPhaseTimerFactory,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -117,22 +104,20 @@ func startMetricsServer(ctx context.Context, reg *prometheus.Registry, addr stri
 
 // ReportBlockFinalized records that a block was finalized, the number of
 // transactions in that block, and the finalization latency.
-func (m *CryptosimMetrics) ReportBlockFinalized(latency time.Duration, transactionCount int64) {
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) ReportBlockFinalized(transactionCount int64) {
 	if m == nil {
 		return
 	}
 	m.blocksFinalizedTotal.Inc()
 	m.transactionsProcessedTotal.Add(float64(transactionCount))
-	m.blockFinalizationLatency.Observe(latency.Seconds())
 }
 
 // ReportDBCommit records that a database commit completed and the latency.
-func (m *CryptosimMetrics) ReportDBCommit(latency time.Duration) {
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) ReportDBCommit() {
 	if m == nil {
 		return
 	}
 	m.dbCommitsTotal.Inc()
-	m.dbCommitLatency.Observe(latency.Seconds())
 }
 
 // SetTotalNumberOfAccounts sets the total number of accounts (e.g., when loading
@@ -161,7 +146,17 @@ func (m *CryptosimMetrics) SetTotalNumberOfERC20Contracts(total int64) {
 	m.totalErc20Contracts.Set(float64(total))
 }
 
-// SetPhase records a transition of the main thread to a new phase.
+// GetTransactionPhaseTimerInstance returns a new PhaseTimer from the transaction
+// phase timer factory. Each call returns an independent timer; use one per
+// transaction executor or thread.
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) GetTransactionPhaseTimerInstance() *PhaseTimer {
+	if m == nil || m.transactionPhaseTimerFactory == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return m.transactionPhaseTimerFactory.Build()
+}
+
+// SetMainThreadPhase records a transition of the main thread to a new phase.
 func (m *CryptosimMetrics) SetMainThreadPhase(phase string) {
 	if m == nil {
 		return
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index ec4f7aa9f6..3993c7e04f 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package cryptosim
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/proto"
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
@@ -130,7 +129,6 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	finalizationStart := time.Now()
 	d.metrics.SetMainThreadPhase("finalizing")
 
 	changeSets := make([]*proto.NamedChangeSet, 0, d.transactionsInCurrentBlock+2)
@@ -167,8 +165,7 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply change sets: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	finalizationFinish := time.Now()
-	d.metrics.ReportBlockFinalized(finalizationFinish.Sub(finalizationStart), d.transactionsInCurrentBlock)
+	d.metrics.ReportBlockFinalized(d.transactionsInCurrentBlock)
 	d.transactionsInCurrentBlock = 0
 
 	// Periodically commit the changes to the database.
@@ -179,7 +176,7 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to commit: %w", err)
 		}
-		d.metrics.ReportDBCommit(time.Since(finalizationFinish))
+		d.metrics.ReportDBCommit()
 		d.uncommittedBlockCount = 0
 	}
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
index 1ed4041940..38b7c63c2e 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
         "overrides": []
       },
       "gridPos": {
-        "h": 16,
+        "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 12,
         "y": 1
@@ -257,8 +257,8 @@
       "gridPos": {
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
-        "x": 0,
-        "y": 17
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 9
       },
       "id": 16,
       "options": {
@@ -293,13 +293,76 @@
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 25
+        "y": 17
       },
       "id": 13,
       "panels": [],
       "title": "Execution",
       "type": "row"
     },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 16,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 18
+      },
+      "id": 20,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "pieType": "pie",
+        "reduceOptions": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "lastNotNull"
+          ],
+          "fields": "",
+          "values": false
+        },
+        "sort": "desc",
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Transaction Time",
+      "type": "piechart"
+    },
     {
       "datasource": {
         "type": "prometheus",
@@ -365,8 +428,8 @@
       "gridPos": {
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
-        "x": 0,
-        "y": 26
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 18
       },
       "id": 19,
       "options": {
@@ -432,13 +495,1025 @@
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
     {
-      "collapsed": false,
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 100,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "normal"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
       "gridPos": {
-        "h": 1,
-        "w": 24,
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 26
+      },
+      "id": 21,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Transaction Time",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
         "y": 34
       },
+      "id": 22,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "legendFormat": "p99",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p95",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "B"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p50",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "C"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "average",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "D"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Read ERC20 Time",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 34
+      },
+      "id": 23,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "legendFormat": "p99",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p95",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "B"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p50",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "C"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "average",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "D"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Read Source Account Time",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 42
+      },
+      "id": 24,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "legendFormat": "p99",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p95",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "B"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p50",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "C"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "average",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "D"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Read Destination Account Time",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 42
+      },
+      "id": 25,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "legendFormat": "p99",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p95",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "B"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p50",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "C"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "average",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "D"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Read Source Slot Time",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 50
+      },
+      "id": 26,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "legendFormat": "p99",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p95",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "B"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p50",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "C"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "average",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "D"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Read Destination Slot Time",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 50
+      },
+      "id": 27,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "legendFormat": "p99",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p95",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "B"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p50",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "C"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "average",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "D"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Read Fee Collection Account Time",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 58
+      },
+      "id": 28,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "legendFormat": "p99",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p95",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "B"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "p50",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "C"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+          "instant": false,
+          "legendFormat": "average",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "D"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Update Balances Time",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "collapsed": false,
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 66
+      },
       "id": 8,
       "panels": [],
       "title": "Blocks",
@@ -509,7 +1584,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 35
+        "y": 67
       },
       "id": 1,
       "options": {
@@ -608,7 +1683,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 12,
-        "y": 35
+        "y": 67
       },
       "id": 18,
       "options": {
@@ -679,7 +1754,7 @@
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 43
+        "y": 75
       },
       "id": 12,
       "panels": [],
@@ -751,7 +1826,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 44
+        "y": 76
       },
       "id": 3,
       "options": {
@@ -850,7 +1925,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 12,
-        "y": 44
+        "y": 76
       },
       "id": 4,
       "options": {
@@ -921,7 +1996,7 @@
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 52
+        "y": 84
       },
       "id": 9,
       "panels": [],
@@ -994,7 +2069,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 53
+        "y": 85
       },
       "id": 6,
       "options": {
@@ -1088,7 +2163,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 12,
-        "y": 53
+        "y": 85
       },
       "id": 7,
       "options": {
@@ -1183,7 +2258,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 61
+        "y": 93
       },
       "id": 10,
       "options": {
@@ -1277,7 +2352,7 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 12,
-        "y": 61
+        "y": 93
       },
       "id": 11,
       "options": {
@@ -1322,6 +2397,6 @@
   "timezone": "browser",
   "title": "CryptoSim",
   "uid": "adnqfm4",
-  "version": 7,
+  "version": 9,
   "weekStart": ""
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/phase_timer.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/phase_timer.go
index 0c863181cd..9389f8c56f 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/phase_timer.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/phase_timer.go
@@ -7,11 +7,54 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 )
 
+// PhaseTimerFactory constructs shared Prometheus metrics and builds independent
+// PhaseTimer instances. Use Build() to create a timer for each thread.
+type PhaseTimerFactory struct {
+	phaseDurationTotal *prometheus.CounterVec
+	phaseLatency       *prometheus.HistogramVec
+}
+
+// NewPhaseTimerFactory creates a factory that registers metrics with the given
+// name prefix (e.g., "main_thread" produces main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total).
+func NewPhaseTimerFactory(reg *prometheus.Registry, name string) *PhaseTimerFactory {
+	phaseDurationTotal := prometheus.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: fmt.Sprintf("%s_phase_duration_seconds_total", name),
+		Help: "Total seconds spent in each phase",
+	}, []string{"phase"})
+	phaseLatency := prometheus.NewHistogramVec(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+		Name:    fmt.Sprintf("%s_phase_latency_seconds", name),
+		Help:    "Latency per phase (seconds); use for p99, p95, etc.",
+		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
+	}, []string{"phase"})
+	reg.MustRegister(phaseDurationTotal, phaseLatency)
+	return &PhaseTimerFactory{
+		phaseDurationTotal: phaseDurationTotal,
+		phaseLatency:       phaseLatency,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewPhaseTimer creates a factory and builds a single PhaseTimer. Convenient when
+// only one timer is needed (e.g., for a single-threaded main loop).
+func NewPhaseTimer(reg *prometheus.Registry, name string) *PhaseTimer {
+	return NewPhaseTimerFactory(reg, name).Build()
+}
+
+// Build returns a new PhaseTimer that records to this factory's metrics.
+// Each timer has independent phase state; safe for use by different threads.
+func (f *PhaseTimerFactory) Build() *PhaseTimer {
+	return &PhaseTimer{
+		phaseDurationTotal:  f.phaseDurationTotal,
+		phaseLatency:        f.phaseLatency,
+		lastPhase:           "",
+		lastPhaseChangeTime: time.Time{},
+	}
+}
+
 // PhaseTimer records time spent in phases (e.g., "executing", "finalizing").
 // Call SetPhase when transitioning to a new phase; latency is calculated from the
-// previous transition. Not safe for concurrent use.
+// previous transition. Not safe for concurrent use on a single instance.
 //
-// Grafana queries (substitute PREFIX with the name passed to NewPhaseTimer):
+// Grafana queries (substitute PREFIX with the name passed to NewPhaseTimer or NewPhaseTimerFactory):
 //
 // Rate, for pie chart or stacked timeseries (seconds per second):
 //
@@ -35,25 +78,6 @@ type PhaseTimer struct {
 	lastPhaseChangeTime time.Time
 }
 
-// NewPhaseTimer creates a PhaseTimer that registers metrics with the given name
-// prefix (e.g., "cryptosim" produces cryptosim_phase_duration_seconds_total).
-func NewPhaseTimer(reg *prometheus.Registry, name string) *PhaseTimer {
-	phaseDurationTotal := prometheus.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
-		Name: fmt.Sprintf("%s_phase_duration_seconds_total", name),
-		Help: "Total seconds spent in each phase",
-	}, []string{"phase"})
-	phaseLatency := prometheus.NewHistogramVec(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
-		Name:    fmt.Sprintf("%s_phase_latency_seconds", name),
-		Help:    "Latency per phase (seconds); use for p99, p95, etc.",
-		Buckets: prometheus.ExponentialBucketsRange(0.001, 10, 12),
-	}, []string{"phase"})
-	reg.MustRegister(phaseDurationTotal, phaseLatency)
-	return &PhaseTimer{
-		phaseDurationTotal: phaseDurationTotal,
-		phaseLatency:       phaseLatency,
-	}
-}
-
 // SetPhase records a transition to a new phase.
 func (p *PhaseTimer) SetPhase(phase string) {
 	if p == nil || phase == "" {
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
index 9315a37f47..e139c156b5 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package cryptosim
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
-	"time"
 )
 
 // The data needed to execute a transaction.
@@ -116,8 +115,11 @@ func BuildTransaction(
 func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 	database *Database,
 	feeCollectionAddress []byte,
+	phaseTimer *PhaseTimer,
 ) error {
 
+	phaseTimer.SetPhase("read_erc20")
+
 	// Read the simulated ERC20 contract.
 	_, found, err := database.Get(txn.erc20Contract)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -134,6 +136,8 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 	// - the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract
 	// - the fee collection account's native balance
 
+	phaseTimer.SetPhase("read_src_account")
+
 	// Read the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash.
 	srcAccountValue, found, err := database.Get(txn.srcAccount)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -153,6 +157,8 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 		}
 	}
 
+	phaseTimer.SetPhase("read_dst_account")
+
 	// Read the receiver's native balance.
 	dstAccountValue, found, err := database.Get(txn.dstAccount)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -171,6 +177,8 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 		}
 	}
 
+	phaseTimer.SetPhase("read_src_account_slot")
+
 	// Read the sender's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
 	// We don't care if the value isn't in the DB yet, since we don't pre-populate the database with storage slots.
 	_, _, err = database.Get(txn.srcAccountSlot)
@@ -178,6 +186,8 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account slot: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	phaseTimer.SetPhase("read_dst_account_slot")
+
 	// Read the receiver's storage slot for the ERC20 contract.
 	// We don't care if the value isn't in the DB yet, since we don't pre-populate the database with storage slots.
 	_, _, err = database.Get(txn.dstAccountSlot)
@@ -185,6 +195,8 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get destination account slot: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	phaseTimer.SetPhase("read_fee_collection_account")
+
 	// Read the fee collection account's native balance.
 	feeValue, found, err := database.Get(feeCollectionAddress)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -194,6 +206,8 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 		return fmt.Errorf("fee collection account not found")
 	}
 
+	phaseTimer.SetPhase("update_balances")
+
 	// Apply the random values from the transaction to the account and slot data.
 	const minAccountBytes = 8 // balance at offset 0
 	if len(srcAccountValue) < minAccountBytes ||
@@ -242,13 +256,12 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to put fee collection account: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	phaseTimer.Reset()
+
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Returns the current time if captureMetrics is true, otherwise returns a zero time.
-func (txn *transaction) now() time.Time { // TODO
-	if txn.captureMetrics {
-		return time.Now()
-	}
-	return time.Time{}
+// Returns true if metrics should be captured for this transaction.
+func (txn *transaction) ShouldCaptureMetrics() bool {
+	return txn.captureMetrics
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
index 27478de53a..5cd90a52ec 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ type TransactionExecutor struct {
 
 	// The Incoming transactions to be executed.
 	workChan chan any
+
+	// Used to time the execution of transactions.
+	phaseTimer *PhaseTimer
 }
 
 // A request to flush the transaction executor.
@@ -29,12 +32,14 @@ func NewTransactionExecutor(
 	database *Database,
 	feeCollectionAddress []byte,
 	queueSize int,
+	metrics *CryptosimMetrics,
 ) *TransactionExecutor {
 	e := &TransactionExecutor{
 		ctx:                  ctx,
 		database:             database,
 		feeCollectionAddress: feeCollectionAddress,
 		workChan:             make(chan any, queueSize),
+		phaseTimer:           metrics.GetTransactionPhaseTimerInstance(),
 	}
 
 	go e.mainLoop()
@@ -75,7 +80,13 @@ func (e *TransactionExecutor) mainLoop() {
 		case request := <-e.workChan:
 			switch request := request.(type) {
 			case *transaction:
-				if err := request.Execute(e.database, e.feeCollectionAddress); err != nil {
+
+				var phaseTimer *PhaseTimer
+				if request.ShouldCaptureMetrics() {
+					phaseTimer = e.phaseTimer
+				}
+
+				if err := request.Execute(e.database, e.feeCollectionAddress, phaseTimer); err != nil {
 					log.Printf("transaction execution error: %v", err)
 				}
 			case flushRequest:

From 6a8613feada5a96f0c8b68fd33a759627ad35164 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 08:28:43 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 31/49] several TODOs

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
index f9cfd8af8b..ee7f17865e 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
@@ -50,3 +50,14 @@ The following features might be useful to add to this benchmark:
     - Metrics exported by the underlying DB
 - Prometheus/Grafana dashboards to visualize metrics
 - More exotic key access patterns
+
+
+# Setting Up Prometheus / Grafana
+
+TODO
+
+Other TODOs:
+
+- system metrics (e.g. memory, cpu, thread count, IO info if it's available)
+- disk utilization
+- disk utilizaiton per account (good for detecting disk leaks)

From ec119a3c4d21a989f58d6aed23660b376f99962f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 09:06:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 32/49] made suggested changes

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  |  3 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  | 49 +++++++++++++------
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       | 19 ++++++-
 .../bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go         |  1 -
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go   |  2 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go  |  9 +++-
 6 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index bc8eca2430..b1e177bc1d 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@
   "Seed": 1337,
   "SetupUpdateIntervalCount": 100000,
   "ThreadsPerCore": 2.0,
-  "TransactionsPerBlock": 1024
+  "TransactionsPerBlock": 1024,
+  "MaxRuntimeSeconds": 60
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 222b41695d..8c9a89f4f5 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ type CryptoSim struct {
 	// The time the benchmark started.
 	startTimestamp time.Time
 
-	// The run channel sends a signal on this channel when it has halted.
-	runHaltedChan chan struct{}
+	// A message is sent on this channel when the benchmark is fully stopped and all resources have been released.
+	closeChan chan struct{}
 
 	// The data generator for the benchmark.
 	dataGenerator *DataGenerator
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		consoleUpdatePeriod:               consoleUpdatePeriod,
 		lastConsoleUpdateTime:             start,
 		lastConsoleUpdateTransactionCount: 0,
-		runHaltedChan:                     make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		closeChan:                         make(chan struct{}, 1),
 		dataGenerator:                     dataGenerator,
 		database:                          database,
 		executors:                         executors,
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 
 		c.database.IncrementTransactionCount()
 
-		_, _, err := c.dataGenerator.CreateNewErc20Contract(c, c.config.Erc20ContractSize, true)
+		_, _, err := c.dataGenerator.CreateNewErc20Contract(c.config.Erc20ContractSize, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create new ERC20 contract: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -274,9 +274,9 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) setupErc20Contracts() error {
 // The main loop of the benchmark.
 func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 
-	defer func() {
-		c.runHaltedChan <- struct{}{}
-	}()
+	defer c.teardown()
+
+	haltTime := time.Now().Add(time.Duration(c.config.MaxRuntimeSeconds * time.Second))
 
 	for {
 		select {
@@ -291,6 +291,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 			txn, err := BuildTransaction(c.dataGenerator)
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to build transaction: %v\n", err)
+				continue
 			}
 
 			c.executors[c.nextExecutorIndex].ScheduleForExecution(txn)
@@ -303,6 +304,10 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 			}
 			if finalized {
 				c.dataGenerator.ReportFinalizeBlock()
+
+				if c.config.MaxRuntimeSeconds > 0 && time.Now().After(haltTime) {
+					c.cancel()
+				}
 			}
 
 			c.database.IncrementTransactionCount()
@@ -311,6 +316,18 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 	}
 }
 
+// Clean up the benchmark and release any resources.
+func (c *CryptoSim) teardown() {
+	err := c.database.Close(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed to close database: %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	c.dataGenerator.Close()
+
+	c.closeChan <- struct{}{}
+}
+
 // Generates a human readable report of the benchmark's progress.
 func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport(force bool) {
 
@@ -345,14 +362,10 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) generateConsoleReport(force bool) {
 // Shut down the benchmark and release any resources.
 func (c *CryptoSim) Close() error {
 	c.cancel()
-	<-c.runHaltedChan
+	<-c.closeChan
 
-	err := c.database.Close(c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close database: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	c.dataGenerator.Close()
+	// "reload" closeChan in case other goroutines are waiting on it.
+	c.closeChan <- struct{}{}
 
 	fmt.Printf("Benchmark terminated successfully.\n")
 
@@ -365,3 +378,11 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) flushExecutors() {
 		executor.Flush()
 	}
 }
+
+// Blocks until the benchmark has halted.
+func (c *CryptoSim) BlockUntilHalted() {
+	<-c.closeChan
+
+	// "reload" closeChan in case other goroutines are waiting on it.
+	c.closeChan <- struct{}{}
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index 5c9967459e..986902579b 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
 )
@@ -104,13 +105,16 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 
 	// The size of the queue for each transaction executor.
 	ExecutorQueueSize int
+
+	// The amount of time to run the benchmark for. If 0, the benchmark will run until it is stopped.
+	MaxRuntimeSeconds time.Duration
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
 func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 
 	// Note: if you add new fields or modify default values, be sure to keep config/basic-config.json in sync.
-	// That file should conatain every available config set to its default value, as a reference.
+	// That file should contain every available config set to its default value, as a reference.
 
 	return &CryptoSimConfig{
 		MinimumNumberOfAccounts:           1_000_000,
@@ -135,7 +139,17 @@ func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 		ThreadsPerCore:                    2.0,
 		ConstantThreadCount:               0,
 		ExecutorQueueSize:                 64,
+		MaxRuntimeSeconds:                 0,
+	}
+}
+
+// StringifiedConfig returns the config as human-readable, multi-line JSON.
+func (c *CryptoSimConfig) StringifiedConfig() (string, error) {
+	b, err := json.MarshalIndent(c, "", "  ")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
 	}
+	return string(b), nil
 }
 
 // Validate checks that the configuration is sane and returns an error if not.
@@ -185,6 +199,9 @@ func (c *CryptoSimConfig) Validate() error {
 	if c.SetupUpdateIntervalCount < 1 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("SetupUpdateIntervalCount must be at least 1 (got %d)", c.SetupUpdateIntervalCount)
 	}
+	if c.MaxRuntimeSeconds < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("MaxRuntimeSeconds must be at least 0 (got %d)", c.MaxRuntimeSeconds)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
index 5635acd976..ac1fd14c4b 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
@@ -139,7 +139,6 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) CreateNewAccount(
 
 // Creates a new ERC20 contract and optionally writes it to the database. Returns the address of the new ERC20 contract.
 func (d *DataGenerator) CreateNewErc20Contract(
-	cryptosim *CryptoSim,
 	// The number of bytes to allocate for the ERC20 contract data.
 	erc20ContractSize int,
 	// If true, the ERC20 contract will be immediately written to the database.
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index b80b089b4a..383694fd65 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func NewDatabase(
 // Insert a key-value pair into the database/cache.
 //
 // This method is safe to call concurrently with other calls to Put() and Get(). Is not thread
-// safe with FinalizeBlock().
+// safe with FinalizeBlock(). It is not thread safe to modify the returned value (make a copy first).
 func (d *Database) Put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
 	d.batch.Put(string(key), value)
 	return nil
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
index efb6365067..5afb758bd0 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/main/main.go
@@ -28,6 +28,12 @@ func run() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	configString, err := config.StringifiedConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to stringify config: %w", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("%s\n", configString)
+
 	ctx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
 	defer stop()
 
@@ -36,14 +42,13 @@ func run() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create cryptosim: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		fmt.Printf("\nInitiating teardown.\n")
 		err := cs.Close()
 		if err != nil {
 			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Error closing cryptosim: %v\n", err)
 		}
 	}()
 
-	<-ctx.Done()
+	cs.BlockUntilHalted()
 
 	return nil
 }

From 27dc9ecda44abdf01071fec8f413ec7cf87d14eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 09:07:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 33/49] fix default value

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index b1e177bc1d..f7576d849d 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
   "SetupUpdateIntervalCount": 100000,
   "ThreadsPerCore": 2.0,
   "TransactionsPerBlock": 1024,
-  "MaxRuntimeSeconds": 60
+  "MaxRuntimeSeconds": 0
 }

From 5aacc23c38c5cc18d247e5d00b8e05aa5954065f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 09:21:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 34/49] halt on errors

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go            | 5 ++++-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go | 5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 45c8bf88e2..5058b0b51e 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 	executors := make([]*TransactionExecutor, threadCount)
 	for i := 0; i < threadCount; i++ {
 		executors[i] = NewTransactionExecutor(
-			ctx, database, dataGenerator.FeeCollectionAddress(), config.ExecutorQueueSize, metrics)
+			ctx, cancel, database, dataGenerator.FeeCollectionAddress(), config.ExecutorQueueSize, metrics)
 	}
 
 	c := &CryptoSim{
@@ -305,6 +305,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 			txn, err := BuildTransaction(c.dataGenerator)
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("\nfailed to build transaction: %v\n", err)
+				c.cancel()
 				continue
 			}
 
@@ -315,6 +316,8 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 				c.dataGenerator.NextAccountID(), c.dataGenerator.NextErc20ContractID())
 			if err != nil {
 				fmt.Printf("error finalizing block: %v\n", err)
+				c.cancel()
+				continue
 			}
 			if finalized {
 				c.dataGenerator.ReportFinalizeBlock()
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
index 5cd90a52ec..fb35350026 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 type TransactionExecutor struct {
-	ctx context.Context
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
 
 	// The database for the benchmark.
 	database *Database
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ type flushRequest struct {
 // A single threaded transaction executor.
 func NewTransactionExecutor(
 	ctx context.Context,
+	cancel context.CancelFunc,
 	database *Database,
 	feeCollectionAddress []byte,
 	queueSize int,
@@ -88,6 +90,7 @@ func (e *TransactionExecutor) mainLoop() {
 
 				if err := request.Execute(e.database, e.feeCollectionAddress, phaseTimer); err != nil {
 					log.Printf("transaction execution error: %v", err)
+					e.cancel()
 				}
 			case flushRequest:
 				request.doneChan <- struct{}{}

From 53249902480d0efa1b23a8d80f3b9cf9b9b1c8d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 09:58:06 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 35/49] lint

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go    |  8 +++++++-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go        |  6 ++++--
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go | 13 +++++++++----
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go   |  3 +++
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go         |  2 ++
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go      |  6 +++---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go             |  7 ++++---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/composite_wrapper.go |  3 ---
 .../state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go   | 12 +++++++++---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go   |  3 ---
 10 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
index eb9895b4c3..d4f1368b29 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/canned_random.go
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@ func NewCannedRandom(
 	rng := rand.New(source)
 
 	buffer := make([]byte, bufferSize)
-	rng.Read(buffer)
+	if _, err := rng.Read(buffer); err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("failed to read random bytes: %v", err))
+	}
 
 	return &CannedRandom{
 		buffer: buffer,
@@ -89,6 +91,7 @@ func (cr *CannedRandom) Int64() int64 {
 		buf[i] = cr.buffer[(cr.index+i)%bufLen]
 	}
 	base := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(buf[:])
+	//nolint:gosec // G115 - benchmark uses deterministic non-crypto randomness, overflow acceptable
 	result := Hash64(int64(base) + cr.index)
 
 	// Add 8 to the index to skip the 8 bytes we just read.
@@ -105,12 +108,14 @@ func (cr *CannedRandom) Int64Range(min int64, max int64) int64 {
 	if max < min {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("max must be >= min, got min=%d max=%d", min, max))
 	}
+	//nolint:gosec // G115 - benchmark uses deterministic non-crypto randomness, overflow acceptable
 	return min + int64(uint64(cr.Int64())%uint64(max-min))
 }
 
 // Float64 returns a random float64 in the range [0.0, 1.0].
 // It uses Int64() internally and converts the result to the proper range.
 func (cr *CannedRandom) Float64() float64 {
+	//nolint:gosec // G115 - benchmark uses deterministic non-crypto randomness, overflow acceptable
 	return float64(uint64(cr.Int64())) / float64(math.MaxUint64)
 }
 
@@ -150,6 +155,7 @@ func (cr *CannedRandom) Address(
 	baseBytes := cr.SeededBytes(AddressLen, id)
 	copy(result, baseBytes)
 	result[0] = addressType
+	//nolint:gosec // G115 - id is from benchmark data, overflow acceptable for address generation
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(result[9:], uint64(id))
 
 	return result
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 8c9a89f4f5..ba03e4026f 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -94,7 +94,9 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 	dataGenerator, err := NewDataGenerator(config, database, rand)
 	if err != nil {
 		cancel()
-		db.Close()
+		if closeErr := db.Close(); closeErr != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("failed to close database during error recovery: %v\n", closeErr)
+		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create data generator: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -276,7 +278,7 @@ func (c *CryptoSim) run() {
 
 	defer c.teardown()
 
-	haltTime := time.Now().Add(time.Duration(c.config.MaxRuntimeSeconds * time.Second))
+	haltTime := time.Now().Add(time.Duration(c.config.MaxRuntimeSeconds) * time.Second)
 
 	for {
 		select {
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index 986902579b..ff69b8c42e 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"time"
+	"path/filepath"
 
 	"github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers"
 )
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	ExecutorQueueSize int
 
 	// The amount of time to run the benchmark for. If 0, the benchmark will run until it is stopped.
-	MaxRuntimeSeconds time.Duration
+	MaxRuntimeSeconds int
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
@@ -210,11 +210,16 @@ func (c *CryptoSimConfig) Validate() error {
 // unrecognized configuration keys.
 func LoadConfigFromFile(path string) (*CryptoSimConfig, error) {
 	cfg := DefaultCryptoSimConfig()
-	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	//nolint:gosec // G304 - path comes from config file, filepath.Clean used to mitigate traversal
+	f, err := os.Open(filepath.Clean(path))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("open config file: %w", err)
 	}
-	defer f.Close()
+	defer func() {
+		if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("failed to close config file: %v\n", err)
+		}
+	}()
 
 	dec := json.NewDecoder(f)
 	dec.DisallowUnknownFields()
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
index ac1fd14c4b..e09bb438e6 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/data_generator.go
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ func NewDataGenerator(
 	}
 	var nextAccountID int64
 	if found {
+		//nolint:gosec // G115 - persisted counter value, overflow acceptable
 		nextAccountID = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(nextAccountIDBinary))
 	}
 
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ func NewDataGenerator(
 	}
 	var nextErc20ContractID int64
 	if found {
+		//nolint:gosec // G115 - persisted counter value, overflow acceptable
 		nextErc20ContractID = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(nextErc20ContractIDBinary))
 	}
 
@@ -123,6 +125,7 @@ func (d *DataGenerator) CreateNewAccount(
 
 	accountData := make([]byte, accountSize)
 
+	//nolint:gosec // G115 - balance is benchmark simulation value, overflow acceptable
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(accountData[:8], uint64(balance))
 
 	// The remaining bytes are random data for padding.
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
index 383694fd65..c685187d59 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/database.go
@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 
 	// Persist the account ID counter in every batch.
 	nonceValue := make([]byte, 8)
+	//nolint:gosec // G115 - nextAccountID is benchmark counter, overflow acceptable
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(nonceValue, uint64(nextAccountID))
 	changeSets = append(changeSets, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
 		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
@@ -147,6 +148,7 @@ func (d *Database) FinalizeBlock(
 
 	// Persist the ERC20 contract ID counter in every batch.
 	erc20ContractIDValue := make([]byte, 8)
+	//nolint:gosec // G115 - nextErc20ContractID is benchmark counter, overflow acceptable
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(erc20ContractIDValue, uint64(nextErc20ContractID))
 	changeSets = append(changeSets, &proto.NamedChangeSet{
 		Name: wrappers.EVMStoreName,
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
index 4a8e613513..ffcd57fcdb 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
@@ -191,9 +191,9 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 	if len(srcAccountValue) < minAccountBytes || len(dstAccountValue) < minAccountBytes || len(feeValue) < minAccountBytes {
 		return fmt.Errorf("account value too short for balance update (need %d bytes)", minAccountBytes)
 	}
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(srcAccountValue[:8], uint64(txn.newSrcBalance))
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(dstAccountValue[:8], uint64(txn.newDstBalance))
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(feeValue[:8], uint64(txn.newFeeBalance))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(srcAccountValue[:8], uint64(txn.newSrcBalance)) //nolint:gosec
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(dstAccountValue[:8], uint64(txn.newDstBalance)) //nolint:gosec
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(feeValue[:8], uint64(txn.newFeeBalance))        //nolint:gosec
 
 	// Write the following:
 	// - the sender's native balance / nonce / codehash
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
index 355e1829e5..0cc4453e82 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/util.go
@@ -51,11 +51,12 @@ func paddedCounterKey(s string) []byte {
 //   - Public domain reference implementation:
 //     http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/splitmix64.c
 func Hash64(x int64) int64 {
-	z := uint64(x)
+	z := uint64(x) //nolint:gosec // G115 - hash function, int64->uint64 conversion intentional
 	z += 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15
 	z = (z ^ (z >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9
 	z = (z ^ (z >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111eb
 	z = z ^ (z >> 31)
+	//nolint:gosec // G115 - hash function converts uint64 to int64, overflow intentional
 	return int64(z)
 }
 
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ func resolveAndCreateDataDir(dataDir string) (string, error) {
 		}
 	}
 	if dataDir != "" {
-		if err := os.MkdirAll(dataDir, 0755); err != nil {
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(dataDir, 0o750); err != nil {
 			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to create data directory: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ func formatDuration(d time.Duration, decimals int) string {
 	}
 	format := fmt.Sprintf("%%.%df%%s", decimals)
 	ns := d.Nanoseconds()
-	abs := int64(ns)
+	abs := ns
 	if abs < 0 {
 		abs = -abs
 	}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/composite_wrapper.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/composite_wrapper.go
index 863facd1f6..05bdf10afc 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/composite_wrapper.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/composite_wrapper.go
@@ -47,9 +47,6 @@ func (c *compositeWrapper) Close() error {
 
 func (c *compositeWrapper) Read(key []byte) (data []byte, found bool, err error) {
 	store := c.base.GetChildStoreByName(EVMStoreName)
-	if store == nil {
-		return nil, false, nil
-	}
 	data = store.Get(key)
 	return data, data != nil, nil
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go
index 4a1868c80c..1901fdc18c 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/db_implementations.go
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@ func newMemIAVLCommitStore(dbDir string) (DBWrapper, error) {
 	cs.Initialize([]string{EVMStoreName})
 	_, err := cs.LoadVersion(0, false)
 	if err != nil {
-		cs.Close()
+		if closeErr := cs.Close(); closeErr != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("failed to close commit store during error recovery: %v\n", closeErr)
+		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load version: %w", err)
 	}
 	return NewMemIAVLWrapper(cs), nil
@@ -44,7 +46,9 @@ func newFlatKVCommitStore(dbDir string) (DBWrapper, error) {
 	cs := flatkv.NewCommitStore(dbDir, logger.NewNopLogger(), cfg)
 	_, err := cs.LoadVersion(0)
 	if err != nil {
-		cs.Close()
+		if closeErr := cs.Close(); closeErr != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("failed to close commit store during error recovery: %v\n", closeErr)
+		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load version: %w", err)
 	}
 	return NewFlatKVWrapper(cs), nil
@@ -61,7 +65,9 @@ func newCompositeCommitStore(dbDir string, writeMode config.WriteMode) (DBWrappe
 
 	loaded, err := cs.LoadVersion(0, false)
 	if err != nil {
-		cs.Close()
+		if closeErr := cs.Close(); closeErr != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("failed to close commit store during error recovery: %v\n", closeErr)
+		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load version: %w", err)
 	}
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go
index d7637acb0e..09a8fc186a 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/wrappers/memiavl_wrapper.go
@@ -51,9 +51,6 @@ func (m *memIAVLWrapper) Close() error {
 
 func (m *memIAVLWrapper) Read(key []byte) (data []byte, found bool, err error) {
 	store := m.base.GetChildStoreByName(EVMStoreName)
-	if store == nil {
-		return nil, false, nil
-	}
 	data = store.Get(key)
 	return data, data != nil, nil
 }

From 9a19fd889bdee8717f419b89c24ed16a744fc154 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 10:03:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 36/49] made suggested changes

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md | 2 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go           | 4 ----
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
index f9cfd8af8b..3fe791a79e 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ significant setup time.
 Note that if continuing from an earlier run, you may not alter the `Seed`, `CannedRandomSize`, or 
 `AccountKeySize` parameters, since keys are deterministically derived from these configuration values.
 
-# Transaciton Model
+# Transaction Model
 
 The goal of this benchmark is to generate database load similar to that generated by processing ERC20 transactions.
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go
index ef53f17f81..4303f0f47d 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/helper.go
@@ -397,10 +397,6 @@ func runBenchmark(b *testing.B, scenario TestScenario, withProgress bool) {
 			b.StopTimer()
 			cs, err := wrappers.NewDBImpl(scenario.Backend, dbDir)
 			require.NoError(b, err)
-			defer func() {
-				err := cs.Close()
-				require.NoError(b, err)
-			}()
 
 			// Load snapshot if available
 			if scenario.SnapshotPath != "" {

From cc7be77cbf498b6e7915da1f4daf19310e61d61a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 10:32:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 37/49] system metrics

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go      |   31 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json    | 3834 ++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 2290 insertions(+), 1575 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
index c06358f697..e4c1efe28c 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -6,17 +6,18 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/collectors"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
 )
 
 // CryptosimMetrics holds Prometheus metrics for the cryptosim benchmark.
 type CryptosimMetrics struct {
-	reg                        *prometheus.Registry
-	ctx                        context.Context
-	blocksFinalizedTotal       prometheus.Counter
-	transactionsProcessedTotal prometheus.Counter
-	totalAccounts              prometheus.Gauge
-	totalErc20Contracts        prometheus.Gauge
+	reg                          *prometheus.Registry
+	ctx                          context.Context
+	blocksFinalizedTotal         prometheus.Counter
+	transactionsProcessedTotal   prometheus.Counter
+	totalAccounts                prometheus.Gauge
+	totalErc20Contracts          prometheus.Gauge
 	dbCommitsTotal               prometheus.Counter
 	mainThreadPhase              *PhaseTimer
 	transactionPhaseTimerFactory *PhaseTimerFactory
@@ -31,6 +32,12 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 ) *CryptosimMetrics {
 	reg := prometheus.NewRegistry()
 
+	// Register automatic process and Go runtime metrics (CPU, memory, goroutines, etc.)
+	reg.MustRegister(
+		collectors.NewGoCollector(),
+		collectors.NewProcessCollector(collectors.ProcessCollectorOpts{}),
+	)
+
 	blocksFinalizedTotal := prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
 		Name: "cryptosim_blocks_finalized_total",
 		Help: "Total number of blocks finalized",
@@ -63,12 +70,12 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 	)
 
 	return &CryptosimMetrics{
-		reg:                        reg,
-		ctx:                        ctx,
-		blocksFinalizedTotal:       blocksFinalizedTotal,
-		transactionsProcessedTotal: transactionsProcessedTotal,
-		totalAccounts:              totalAccounts,
-		totalErc20Contracts:        totalErc20Contracts,
+		reg:                          reg,
+		ctx:                          ctx,
+		blocksFinalizedTotal:         blocksFinalizedTotal,
+		transactionsProcessedTotal:   transactionsProcessedTotal,
+		totalAccounts:                totalAccounts,
+		totalErc20Contracts:          totalErc20Contracts,
 		dbCommitsTotal:               dbCommitsTotal,
 		mainThreadPhase:              mainThreadPhase,
 		transactionPhaseTimerFactory: transactionPhaseTimerFactory,
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
index 38b7c63c2e..2944b1c6e2 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
@@ -22,1489 +22,2369 @@
   "links": [],
   "panels": [
     {
-      "collapsed": false,
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 1,
-        "w": 24,
-        "x": 0,
-        "y": 0
-      },
-      "id": 17,
-      "panels": [],
-      "title": "Overview",
-      "type": "row"
-    },
-    {
-      "datasource": {
-        "type": "prometheus",
-        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-      },
-      "fieldConfig": {
-        "defaults": {
-          "color": {
-            "mode": "palette-classic"
-          },
-          "custom": {
-            "hideFrom": {
-              "legend": false,
-              "tooltip": false,
-              "viz": false
-            }
-          },
-          "mappings": [],
-          "unit": "s"
-        },
-        "overrides": []
-      },
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 16,
-        "w": 12,
-        "x": 0,
-        "y": 1
-      },
-      "id": 14,
-      "options": {
-        "legend": {
-          "displayMode": "list",
-          "placement": "bottom",
-          "showLegend": true
-        },
-        "pieType": "pie",
-        "reduceOptions": {
-          "calcs": [
-            "lastNotNull"
-          ],
-          "fields": "",
-          "values": false
-        },
-        "sort": "desc",
-        "tooltip": {
-          "hideZeros": false,
-          "mode": "single",
-          "sort": "none"
-        }
-      },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-      "targets": [
-        {
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
-          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "A"
-        }
-      ],
-      "title": "Time Spent",
-      "type": "piechart"
-    },
-    {
-      "datasource": {
-        "type": "prometheus",
-        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-      },
-      "fieldConfig": {
-        "defaults": {
-          "color": {
-            "mode": "palette-classic"
-          },
-          "custom": {
-            "axisBorderShow": false,
-            "axisCenteredZero": false,
-            "axisColorMode": "text",
-            "axisLabel": "",
-            "axisPlacement": "auto",
-            "barAlignment": 0,
-            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-            "drawStyle": "line",
-            "fillOpacity": 100,
-            "gradientMode": "none",
-            "hideFrom": {
-              "legend": false,
-              "tooltip": false,
-              "viz": false
-            },
-            "insertNulls": false,
-            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-            "lineWidth": 1,
-            "pointSize": 5,
-            "scaleDistribution": {
-              "type": "linear"
-            },
-            "showPoints": "auto",
-            "showValues": false,
-            "spanNulls": false,
-            "stacking": {
-              "group": "A",
-              "mode": "normal"
-            },
-            "thresholdsStyle": {
-              "mode": "off"
-            }
-          },
-          "mappings": [],
-          "thresholds": {
-            "mode": "absolute",
-            "steps": [
-              {
-                "color": "green",
-                "value": 0
-              },
-              {
-                "color": "red",
-                "value": 80
-              }
-            ]
-          },
-          "unit": "s"
-        },
-        "overrides": []
-      },
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 8,
-        "w": 12,
-        "x": 12,
-        "y": 1
-      },
-      "id": 15,
-      "options": {
-        "legend": {
-          "calcs": [],
-          "displayMode": "list",
-          "placement": "bottom",
-          "showLegend": true
-        },
-        "tooltip": {
-          "hideZeros": false,
-          "mode": "single",
-          "sort": "none"
-        }
-      },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-      "targets": [
-        {
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
-          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "A"
-        }
-      ],
-      "title": "Time Spent",
-      "type": "timeseries"
-    },
-    {
-      "datasource": {
-        "type": "prometheus",
-        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-      },
-      "fieldConfig": {
-        "defaults": {
-          "color": {
-            "mode": "palette-classic"
-          },
-          "custom": {
-            "axisBorderShow": false,
-            "axisCenteredZero": false,
-            "axisColorMode": "text",
-            "axisLabel": "",
-            "axisPlacement": "auto",
-            "barAlignment": 0,
-            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-            "drawStyle": "line",
-            "fillOpacity": 0,
-            "gradientMode": "none",
-            "hideFrom": {
-              "legend": false,
-              "tooltip": false,
-              "viz": false
-            },
-            "insertNulls": false,
-            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-            "lineWidth": 1,
-            "pointSize": 5,
-            "scaleDistribution": {
-              "type": "linear"
-            },
-            "showPoints": "auto",
-            "showValues": false,
-            "spanNulls": false,
-            "stacking": {
-              "group": "A",
-              "mode": "none"
-            },
-            "thresholdsStyle": {
-              "mode": "off"
-            }
-          },
-          "mappings": [],
-          "thresholds": {
-            "mode": "absolute",
-            "steps": [
-              {
-                "color": "green",
-                "value": 0
-              },
-              {
-                "color": "red",
-                "value": 80
-              }
-            ]
-          },
-          "unit": "locale"
-        },
-        "overrides": []
-      },
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 8,
-        "w": 12,
-        "x": 12,
-        "y": 9
-      },
-      "id": 16,
-      "options": {
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+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              },
+              "unit": "locale"
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 0,
+            "y": 13
+          },
+          "id": 10,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": false
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "single",
+              "sort": "none"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "cryptosim_erc20_contracts_total",
+              "legendFormat": "__auto",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Number of ERC20 Contracts",
+          "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
           "datasource": {
             "type": "prometheus",
             "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
           },
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval])",
-          "instant": false,
-          "legendFormat": "average",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "D"
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "mappings": [],
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 12,
+            "y": 13
+          },
+          "id": 11,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": false
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "single",
+              "sort": "none"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "rate(cryptosim_erc20_contracts_total[$__rate_interval])",
+              "legendFormat": "__auto",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "ERC20 Contracts Created / Second",
+          "type": "timeseries"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Update Balances Time",
-      "type": "timeseries"
+      "title": "State Size",
+      "type": "row"
     },
     {
       "collapsed": false,
@@ -1512,11 +2392,11 @@
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 66
+        "y": 5
       },
-      "id": 8,
+      "id": 29,
       "panels": [],
-      "title": "Blocks",
+      "title": "Memory",
       "type": "row"
     },
     {
@@ -1576,7 +2456,8 @@
                 "value": 80
               }
             ]
-          }
+          },
+          "unit": "bytes"
         },
         "overrides": []
       },
@@ -1584,9 +2465,9 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 67
+        "y": 6
       },
-      "id": 1,
+      "id": 31,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
@@ -1603,18 +2484,14 @@
       "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
       "targets": [
         {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_blocks_finalized_total[$__rate_interval ])",
-          "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
+          "expr": "process_resident_memory_bytes",
+          "legendFormat": "__auto",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Blocks / Second",
+      "title": "Resident Memory",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
     {
@@ -1675,7 +2552,7 @@
               }
             ]
           },
-          "unit": "s"
+          "unit": "bytes"
         },
         "overrides": []
       },
@@ -1683,152 +2560,9 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 12,
-        "y": 67
-      },
-      "id": 18,
-      "options": {
-        "legend": {
-          "calcs": [],
-          "displayMode": "list",
-          "placement": "bottom",
-          "showLegend": true
-        },
-        "tooltip": {
-          "hideZeros": false,
-          "mode": "single",
-          "sort": "none"
-        }
-      },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-      "targets": [
-        {
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
-          "legendFormat": "p99",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "A"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
-          "instant": false,
-          "legendFormat": "p95",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "B"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
-          "instant": false,
-          "legendFormat": "p50",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "C"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval])",
-          "instant": false,
-          "legendFormat": "average",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "D"
-        }
-      ],
-      "title": "Block Finalization Time",
-      "type": "timeseries"
-    },
-    {
-      "collapsed": false,
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 1,
-        "w": 24,
-        "x": 0,
-        "y": 75
-      },
-      "id": 12,
-      "panels": [],
-      "title": "Commit",
-      "type": "row"
-    },
-    {
-      "datasource": {
-        "type": "prometheus",
-        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-      },
-      "fieldConfig": {
-        "defaults": {
-          "color": {
-            "mode": "palette-classic"
-          },
-          "custom": {
-            "axisBorderShow": false,
-            "axisCenteredZero": false,
-            "axisColorMode": "text",
-            "axisLabel": "",
-            "axisPlacement": "auto",
-            "barAlignment": 0,
-            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-            "drawStyle": "line",
-            "fillOpacity": 0,
-            "gradientMode": "none",
-            "hideFrom": {
-              "legend": false,
-              "tooltip": false,
-              "viz": false
-            },
-            "insertNulls": false,
-            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-            "lineWidth": 1,
-            "pointSize": 5,
-            "scaleDistribution": {
-              "type": "linear"
-            },
-            "showPoints": "auto",
-            "showValues": false,
-            "spanNulls": false,
-            "stacking": {
-              "group": "A",
-              "mode": "none"
-            },
-            "thresholdsStyle": {
-              "mode": "off"
-            }
-          },
-          "mappings": [],
-          "thresholds": {
-            "mode": "absolute",
-            "steps": [
-              {
-                "color": "green",
-                "value": 0
-              },
-              {
-                "color": "red",
-                "value": 80
-              }
-            ]
-          }
-        },
-        "overrides": []
-      },
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 8,
-        "w": 12,
-        "x": 0,
-        "y": 76
+        "y": 6
       },
-      "id": 3,
+      "id": 36,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
@@ -1845,18 +2579,14 @@
       "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
       "targets": [
         {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commits_total[$__rate_interval])",
-          "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
+          "expr": "go_memstats_alloc_bytes",
+          "legendFormat": "__auto",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Commits / Second",
+      "title": "Heap Size",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
     {
@@ -1924,16 +2654,16 @@
       "gridPos": {
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
-        "x": 12,
-        "y": 76
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 14
       },
-      "id": 4,
+      "id": 38,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
           "displayMode": "list",
           "placement": "bottom",
-          "showLegend": true
+          "showLegend": false
         },
         "tooltip": {
           "hideZeros": false,
@@ -1945,49 +2675,13 @@
       "targets": [
         {
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
-          "legendFormat": "p99",
+          "expr": "rate(go_gc_duration_seconds_sum[$__rate_interval]) / rate(go_gc_duration_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
+          "legendFormat": "__auto",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
-          "instant": false,
-          "legendFormat": "p95",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "B"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
-          "instant": false,
-          "legendFormat": "p50",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "C"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval])",
-          "instant": false,
-          "legendFormat": "average",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "D"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "DB Commit Time",
+      "title": "Average GC Pause",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
     {
@@ -1996,11 +2690,11 @@
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 84
+        "y": 22
       },
-      "id": 9,
+      "id": 35,
       "panels": [],
-      "title": "State Size",
+      "title": "CPU",
       "type": "row"
     },
     {
@@ -2060,8 +2754,7 @@
                 "value": 80
               }
             ]
-          },
-          "unit": "locale"
+          }
         },
         "overrides": []
       },
@@ -2069,9 +2762,9 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 85
+        "y": 23
       },
-      "id": 6,
+      "id": 30,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
@@ -2089,13 +2782,13 @@
       "targets": [
         {
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "cryptosim_accounts_total",
+          "expr": "rate(process_cpu_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
           "legendFormat": "__auto",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Number of Accounts",
+      "title": "CPU Seconds",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
     {
@@ -2155,7 +2848,8 @@
                 "value": 80
               }
             ]
-          }
+          },
+          "unit": "locale"
         },
         "overrides": []
       },
@@ -2163,9 +2857,9 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 12,
-        "y": 85
+        "y": 23
       },
-      "id": 7,
+      "id": 33,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
@@ -2183,13 +2877,13 @@
       "targets": [
         {
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_accounts_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "expr": "go_goroutines",
           "legendFormat": "__auto",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Accounts Created / Second",
+      "title": "Goroutines",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
     {
@@ -2258,9 +2952,9 @@
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 93
+        "y": 31
       },
-      "id": 10,
+      "id": 34,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
@@ -2278,15 +2972,28 @@
       "targets": [
         {
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "cryptosim_erc20_contracts_total",
+          "expr": "go_threads",
           "legendFormat": "__auto",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Number of ERC20 Contracts",
+      "title": "Threads",
       "type": "timeseries"
     },
+    {
+      "collapsed": false,
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 39
+      },
+      "id": 37,
+      "panels": [],
+      "title": "File System",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
     {
       "datasource": {
         "type": "prometheus",
@@ -2344,17 +3051,18 @@
                 "value": 80
               }
             ]
-          }
+          },
+          "unit": "locale"
         },
         "overrides": []
       },
       "gridPos": {
         "h": 8,
         "w": 12,
-        "x": 12,
-        "y": 93
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 40
       },
-      "id": 11,
+      "id": 32,
       "options": {
         "legend": {
           "calcs": [],
@@ -2372,13 +3080,13 @@
       "targets": [
         {
           "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_erc20_contracts_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "expr": "process_open_fds",
           "legendFormat": "__auto",
           "range": true,
           "refId": "A"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "ERC20 Contracts Created / Second",
+      "title": "Open File Descriptors",
       "type": "timeseries"
     }
   ],
@@ -2390,13 +3098,13 @@
     "list": []
   },
   "time": {
-    "from": "now-5m",
+    "from": "now-15m",
     "to": "now"
   },
   "timepicker": {},
   "timezone": "browser",
   "title": "CryptoSim",
   "uid": "adnqfm4",
-  "version": 9,
+  "version": 10,
   "weekStart": ""
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 40503cbeb76a00ca923e911a4ea671974ef16dfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 10:45:23 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 38/49] Metrics for data size on disk

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  |  6 +-
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  |  2 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       |  7 ++
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go      | 67 ++++++++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index c2ffaeb53d..1f5ea21038 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "Comment": "Basic configuration for the cryptosim benchmark. Intended for basic correctness/sanity testing.",
   "Backend": "FlatKV",
   "BlocksPerCommit": 32,
-  "CannedRandomSize": 1073741824,  
+  "CannedRandomSize": 1073741824,
   "ConstantThreadCount": 0,
   "ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds": 1,
   "ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions": 1000000,
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
   "HotErc20ContractSetSize": 100,
   "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 1000000,
   "MetricsAddr": ":9090",
-  "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 1000000,
   "MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts": 10000,
   "NewAccountProbability": 0.001,
   "PaddedAccountSize": 69,
@@ -26,5 +25,6 @@
   "ThreadsPerCore": 2.0,
   "TransactionsPerBlock": 1024,
   "MaxRuntimeSeconds": 0,
-  "TransactionMetricsSampleRate": 0.001
+  "TransactionMetricsSampleRate": 0.001,
+  "DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds": 60
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 66a8a1eb3c..836d90bea7 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 	}
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
-	metrics := NewCryptosimMetrics(ctx, config.MetricsAddr)
+	metrics := NewCryptosimMetrics(ctx, config)
 	// Server start deferred until after DataGenerator loads DB state and sets gauges,
 	// avoiding rate() spikes when restarting with a preserved DB.
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index a782ee3005..dfa85dd212 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -114,6 +114,9 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 
 	// The probability of capturing detailed metrics about a transaction. Should be a value between 0.0 and 1.0.
 	TransactionMetricsSampleRate float64
+
+	// How often (in seconds) to measure and export the data directory size. If 0, size sampling is disabled.
+	DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds int
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
@@ -148,6 +151,7 @@ func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 		MaxRuntimeSeconds:                 0,
 		MetricsAddr:                       ":9090",
 		TransactionMetricsSampleRate:      0.001,
+		DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds:        60,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -213,6 +217,9 @@ func (c *CryptoSimConfig) Validate() error {
 	if c.TransactionMetricsSampleRate < 0 || c.TransactionMetricsSampleRate > 1 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("TransactionMetricsSampleRate must be in [0, 1] (got %f)", c.TransactionMetricsSampleRate)
 	}
+	if c.DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds must be non-negative (got %d)", c.DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds)
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
index e4c1efe28c..cccdbb534b 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ package cryptosim
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"io/fs"
 	"net/http"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
@@ -19,16 +21,18 @@ type CryptosimMetrics struct {
 	totalAccounts                prometheus.Gauge
 	totalErc20Contracts          prometheus.Gauge
 	dbCommitsTotal               prometheus.Counter
+	dataDirSizeBytes             prometheus.Gauge
 	mainThreadPhase              *PhaseTimer
 	transactionPhaseTimerFactory *PhaseTimerFactory
 }
 
 // NewCryptosimMetrics creates metrics for the cryptosim benchmark. A dedicated
 // registry is created internally. When ctx is cancelled, the metrics HTTP server
-// (if started) is shut down gracefully.
+// (if started) is shut down gracefully. Data directory size sampling is started
+// automatically when DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds > 0.
 func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 	ctx context.Context,
-	metricsAddr string,
+	config *CryptoSimConfig,
 ) *CryptosimMetrics {
 	reg := prometheus.NewRegistry()
 
@@ -58,6 +62,10 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		Name: "cryptosim_db_commits_total",
 		Help: "Total number of database commits",
 	})
+	dataDirSizeBytes := prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_data_dir_size_bytes",
+		Help: "Approximate size in bytes of the benchmark data directory",
+	})
 	mainThreadPhase := NewPhaseTimer(reg, "main_thread")
 	transactionPhaseTimerFactory := NewPhaseTimerFactory(reg, "transaction")
 
@@ -67,9 +75,10 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		totalAccounts,
 		totalErc20Contracts,
 		dbCommitsTotal,
+		dataDirSizeBytes,
 	)
 
-	return &CryptosimMetrics{
+	m := &CryptosimMetrics{
 		reg:                          reg,
 		ctx:                          ctx,
 		blocksFinalizedTotal:         blocksFinalizedTotal,
@@ -77,9 +86,16 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		totalAccounts:                totalAccounts,
 		totalErc20Contracts:          totalErc20Contracts,
 		dbCommitsTotal:               dbCommitsTotal,
+		dataDirSizeBytes:             dataDirSizeBytes,
 		mainThreadPhase:              mainThreadPhase,
 		transactionPhaseTimerFactory: transactionPhaseTimerFactory,
 	}
+	if config != nil && config.DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds > 0 && config.DataDir != "" {
+		if dataDir, err := resolveAndCreateDataDir(config.DataDir); err == nil {
+			m.startDataDirSizeSampling(dataDir, config.DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds)
+		}
+	}
+	return m
 }
 
 // StartServer starts the metrics HTTP server. Call this after loading initial
@@ -92,6 +108,51 @@ func (m *CryptosimMetrics) StartServer(addr string) {
 	startMetricsServer(m.ctx, m.reg, addr)
 }
 
+// startDataDirSizeSampling starts a goroutine that periodically measures the
+// size of dataDir and exports it to cryptosim_data_dir_size_bytes. The first
+// measurement runs immediately so the gauge is never left at 0 for Prometheus scrapes.
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) startDataDirSizeSampling(dataDir string, intervalSeconds int) {
+	if m == nil || intervalSeconds <= 0 || dataDir == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	interval := time.Duration(intervalSeconds) * time.Second
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(interval)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		// Measure immediately, then on each tick.
+		m.dataDirSizeBytes.Set(float64(measureDataDirSize(dataDir)))
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-m.ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				m.dataDirSizeBytes.Set(float64(measureDataDirSize(dataDir)))
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// measureDataDirSize walks the directory tree and sums file sizes.
+// Ignores errors from individual entries (e.g., removed or inaccessible files).
+func measureDataDirSize(dataDir string) int64 {
+	var total int64
+	_ = filepath.WalkDir(dataDir, func(path string, entry fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil // Skip problematic entries, continue with partial result.
+		}
+		if entry.IsDir() {
+			return nil
+		}
+		info, err := entry.Info()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		total += info.Size()
+		return nil
+	})
+	return total
+}
+
 // startMetricsServer starts an HTTP server serving /metrics from reg. When ctx is
 // cancelled, the server is shut down gracefully.
 func startMetricsServer(ctx context.Context, reg *prometheus.Registry, addr string) {

From 0ee484442a71ddd021df16878679e5c28d0523d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 10:49:24 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 39/49] Capture available disk space

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go      | 31 ++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
index cccdbb534b..b6bb1528e6 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/collectors"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
 
 // CryptosimMetrics holds Prometheus metrics for the cryptosim benchmark.
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ type CryptosimMetrics struct {
 	totalErc20Contracts          prometheus.Gauge
 	dbCommitsTotal               prometheus.Counter
 	dataDirSizeBytes             prometheus.Gauge
+	dataDirAvailableBytes        prometheus.Gauge
 	mainThreadPhase              *PhaseTimer
 	transactionPhaseTimerFactory *PhaseTimerFactory
 }
@@ -66,6 +68,10 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		Name: "cryptosim_data_dir_size_bytes",
 		Help: "Approximate size in bytes of the benchmark data directory",
 	})
+	dataDirAvailableBytes := prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_data_dir_available_bytes",
+		Help: "Available disk space in bytes on the filesystem containing the data directory",
+	})
 	mainThreadPhase := NewPhaseTimer(reg, "main_thread")
 	transactionPhaseTimerFactory := NewPhaseTimerFactory(reg, "transaction")
 
@@ -76,6 +82,7 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		totalErc20Contracts,
 		dbCommitsTotal,
 		dataDirSizeBytes,
+		dataDirAvailableBytes,
 	)
 
 	m := &CryptosimMetrics{
@@ -87,6 +94,7 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		totalErc20Contracts:          totalErc20Contracts,
 		dbCommitsTotal:               dbCommitsTotal,
 		dataDirSizeBytes:             dataDirSizeBytes,
+		dataDirAvailableBytes:        dataDirAvailableBytes,
 		mainThreadPhase:              mainThreadPhase,
 		transactionPhaseTimerFactory: transactionPhaseTimerFactory,
 	}
@@ -109,8 +117,8 @@ func (m *CryptosimMetrics) StartServer(addr string) {
 }
 
 // startDataDirSizeSampling starts a goroutine that periodically measures the
-// size of dataDir and exports it to cryptosim_data_dir_size_bytes. The first
-// measurement runs immediately so the gauge is never left at 0 for Prometheus scrapes.
+// size and available disk space of dataDir and exports them. The first
+// measurement runs immediately so the gauges are never left at 0 for Prometheus scrapes.
 func (m *CryptosimMetrics) startDataDirSizeSampling(dataDir string, intervalSeconds int) {
 	if m == nil || intervalSeconds <= 0 || dataDir == "" {
 		return
@@ -119,19 +127,32 @@ func (m *CryptosimMetrics) startDataDirSizeSampling(dataDir string, intervalSeco
 	go func() {
 		ticker := time.NewTicker(interval)
 		defer ticker.Stop()
-		// Measure immediately, then on each tick.
-		m.dataDirSizeBytes.Set(float64(measureDataDirSize(dataDir)))
+		sample := func() {
+			m.dataDirSizeBytes.Set(float64(measureDataDirSize(dataDir)))
+			m.dataDirAvailableBytes.Set(float64(measureDataDirAvailableBytes(dataDir)))
+		}
+		sample()
 		for {
 			select {
 			case <-m.ctx.Done():
 				return
 			case <-ticker.C:
-				m.dataDirSizeBytes.Set(float64(measureDataDirSize(dataDir)))
+				sample()
 			}
 		}
 	}()
 }
 
+// measureDataDirAvailableBytes returns the available disk space in bytes for the
+// filesystem containing dataDir. Returns 0 on error or unsupported platforms.
+func measureDataDirAvailableBytes(dataDir string) int64 {
+	var stat unix.Statfs_t
+	if err := unix.Statfs(dataDir, &stat); err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return int64(stat.Bavail) * int64(stat.Bsize)
+}
+
 // measureDataDirSize walks the directory tree and sums file sizes.
 // Ignores errors from individual entries (e.g., removed or inaccessible files).
 func measureDataDirSize(dataDir string) int64 {

From 11315093ebeeeca4838efcef7adfe38e7b1f4a0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 10:52:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 40/49] more dashboards

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  | 3520 ++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 3491 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index 1f5ea21038..d92820d16b 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -1,30 +1,3492 @@
 {
-  "Comment": "Basic configuration for the cryptosim benchmark. Intended for basic correctness/sanity testing.",
-  "Backend": "FlatKV",
-  "BlocksPerCommit": 32,
-  "CannedRandomSize": 1073741824,
-  "ConstantThreadCount": 0,
-  "ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds": 1,
-  "ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions": 1000000,
-  "DataDir": "data",
-  "Erc20ContractSize": 2048,
-  "Erc20InteractionsPerAccount": 10,
-  "Erc20StorageSlotSize": 32,
-  "ExecutorQueueSize": 64,
-  "HotAccountProbability": 0.1,
-  "HotAccountSetSize": 100,
-  "HotErc20ContractProbability": 0.5,
-  "HotErc20ContractSetSize": 100,
-  "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 1000000,
-  "MetricsAddr": ":9090",
-  "MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts": 10000,
-  "NewAccountProbability": 0.001,
-  "PaddedAccountSize": 69,
-  "Seed": 1337,
-  "SetupUpdateIntervalCount": 100000,
-  "ThreadsPerCore": 2.0,
-  "TransactionsPerBlock": 1024,
-  "MaxRuntimeSeconds": 0,
-  "TransactionMetricsSampleRate": 0.001,
-  "DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds": 60
-}
+  "annotations": {
+    "list": [
+      {
+        "builtIn": 1,
+        "datasource": {
+          "type": "grafana",
+          "uid": "-- Grafana --"
+        },
+        "enable": true,
+        "hide": true,
+        "iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
+        "name": "Annotations & Alerts",
+        "type": "dashboard"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "description": "A DB microbenchmark, workload is a simulation of ERC20 crypto-transfer traffic.",
+  "editable": true,
+  "fiscalYearStartMonth": 0,
+  "graphTooltip": 0,
+  "links": [],
+  "panels": [
+    {
+      "collapsed": false,
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 0
+      },
+      "id": 17,
+      "panels": [],
+      "title": "Overview",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 16,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 14,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "pieType": "pie",
+        "reduceOptions": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "lastNotNull"
+          ],
+          "fields": "",
+          "values": false
+        },
+        "sort": "desc",
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Time Spent",
+      "type": "piechart"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 100,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "normal"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 15,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Time Spent",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "locale"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 9
+      },
+      "id": 16,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": false
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_transactions_processed_total[5m])",
+          "legendFormat": "__auto",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Transactions / Second",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "collapsed": true,
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 17
+      },
+      "id": 13,
+      "panels": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                }
+              },
+              "mappings": [],
+              "unit": "s"
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 16,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 0,
+            "y": 18
+          },
+          "id": 20,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": true
+            },
+            "pieType": "pie",
+            "reduceOptions": {
+              "calcs": [
+                "lastNotNull"
+              ],
+              "fields": "",
+              "values": false
+            },
+            "sort": "desc",
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "single",
+              "sort": "none"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+              "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Transaction Time",
+          "type": "piechart"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "mappings": [],
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              },
+              "unit": "s"
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 12,
+            "y": 18
+          },
+          "id": 19,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": true
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "single",
+              "sort": "none"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "legendFormat": "p99",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            },
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "instant": false,
+              "legendFormat": "p95",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "B"
+            },
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "instant": false,
+              "legendFormat": "p50",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "C"
+            },
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+              "instant": false,
+              "legendFormat": "average",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "D"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Block Execution Time",
+          "type": "timeseries"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 100,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "normal"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
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+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "mappings": [],
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              },
+              "unit": "binBps"
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 12,
+            "y": 136
+          },
+          "id": 40,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": false
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "single",
+              "sort": "none"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "deriv(cryptosim_data_dir_size_bytes[5m])",
+              "legendFormat": "__auto",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Data Growth",
+          "type": "timeseries"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "mappings": [],
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              },
+              "unit": "bytes"
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 0,
+            "y": 144
+          },
+          "id": 41,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": false
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "single",
+              "sort": "none"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "cryptosim_data_dir_available_bytes",
+              "legendFormat": "__auto",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Available Disk Space",
+          "type": "timeseries"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "mappings": [],
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              },
+              "unit": "bytes"
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 12,
+            "y": 144
+          },
+          "id": 42,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": false
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "single",
+              "sort": "none"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "cryptosim_data_dir_size_bytes / cryptosim_accounts_total",
+              "legendFormat": "__auto",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Bytes Per Account",
+          "type": "timeseries"
+        },
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
+              "custom": {
+                "axisBorderShow": false,
+                "axisCenteredZero": false,
+                "axisColorMode": "text",
+                "axisLabel": "",
+                "axisPlacement": "auto",
+                "barAlignment": 0,
+                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+                "drawStyle": "line",
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "gradientMode": "none",
+                "hideFrom": {
+                  "legend": false,
+                  "tooltip": false,
+                  "viz": false
+                },
+                "insertNulls": false,
+                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+                "lineWidth": 1,
+                "pointSize": 5,
+                "scaleDistribution": {
+                  "type": "linear"
+                },
+                "showPoints": "auto",
+                "showValues": false,
+                "spanNulls": false,
+                "stacking": {
+                  "group": "A",
+                  "mode": "none"
+                },
+                "thresholdsStyle": {
+                  "mode": "off"
+                }
+              },
+              "mappings": [],
+              "thresholds": {
+                "mode": "absolute",
+                "steps": [
+                  {
+                    "color": "green",
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "color": "red",
+                    "value": 80
+                  }
+                ]
+              },
+              "unit": "locale"
+            },
+            "overrides": []
+          },
+          "gridPos": {
+            "h": 8,
+            "w": 12,
+            "x": 0,
+            "y": 152
+          },
+          "id": 32,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": false
+            },
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "single",
+              "sort": "none"
+            }
+          },
+          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "process_open_fds",
+              "legendFormat": "__auto",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Open File Descriptors",
+          "type": "timeseries"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "File System",
+      "type": "row"
+    }
+  ],
+  "preload": false,
+  "refresh": "5s",
+  "schemaVersion": 42,
+  "tags": [],
+  "templating": {
+    "list": []
+  },
+  "time": {
+    "from": "now-15m",
+    "to": "now"
+  },
+  "timepicker": {},
+  "timezone": "browser",
+  "title": "CryptoSim",
+  "uid": "adnqfm4",
+  "version": 11,
+  "weekStart": ""
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 485b98a49531fa1db38fe7aeac97745184775dcb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 11:23:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 41/49] fix bug

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
index cb2e6dfea0..3582f965de 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction.go
@@ -143,6 +143,9 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get source account: %w", err)
 	}
+	srcAccountValueCopy := make([]byte, len(srcAccountValue))
+	copy(srcAccountValueCopy, srcAccountValue)
+	srcAccountValue = srcAccountValueCopy
 
 	if txn.isSrcNew {
 		// This is a new account, so we should not find it in the DB.
@@ -176,6 +179,9 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 			return fmt.Errorf("destination account not found")
 		}
 	}
+	dstAccountValueCopy := make([]byte, len(dstAccountValue))
+	copy(dstAccountValueCopy, dstAccountValue)
+	dstAccountValue = dstAccountValueCopy
 
 	phaseTimer.SetPhase("read_src_account_slot")
 
@@ -205,6 +211,9 @@ func (txn *transaction) Execute(
 	if !found {
 		return fmt.Errorf("fee collection account not found")
 	}
+	feeValueCopy := make([]byte, len(feeValue))
+	copy(feeValueCopy, feeValue)
+	feeValue = feeValueCopy
 
 	phaseTimer.SetPhase("update_balances")
 

From f6f61d16c42147a6ad85f1106b5a7f9386deb7e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 12:30:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 42/49] more metrics

---
 go.mod                                        |    1 +
 go.sum                                        |    1 +
 .../bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json  | 3520 +----------------
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  |    3 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go       |   11 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go      |  132 +-
 .../bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json    | 2425 +++++++-----
 .../bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go   |    1 +
 8 files changed, 1626 insertions(+), 4468 deletions(-)

diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 8ca2814fe7..35420d16f2 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -334,6 +334,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/securego/gosec/v2 v2.13.1 // indirect
 	github.com/shazow/go-diff v0.0.0-20160112020656-b6b7b6733b8c // indirect
 	github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.11+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3 v3.23.2
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3 // indirect
 	github.com/sivchari/containedctx v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/sivchari/nosnakecase v1.7.0 // indirect
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 7aae2ae68e..ac7f48c35c 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -2048,6 +2048,7 @@ github.com/shazow/go-diff v0.0.0-20160112020656-b6b7b6733b8c/go.mod h1:/PevMnwAx
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible/go.mod h1:5b4v6he4MtMOwMlS0TUMTu2PcXUg8+E1lC7eC3UO/RA=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.11+incompatible h1:+1+c1VGhc88SSonWP6foOcLhvnKlUeu/erjjvaPEYiI=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.11+incompatible/go.mod h1:5b4v6he4MtMOwMlS0TUMTu2PcXUg8+E1lC7eC3UO/RA=
+github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3 v3.23.2 h1:PAWSuiAszn7IhPMBtXsbSCafej7PqUOvY6YywlQUExU=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3 v3.23.2/go.mod h1:gv0aQw33GLo3pG8SiWKiQrbDzbRY1K80RyZJ7V4Th1M=
 github.com/shurcooL/go v0.0.0-20180423040247-9e1955d9fb6e/go.mod h1:TDJrrUr11Vxrven61rcy3hJMUqaf/CLWYhHNPmT14Lk=
 github.com/shurcooL/go v0.0.0-20200502201357-93f07166e636/go.mod h1:TDJrrUr11Vxrven61rcy3hJMUqaf/CLWYhHNPmT14Lk=
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
index d92820d16b..15d172acac 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/basic-config.json
@@ -1,3492 +1,30 @@
 {
-  "annotations": {
-    "list": [
-      {
-        "builtIn": 1,
-        "datasource": {
-          "type": "grafana",
-          "uid": "-- Grafana --"
-        },
-        "enable": true,
-        "hide": true,
-        "iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
-        "name": "Annotations & Alerts",
-        "type": "dashboard"
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  "description": "A DB microbenchmark, workload is a simulation of ERC20 crypto-transfer traffic.",
-  "editable": true,
-  "fiscalYearStartMonth": 0,
-  "graphTooltip": 0,
-  "links": [],
-  "panels": [
-    {
-      "collapsed": false,
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 1,
-        "w": 24,
-        "x": 0,
-        "y": 0
-      },
-      "id": 17,
-      "panels": [],
-      "title": "Overview",
-      "type": "row"
-    },
-    {
-      "datasource": {
-        "type": "prometheus",
-        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-      },
-      "fieldConfig": {
-        "defaults": {
-          "color": {
-            "mode": "palette-classic"
-          },
-          "custom": {
-            "hideFrom": {
-              "legend": false,
-              "tooltip": false,
-              "viz": false
-            }
-          },
-          "mappings": [],
-          "unit": "s"
-        },
-        "overrides": []
-      },
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 16,
-        "w": 12,
-        "x": 0,
-        "y": 1
-      },
-      "id": 14,
-      "options": {
-        "legend": {
-          "displayMode": "list",
-          "placement": "bottom",
-          "showLegend": true
-        },
-        "pieType": "pie",
-        "reduceOptions": {
-          "calcs": [
-            "lastNotNull"
-          ],
-          "fields": "",
-          "values": false
-        },
-        "sort": "desc",
-        "tooltip": {
-          "hideZeros": false,
-          "mode": "single",
-          "sort": "none"
-        }
-      },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-      "targets": [
-        {
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
-          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "A"
-        }
-      ],
-      "title": "Time Spent",
-      "type": "piechart"
-    },
-    {
-      "datasource": {
-        "type": "prometheus",
-        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-      },
-      "fieldConfig": {
-        "defaults": {
-          "color": {
-            "mode": "palette-classic"
-          },
-          "custom": {
-            "axisBorderShow": false,
-            "axisCenteredZero": false,
-            "axisColorMode": "text",
-            "axisLabel": "",
-            "axisPlacement": "auto",
-            "barAlignment": 0,
-            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-            "drawStyle": "line",
-            "fillOpacity": 100,
-            "gradientMode": "none",
-            "hideFrom": {
-              "legend": false,
-              "tooltip": false,
-              "viz": false
-            },
-            "insertNulls": false,
-            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-            "lineWidth": 1,
-            "pointSize": 5,
-            "scaleDistribution": {
-              "type": "linear"
-            },
-            "showPoints": "auto",
-            "showValues": false,
-            "spanNulls": false,
-            "stacking": {
-              "group": "A",
-              "mode": "normal"
-            },
-            "thresholdsStyle": {
-              "mode": "off"
-            }
-          },
-          "mappings": [],
-          "thresholds": {
-            "mode": "absolute",
-            "steps": [
-              {
-                "color": "green",
-                "value": 0
-              },
-              {
-                "color": "red",
-                "value": 80
-              }
-            ]
-          },
-          "unit": "s"
-        },
-        "overrides": []
-      },
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 8,
-        "w": 12,
-        "x": 12,
-        "y": 1
-      },
-      "id": 15,
-      "options": {
-        "legend": {
-          "calcs": [],
-          "displayMode": "list",
-          "placement": "bottom",
-          "showLegend": true
-        },
-        "tooltip": {
-          "hideZeros": false,
-          "mode": "single",
-          "sort": "none"
-        }
-      },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-      "targets": [
-        {
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
-          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "A"
-        }
-      ],
-      "title": "Time Spent",
-      "type": "timeseries"
-    },
-    {
-      "datasource": {
-        "type": "prometheus",
-        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-      },
-      "fieldConfig": {
-        "defaults": {
-          "color": {
-            "mode": "palette-classic"
-          },
-          "custom": {
-            "axisBorderShow": false,
-            "axisCenteredZero": false,
-            "axisColorMode": "text",
-            "axisLabel": "",
-            "axisPlacement": "auto",
-            "barAlignment": 0,
-            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-            "drawStyle": "line",
-            "fillOpacity": 0,
-            "gradientMode": "none",
-            "hideFrom": {
-              "legend": false,
-              "tooltip": false,
-              "viz": false
-            },
-            "insertNulls": false,
-            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-            "lineWidth": 1,
-            "pointSize": 5,
-            "scaleDistribution": {
-              "type": "linear"
-            },
-            "showPoints": "auto",
-            "showValues": false,
-            "spanNulls": false,
-            "stacking": {
-              "group": "A",
-              "mode": "none"
-            },
-            "thresholdsStyle": {
-              "mode": "off"
-            }
-          },
-          "mappings": [],
-          "thresholds": {
-            "mode": "absolute",
-            "steps": [
-              {
-                "color": "green",
-                "value": 0
-              },
-              {
-                "color": "red",
-                "value": 80
-              }
-            ]
-          },
-          "unit": "locale"
-        },
-        "overrides": []
-      },
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 8,
-        "w": 12,
-        "x": 12,
-        "y": 9
-      },
-      "id": 16,
-      "options": {
-        "legend": {
-          "calcs": [],
-          "displayMode": "list",
-          "placement": "bottom",
-          "showLegend": false
-        },
-        "tooltip": {
-          "hideZeros": false,
-          "mode": "single",
-          "sort": "none"
-        }
-      },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-      "targets": [
-        {
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_transactions_processed_total[5m])",
-          "legendFormat": "__auto",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "A"
-        }
-      ],
-      "title": "Transactions / Second",
-      "type": "timeseries"
-    },
-    {
-      "collapsed": true,
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 1,
-        "w": 24,
-        "x": 0,
-        "y": 17
-      },
-      "id": 13,
-      "panels": [
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "fieldConfig": {
-            "defaults": {
-              "color": {
-                "mode": "palette-classic"
-              },
-              "custom": {
-                "hideFrom": {
-                  "legend": false,
-                  "tooltip": false,
-                  "viz": false
-                }
-              },
-              "mappings": [],
-              "unit": "s"
-            },
-            "overrides": []
-          },
-          "gridPos": {
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-          "title": "Goroutines",
-          "type": "timeseries"
-        },
-        {
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-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
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-        "x": 0,
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-      "panels": [
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-            "type": "prometheus",
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-          "fieldConfig": {
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-                "axisColorMode": "text",
-                "axisLabel": "",
-                "axisPlacement": "auto",
-                "barAlignment": 0,
-                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-                "drawStyle": "line",
-                "fillOpacity": 0,
-                "gradientMode": "none",
-                "hideFrom": {
-                  "legend": false,
-                  "tooltip": false,
-                  "viz": false
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-                "insertNulls": false,
-                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
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-                "pointSize": 5,
-                "scaleDistribution": {
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-                "showPoints": "auto",
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-                "spanNulls": false,
-                "stacking": {
-                  "group": "A",
-                  "mode": "none"
-                },
-                "thresholdsStyle": {
-                  "mode": "off"
-                }
-              },
-              "mappings": [],
-              "thresholds": {
-                "mode": "absolute",
-                "steps": [
-                  {
-                    "color": "green",
-                    "value": 0
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "color": "red",
-                    "value": 80
-                  }
-                ]
-              },
-              "unit": "bytes"
-            },
-            "overrides": []
-          },
-          "gridPos": {
-            "h": 8,
-            "w": 12,
-            "x": 0,
-            "y": 136
-          },
-          "id": 39,
-          "options": {
-            "legend": {
-              "calcs": [],
-              "displayMode": "list",
-              "placement": "bottom",
-              "showLegend": false
-            },
-            "tooltip": {
-              "hideZeros": false,
-              "mode": "single",
-              "sort": "none"
-            }
-          },
-          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-          "targets": [
-            {
-              "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "cryptosim_data_dir_size_bytes",
-              "legendFormat": "__auto",
-              "range": true,
-              "refId": "A"
-            }
-          ],
-          "title": "Data On Disk",
-          "type": "timeseries"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "fieldConfig": {
-            "defaults": {
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-                "axisCenteredZero": false,
-                "axisColorMode": "text",
-                "axisLabel": "",
-                "axisPlacement": "auto",
-                "barAlignment": 0,
-                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-                "drawStyle": "line",
-                "fillOpacity": 0,
-                "gradientMode": "none",
-                "hideFrom": {
-                  "legend": false,
-                  "tooltip": false,
-                  "viz": false
-                },
-                "insertNulls": false,
-                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-                "lineWidth": 1,
-                "pointSize": 5,
-                "scaleDistribution": {
-                  "type": "linear"
-                },
-                "showPoints": "auto",
-                "showValues": false,
-                "spanNulls": false,
-                "stacking": {
-                  "group": "A",
-                  "mode": "none"
-                },
-                "thresholdsStyle": {
-                  "mode": "off"
-                }
-              },
-              "mappings": [],
-              "thresholds": {
-                "mode": "absolute",
-                "steps": [
-                  {
-                    "color": "green",
-                    "value": 0
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "color": "red",
-                    "value": 80
-                  }
-                ]
-              },
-              "unit": "binBps"
-            },
-            "overrides": []
-          },
-          "gridPos": {
-            "h": 8,
-            "w": 12,
-            "x": 12,
-            "y": 136
-          },
-          "id": 40,
-          "options": {
-            "legend": {
-              "calcs": [],
-              "displayMode": "list",
-              "placement": "bottom",
-              "showLegend": false
-            },
-            "tooltip": {
-              "hideZeros": false,
-              "mode": "single",
-              "sort": "none"
-            }
-          },
-          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-          "targets": [
-            {
-              "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "deriv(cryptosim_data_dir_size_bytes[5m])",
-              "legendFormat": "__auto",
-              "range": true,
-              "refId": "A"
-            }
-          ],
-          "title": "Data Growth",
-          "type": "timeseries"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "fieldConfig": {
-            "defaults": {
-              "color": {
-                "mode": "palette-classic"
-              },
-              "custom": {
-                "axisBorderShow": false,
-                "axisCenteredZero": false,
-                "axisColorMode": "text",
-                "axisLabel": "",
-                "axisPlacement": "auto",
-                "barAlignment": 0,
-                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-                "drawStyle": "line",
-                "fillOpacity": 0,
-                "gradientMode": "none",
-                "hideFrom": {
-                  "legend": false,
-                  "tooltip": false,
-                  "viz": false
-                },
-                "insertNulls": false,
-                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-                "lineWidth": 1,
-                "pointSize": 5,
-                "scaleDistribution": {
-                  "type": "linear"
-                },
-                "showPoints": "auto",
-                "showValues": false,
-                "spanNulls": false,
-                "stacking": {
-                  "group": "A",
-                  "mode": "none"
-                },
-                "thresholdsStyle": {
-                  "mode": "off"
-                }
-              },
-              "mappings": [],
-              "thresholds": {
-                "mode": "absolute",
-                "steps": [
-                  {
-                    "color": "green",
-                    "value": 0
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "color": "red",
-                    "value": 80
-                  }
-                ]
-              },
-              "unit": "bytes"
-            },
-            "overrides": []
-          },
-          "gridPos": {
-            "h": 8,
-            "w": 12,
-            "x": 0,
-            "y": 144
-          },
-          "id": 41,
-          "options": {
-            "legend": {
-              "calcs": [],
-              "displayMode": "list",
-              "placement": "bottom",
-              "showLegend": false
-            },
-            "tooltip": {
-              "hideZeros": false,
-              "mode": "single",
-              "sort": "none"
-            }
-          },
-          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-          "targets": [
-            {
-              "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "cryptosim_data_dir_available_bytes",
-              "legendFormat": "__auto",
-              "range": true,
-              "refId": "A"
-            }
-          ],
-          "title": "Available Disk Space",
-          "type": "timeseries"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "fieldConfig": {
-            "defaults": {
-              "color": {
-                "mode": "palette-classic"
-              },
-              "custom": {
-                "axisBorderShow": false,
-                "axisCenteredZero": false,
-                "axisColorMode": "text",
-                "axisLabel": "",
-                "axisPlacement": "auto",
-                "barAlignment": 0,
-                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-                "drawStyle": "line",
-                "fillOpacity": 0,
-                "gradientMode": "none",
-                "hideFrom": {
-                  "legend": false,
-                  "tooltip": false,
-                  "viz": false
-                },
-                "insertNulls": false,
-                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-                "lineWidth": 1,
-                "pointSize": 5,
-                "scaleDistribution": {
-                  "type": "linear"
-                },
-                "showPoints": "auto",
-                "showValues": false,
-                "spanNulls": false,
-                "stacking": {
-                  "group": "A",
-                  "mode": "none"
-                },
-                "thresholdsStyle": {
-                  "mode": "off"
-                }
-              },
-              "mappings": [],
-              "thresholds": {
-                "mode": "absolute",
-                "steps": [
-                  {
-                    "color": "green",
-                    "value": 0
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "color": "red",
-                    "value": 80
-                  }
-                ]
-              },
-              "unit": "bytes"
-            },
-            "overrides": []
-          },
-          "gridPos": {
-            "h": 8,
-            "w": 12,
-            "x": 12,
-            "y": 144
-          },
-          "id": 42,
-          "options": {
-            "legend": {
-              "calcs": [],
-              "displayMode": "list",
-              "placement": "bottom",
-              "showLegend": false
-            },
-            "tooltip": {
-              "hideZeros": false,
-              "mode": "single",
-              "sort": "none"
-            }
-          },
-          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-          "targets": [
-            {
-              "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "cryptosim_data_dir_size_bytes / cryptosim_accounts_total",
-              "legendFormat": "__auto",
-              "range": true,
-              "refId": "A"
-            }
-          ],
-          "title": "Bytes Per Account",
-          "type": "timeseries"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "fieldConfig": {
-            "defaults": {
-              "color": {
-                "mode": "palette-classic"
-              },
-              "custom": {
-                "axisBorderShow": false,
-                "axisCenteredZero": false,
-                "axisColorMode": "text",
-                "axisLabel": "",
-                "axisPlacement": "auto",
-                "barAlignment": 0,
-                "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
-                "drawStyle": "line",
-                "fillOpacity": 0,
-                "gradientMode": "none",
-                "hideFrom": {
-                  "legend": false,
-                  "tooltip": false,
-                  "viz": false
-                },
-                "insertNulls": false,
-                "lineInterpolation": "linear",
-                "lineWidth": 1,
-                "pointSize": 5,
-                "scaleDistribution": {
-                  "type": "linear"
-                },
-                "showPoints": "auto",
-                "showValues": false,
-                "spanNulls": false,
-                "stacking": {
-                  "group": "A",
-                  "mode": "none"
-                },
-                "thresholdsStyle": {
-                  "mode": "off"
-                }
-              },
-              "mappings": [],
-              "thresholds": {
-                "mode": "absolute",
-                "steps": [
-                  {
-                    "color": "green",
-                    "value": 0
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "color": "red",
-                    "value": 80
-                  }
-                ]
-              },
-              "unit": "locale"
-            },
-            "overrides": []
-          },
-          "gridPos": {
-            "h": 8,
-            "w": 12,
-            "x": 0,
-            "y": 152
-          },
-          "id": 32,
-          "options": {
-            "legend": {
-              "calcs": [],
-              "displayMode": "list",
-              "placement": "bottom",
-              "showLegend": false
-            },
-            "tooltip": {
-              "hideZeros": false,
-              "mode": "single",
-              "sort": "none"
-            }
-          },
-          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-          "targets": [
-            {
-              "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "process_open_fds",
-              "legendFormat": "__auto",
-              "range": true,
-              "refId": "A"
-            }
-          ],
-          "title": "Open File Descriptors",
-          "type": "timeseries"
-        }
-      ],
-      "title": "File System",
-      "type": "row"
-    }
-  ],
-  "preload": false,
-  "refresh": "5s",
-  "schemaVersion": 42,
-  "tags": [],
-  "templating": {
-    "list": []
-  },
-  "time": {
-    "from": "now-15m",
-    "to": "now"
-  },
-  "timepicker": {},
-  "timezone": "browser",
-  "title": "CryptoSim",
-  "uid": "adnqfm4",
-  "version": 11,
-  "weekStart": ""
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  "Comment": "Basic configuration for the cryptosim benchmark. Intended for basic correctness/sanity testing.",
+  "Backend": "FlatKV",
+  "BlocksPerCommit": 32,
+  "CannedRandomSize": 1073741824,
+  "ConstantThreadCount": 0,
+  "ConsoleUpdateIntervalSeconds": 1,
+  "ConsoleUpdateIntervalTransactions": 1000000,
+  "DataDir": "data",
+  "Erc20ContractSize": 2048,
+  "Erc20InteractionsPerAccount": 10,
+  "Erc20StorageSlotSize": 32,
+  "ExecutorQueueSize": 64,
+  "HotAccountProbability": 0.1,
+  "HotAccountSetSize": 100,
+  "HotErc20ContractProbability": 0.5,
+  "HotErc20ContractSetSize": 100,
+  "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 1000000,
+  "MetricsAddr": ":9090",
+  "MinimumNumberOfErc20Contracts": 10000,
+  "NewAccountProbability": 0.001,
+  "PaddedAccountSize": 69,
+  "Seed": 1337,
+  "SetupUpdateIntervalCount": 100000,
+  "ThreadsPerCore": 2.0,
+  "TransactionsPerBlock": 1024,
+  "MaxRuntimeSeconds": 0,
+  "TransactionMetricsSampleRate": 0.001,
+  "BackgroundMetricsScrapeInterval": 60
+}
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 836d90bea7..1055958d71 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -105,8 +105,6 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 		}
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create data generator: %w", err)
 	}
-	metrics.StartServer(config.MetricsAddr)
-
 	threadCount := int(config.ThreadsPerCore)*runtime.NumCPU() + config.ConstantThreadCount
 	if threadCount < 1 {
 		threadCount = 1
@@ -142,6 +140,7 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 
 	c.database.ResetTransactionCount()
 	c.startTimestamp = time.Now()
+	c.metrics.StartServer(config.MetricsAddr)
 
 	go c.run()
 	return c, nil
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
index dfa85dd212..4089641814 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_config.go
@@ -115,8 +115,9 @@ type CryptoSimConfig struct {
 	// The probability of capturing detailed metrics about a transaction. Should be a value between 0.0 and 1.0.
 	TransactionMetricsSampleRate float64
 
-	// How often (in seconds) to measure and export the data directory size. If 0, size sampling is disabled.
-	DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds int
+	// How often (in seconds) to scrape background metrics (data dir size, process I/O).
+	// If 0, background metrics are disabled.
+	BackgroundMetricsScrapeInterval int
 }
 
 // Returns the default configuration for the cryptosim benchmark.
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ func DefaultCryptoSimConfig() *CryptoSimConfig {
 		MaxRuntimeSeconds:                 0,
 		MetricsAddr:                       ":9090",
 		TransactionMetricsSampleRate:      0.001,
-		DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds:        60,
+		BackgroundMetricsScrapeInterval:   60,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -217,8 +218,8 @@ func (c *CryptoSimConfig) Validate() error {
 	if c.TransactionMetricsSampleRate < 0 || c.TransactionMetricsSampleRate > 1 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("TransactionMetricsSampleRate must be in [0, 1] (got %f)", c.TransactionMetricsSampleRate)
 	}
-	if c.DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds < 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds must be non-negative (got %d)", c.DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds)
+	if c.BackgroundMetricsScrapeInterval < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("BackgroundMetricsScrapeInterval must be non-negative (got %d)", c.BackgroundMetricsScrapeInterval)
 	}
 
 	return nil
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
index b6bb1528e6..ef1ba70bc5 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -4,12 +4,15 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"io/fs"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/collectors"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
+	"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/process"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
 
@@ -24,6 +27,11 @@ type CryptosimMetrics struct {
 	dbCommitsTotal               prometheus.Counter
 	dataDirSizeBytes             prometheus.Gauge
 	dataDirAvailableBytes        prometheus.Gauge
+	processReadBytesTotal        prometheus.Counter
+	processWriteBytesTotal       prometheus.Counter
+	processReadCountTotal        prometheus.Counter
+	processWriteCountTotal       prometheus.Counter
+	uptimeSeconds                prometheus.Gauge
 	mainThreadPhase              *PhaseTimer
 	transactionPhaseTimerFactory *PhaseTimerFactory
 }
@@ -31,7 +39,7 @@ type CryptosimMetrics struct {
 // NewCryptosimMetrics creates metrics for the cryptosim benchmark. A dedicated
 // registry is created internally. When ctx is cancelled, the metrics HTTP server
 // (if started) is shut down gracefully. Data directory size sampling is started
-// automatically when DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds > 0.
+// automatically when BackgroundMetricsScrapeInterval > 0.
 func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	config *CryptoSimConfig,
@@ -72,6 +80,28 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		Name: "cryptosim_data_dir_available_bytes",
 		Help: "Available disk space in bytes on the filesystem containing the data directory",
 	})
+	processReadBytesTotal := prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_process_read_bytes_total",
+		Help: "Bytes read from storage by benchmark. Use rate() for throughput. " +
+			"Linux only (ErrNotImplemented on darwin).",
+	})
+	processWriteBytesTotal := prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_process_write_bytes_total",
+		Help: "Bytes written to storage by benchmark. Use rate() for throughput. " +
+			"Linux only (ErrNotImplemented on darwin).",
+	})
+	processReadCountTotal := prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_process_read_count_total",
+		Help: "Read I/O ops by benchmark. Use rate() for read IOPS. Linux only (ErrNotImplemented on darwin).",
+	})
+	processWriteCountTotal := prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_process_write_count_total",
+		Help: "Write I/O ops by benchmark. Use rate() for write IOPS. Linux only (ErrNotImplemented on darwin).",
+	})
+	uptimeSeconds := prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "cryptosim_uptime_seconds",
+		Help: "Seconds since benchmark started. Resets to 0 on restart.",
+	})
 	mainThreadPhase := NewPhaseTimer(reg, "main_thread")
 	transactionPhaseTimerFactory := NewPhaseTimerFactory(reg, "transaction")
 
@@ -83,6 +113,11 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		dbCommitsTotal,
 		dataDirSizeBytes,
 		dataDirAvailableBytes,
+		processReadBytesTotal,
+		processWriteBytesTotal,
+		processReadCountTotal,
+		processWriteCountTotal,
+		uptimeSeconds,
 	)
 
 	m := &CryptosimMetrics{
@@ -95,13 +130,19 @@ func NewCryptosimMetrics(
 		dbCommitsTotal:               dbCommitsTotal,
 		dataDirSizeBytes:             dataDirSizeBytes,
 		dataDirAvailableBytes:        dataDirAvailableBytes,
+		processReadBytesTotal:        processReadBytesTotal,
+		processWriteBytesTotal:       processWriteBytesTotal,
+		processReadCountTotal:        processReadCountTotal,
+		processWriteCountTotal:       processWriteCountTotal,
+		uptimeSeconds:                uptimeSeconds,
 		mainThreadPhase:              mainThreadPhase,
 		transactionPhaseTimerFactory: transactionPhaseTimerFactory,
 	}
-	if config != nil && config.DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds > 0 && config.DataDir != "" {
+	if config != nil && config.BackgroundMetricsScrapeInterval > 0 && config.DataDir != "" {
 		if dataDir, err := resolveAndCreateDataDir(config.DataDir); err == nil {
-			m.startDataDirSizeSampling(dataDir, config.DataDirSizeIntervalSeconds)
+			m.startDataDirSizeSampling(dataDir, config.BackgroundMetricsScrapeInterval)
 		}
+		m.startProcessIOSampling(config.BackgroundMetricsScrapeInterval)
 	}
 	return m
 }
@@ -113,9 +154,94 @@ func (m *CryptosimMetrics) StartServer(addr string) {
 	if m == nil || addr == "" {
 		return
 	}
+	m.startUptimeSampling(time.Now())
 	startMetricsServer(m.ctx, m.reg, addr)
 }
 
+// startUptimeSampling updates the uptime gauge every second from startTime.
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) startUptimeSampling(startTime time.Time) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-m.ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				m.uptimeSeconds.Set(time.Since(startTime).Seconds())
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// startProcessIOSampling starts a goroutine that periodically samples process
+// I/O counters (read/write bytes and operation counts) via gopsutil and adds
+// deltas to Prometheus counters. Use rate() on these counters for throughput
+// and IOPS. Runs when BackgroundMetricsScrapeInterval > 0.
+//
+// Skipped on darwin: gopsutil does not implement process.IOCounters on macOS;
+// the kernel does not expose per-process disk I/O via public APIs. These metrics
+// will remain at zero on darwin.
+func (m *CryptosimMetrics) startProcessIOSampling(intervalSeconds int) {
+	if m == nil || intervalSeconds <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
+		// OSX does not support process I/O stats.
+		return
+	}
+	proc, err := process.NewProcess(int32(os.Getpid()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	interval := time.Duration(intervalSeconds) * time.Second
+	var prevReadBytes, prevWriteBytes, prevReadCount, prevWriteCount uint64
+	var initialized bool
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(interval)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		sample := func() {
+			io, err := proc.IOCounters()
+			if err != nil || io == nil {
+				return
+			}
+			curRead := io.ReadBytes
+			curWrite := io.WriteBytes
+			curReadCount := io.ReadCount
+			curWriteCount := io.WriteCount
+			if initialized {
+				if curRead >= prevReadBytes {
+					m.processReadBytesTotal.Add(float64(curRead - prevReadBytes))
+				}
+				if curWrite >= prevWriteBytes {
+					m.processWriteBytesTotal.Add(float64(curWrite - prevWriteBytes))
+				}
+				if curReadCount >= prevReadCount {
+					m.processReadCountTotal.Add(float64(curReadCount - prevReadCount))
+				}
+				if curWriteCount >= prevWriteCount {
+					m.processWriteCountTotal.Add(float64(curWriteCount - prevWriteCount))
+				}
+			}
+			prevReadBytes, prevWriteBytes = curRead, curWrite
+			prevReadCount, prevWriteCount = curReadCount, curWriteCount
+			initialized = true
+		}
+		sample()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-m.ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				sample()
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
 // startDataDirSizeSampling starts a goroutine that periodically measures the
 // size and available disk space of dataDir and exports them. The first
 // measurement runs immediately so the gauges are never left at 0 for Prometheus scrapes.
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
index 2944b1c6e2..108cfbe626 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
   "links": [],
   "panels": [
     {
-      "collapsed": true,
+      "collapsed": false,
       "gridPos": {
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
@@ -30,6 +30,272 @@
         "y": 0
       },
       "id": 17,
+      "panels": [],
+      "title": "Overview",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 16,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 14,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "pieType": "pie",
+        "reduceOptions": {
+          "calcs": [
+            "lastNotNull"
+          ],
+          "fields": "",
+          "values": false
+        },
+        "sort": "desc",
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Time Spent",
+      "type": "piechart"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 100,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "normal"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "s"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 1
+      },
+      "id": 15,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": true
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+          "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Time Spent",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "datasource": {
+        "type": "prometheus",
+        "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+      },
+      "fieldConfig": {
+        "defaults": {
+          "color": {
+            "mode": "palette-classic"
+          },
+          "custom": {
+            "axisBorderShow": false,
+            "axisCenteredZero": false,
+            "axisColorMode": "text",
+            "axisLabel": "",
+            "axisPlacement": "auto",
+            "barAlignment": 0,
+            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
+            "drawStyle": "line",
+            "fillOpacity": 0,
+            "gradientMode": "none",
+            "hideFrom": {
+              "legend": false,
+              "tooltip": false,
+              "viz": false
+            },
+            "insertNulls": false,
+            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
+            "lineWidth": 1,
+            "pointSize": 5,
+            "scaleDistribution": {
+              "type": "linear"
+            },
+            "showPoints": "auto",
+            "showValues": false,
+            "spanNulls": false,
+            "stacking": {
+              "group": "A",
+              "mode": "none"
+            },
+            "thresholdsStyle": {
+              "mode": "off"
+            }
+          },
+          "mappings": [],
+          "thresholds": {
+            "mode": "absolute",
+            "steps": [
+              {
+                "color": "green",
+                "value": 0
+              },
+              {
+                "color": "red",
+                "value": 80
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          "unit": "locale"
+        },
+        "overrides": []
+      },
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 8,
+        "w": 12,
+        "x": 12,
+        "y": 9
+      },
+      "id": 16,
+      "options": {
+        "legend": {
+          "calcs": [],
+          "displayMode": "list",
+          "placement": "bottom",
+          "showLegend": false
+        },
+        "tooltip": {
+          "hideZeros": false,
+          "mode": "single",
+          "sort": "none"
+        }
+      },
+      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+      "targets": [
+        {
+          "editorMode": "code",
+          "expr": "rate(cryptosim_transactions_processed_total[5m])",
+          "legendFormat": "__auto",
+          "range": true,
+          "refId": "A"
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Transactions / Second",
+      "type": "timeseries"
+    },
+    {
+      "collapsed": true,
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 17
+      },
+      "id": 13,
       "panels": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -57,9 +323,9 @@
             "h": 16,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 114
+            "y": 18
           },
-          "id": 14,
+          "id": 20,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "displayMode": "list",
@@ -85,13 +351,13 @@
           "targets": [
             {
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
+              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
               "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Time Spent",
+          "title": "Transaction Time",
           "type": "piechart"
         },
         {
@@ -113,7 +379,7 @@
                 "barAlignment": 0,
                 "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
                 "drawStyle": "line",
-                "fillOpacity": 100,
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
                 "gradientMode": "none",
                 "hideFrom": {
                   "legend": false,
@@ -132,7 +398,7 @@
                 "spanNulls": false,
                 "stacking": {
                   "group": "A",
-                  "mode": "normal"
+                  "mode": "none"
                 },
                 "thresholdsStyle": {
                   "mode": "off"
@@ -160,9 +426,9 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 114
+            "y": 18
           },
-          "id": 15,
+          "id": 19,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -180,14 +446,50 @@
           "targets": [
             {
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
-              "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "legendFormat": "p99",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
-            }
-          ],
-          "title": "Time Spent",
-          "type": "timeseries"
+            },
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "instant": false,
+              "legendFormat": "p95",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "B"
+            },
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "instant": false,
+              "legendFormat": "p50",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "C"
+            },
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+              "instant": false,
+              "legendFormat": "average",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "D"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Block Execution Time",
+          "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -208,7 +510,7 @@
                 "barAlignment": 0,
                 "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
                 "drawStyle": "line",
-                "fillOpacity": 0,
+                "fillOpacity": 100,
                 "gradientMode": "none",
                 "hideFrom": {
                   "legend": false,
@@ -227,7 +529,7 @@
                 "spanNulls": false,
                 "stacking": {
                   "group": "A",
-                  "mode": "none"
+                  "mode": "normal"
                 },
                 "thresholdsStyle": {
                   "mode": "off"
@@ -247,7 +549,7 @@
                   }
                 ]
               },
-              "unit": "locale"
+              "unit": "s"
             },
             "overrides": []
           },
@@ -255,93 +557,16 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 122
+            "y": 42
           },
-          "id": 16,
+          "id": 21,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
-              "displayMode": "list",
-              "placement": "bottom",
-              "showLegend": false
-            },
-            "tooltip": {
-              "hideZeros": false,
-              "mode": "single",
-              "sort": "none"
-            }
-          },
-          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-          "targets": [
-            {
-              "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(cryptosim_transactions_processed_total[5m])",
-              "legendFormat": "__auto",
-              "range": true,
-              "refId": "A"
-            }
-          ],
-          "title": "Transactions / Second",
-          "type": "timeseries"
-        }
-      ],
-      "title": "Overview",
-      "type": "row"
-    },
-    {
-      "collapsed": true,
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 1,
-        "w": 24,
-        "x": 0,
-        "y": 1
-      },
-      "id": 13,
-      "panels": [
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "fieldConfig": {
-            "defaults": {
-              "color": {
-                "mode": "palette-classic"
-              },
-              "custom": {
-                "hideFrom": {
-                  "legend": false,
-                  "tooltip": false,
-                  "viz": false
-                }
-              },
-              "mappings": [],
-              "unit": "s"
-            },
-            "overrides": []
-          },
-          "gridPos": {
-            "h": 16,
-            "w": 12,
-            "x": 0,
-            "y": 122
-          },
-          "id": 20,
-          "options": {
-            "legend": {
               "displayMode": "list",
               "placement": "bottom",
               "showLegend": true
             },
-            "pieType": "pie",
-            "reduceOptions": {
-              "calcs": [
-                "lastNotNull"
-              ],
-              "fields": "",
-              "values": false
-            },
-            "sort": "desc",
             "tooltip": {
               "hideZeros": false,
               "mode": "single",
@@ -359,7 +584,7 @@
             }
           ],
           "title": "Transaction Time",
-          "type": "piechart"
+          "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -426,10 +651,10 @@
           "gridPos": {
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
-            "x": 12,
-            "y": 122
+            "x": 0,
+            "y": 50
           },
-          "id": 19,
+          "id": 22,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -447,7 +672,7 @@
           "targets": [
             {
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "legendFormat": "p99",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
@@ -458,7 +683,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p95",
               "range": true,
@@ -470,7 +695,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p50",
               "range": true,
@@ -482,14 +707,14 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"executing\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval])",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "average",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "D"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Block Execution Time",
+          "title": "Read ERC20 Time",
           "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
@@ -511,7 +736,7 @@
                 "barAlignment": 0,
                 "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
                 "drawStyle": "line",
-                "fillOpacity": 100,
+                "fillOpacity": 0,
                 "gradientMode": "none",
                 "hideFrom": {
                   "legend": false,
@@ -530,7 +755,7 @@
                 "spanNulls": false,
                 "stacking": {
                   "group": "A",
-                  "mode": "normal"
+                  "mode": "none"
                 },
                 "thresholdsStyle": {
                   "mode": "off"
@@ -558,9 +783,9 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 146
+            "y": 50
           },
-          "id": 21,
+          "id": 23,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -578,13 +803,49 @@
           "targets": [
             {
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_duration_seconds_total[$__rate_interval])",
-              "legendFormat": "{{phase}}",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "legendFormat": "p99",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
+            },
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "instant": false,
+              "legendFormat": "p95",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "B"
+            },
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "instant": false,
+              "legendFormat": "p50",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "C"
+            },
+            {
+              "datasource": {
+                "type": "prometheus",
+                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+              },
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+              "instant": false,
+              "legendFormat": "average",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "D"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Transaction Time",
+          "title": "Read Source Account Time",
           "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
@@ -653,9 +914,9 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 154
+            "y": 58
           },
-          "id": 22,
+          "id": 24,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -673,7 +934,7 @@
           "targets": [
             {
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "legendFormat": "p99",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
@@ -684,7 +945,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p95",
               "range": true,
@@ -696,7 +957,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p50",
               "range": true,
@@ -708,14 +969,14 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_erc20\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval])",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "average",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "D"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Read ERC20 Time",
+          "title": "Read Destination Account Time",
           "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
@@ -784,9 +1045,9 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 154
+            "y": 58
           },
-          "id": 23,
+          "id": 25,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -804,7 +1065,7 @@
           "targets": [
             {
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "legendFormat": "p99",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
@@ -815,7 +1076,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p95",
               "range": true,
@@ -827,7 +1088,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p50",
               "range": true,
@@ -839,14 +1100,14 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_src_account\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval])",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "average",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "D"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Read Source Account Time",
+          "title": "Read Source Slot Time",
           "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
@@ -915,9 +1176,9 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 162
+            "y": 66
           },
-          "id": 24,
+          "id": 26,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -935,7 +1196,7 @@
           "targets": [
             {
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "legendFormat": "p99",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
@@ -946,7 +1207,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p95",
               "range": true,
@@ -958,7 +1219,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p50",
               "range": true,
@@ -970,14 +1231,14 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_dst_account\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval])",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "average",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "D"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Read Destination Account Time",
+          "title": "Read Destination Slot Time",
           "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
@@ -1046,9 +1307,9 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 162
+            "y": 66
           },
-          "id": 25,
+          "id": 27,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -1066,7 +1327,7 @@
           "targets": [
             {
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "legendFormat": "p99",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
@@ -1077,7 +1338,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p95",
               "range": true,
@@ -1089,7 +1350,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p50",
               "range": true,
@@ -1101,14 +1362,14 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_src_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval])",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "average",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "D"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Read Source Slot Time",
+          "title": "Read Fee Collection Account Time",
           "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
@@ -1177,9 +1438,9 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 170
+            "y": 74
           },
-          "id": 26,
+          "id": 28,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -1197,7 +1458,7 @@
           "targets": [
             {
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "legendFormat": "p99",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
@@ -1208,7 +1469,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p95",
               "range": true,
@@ -1220,7 +1481,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p50",
               "range": true,
@@ -1232,26 +1493,40 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_dst_account_slot\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval])",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "average",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "D"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Read Destination Slot Time",
+          "title": "Update Balances Time",
           "type": "timeseries"
-        },
-        {
-          "datasource": {
-            "type": "prometheus",
-            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-          },
-          "fieldConfig": {
-            "defaults": {
-              "color": {
-                "mode": "palette-classic"
-              },
+        }
+      ],
+      "title": "Execution",
+      "type": "row"
+    },
+    {
+      "collapsed": true,
+      "gridPos": {
+        "h": 1,
+        "w": 24,
+        "x": 0,
+        "y": 18
+      },
+      "id": 8,
+      "panels": [
+        {
+          "datasource": {
+            "type": "prometheus",
+            "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
+          },
+          "fieldConfig": {
+            "defaults": {
+              "color": {
+                "mode": "palette-classic"
+              },
               "custom": {
                 "axisBorderShow": false,
                 "axisCenteredZero": false,
@@ -1299,24 +1574,23 @@
                     "value": 80
                   }
                 ]
-              },
-              "unit": "s"
+              }
             },
             "overrides": []
           },
           "gridPos": {
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
-            "x": 12,
-            "y": 170
+            "x": 0,
+            "y": 195
           },
-          "id": 27,
+          "id": 1,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
               "displayMode": "list",
               "placement": "bottom",
-              "showLegend": true
+              "showLegend": false
             },
             "tooltip": {
               "hideZeros": false,
@@ -1326,51 +1600,19 @@
           },
           "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
           "targets": [
-            {
-              "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
-              "legendFormat": "p99",
-              "range": true,
-              "refId": "A"
-            },
-            {
-              "datasource": {
-                "type": "prometheus",
-                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-              },
-              "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
-              "instant": false,
-              "legendFormat": "p95",
-              "range": true,
-              "refId": "B"
-            },
-            {
-              "datasource": {
-                "type": "prometheus",
-                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-              },
-              "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
-              "instant": false,
-              "legendFormat": "p50",
-              "range": true,
-              "refId": "C"
-            },
             {
               "datasource": {
                 "type": "prometheus",
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"read_fee_collection_account\"}[$__rate_interval])",
-              "instant": false,
-              "legendFormat": "average",
+              "expr": "rate(cryptosim_blocks_finalized_total[$__rate_interval ])",
+              "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
               "range": true,
-              "refId": "D"
+              "refId": "A"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Read Fee Collection Account Time",
+          "title": "Blocks / Second",
           "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
@@ -1438,10 +1680,10 @@
           "gridPos": {
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
-            "x": 0,
-            "y": 178
+            "x": 12,
+            "y": 195
           },
-          "id": 28,
+          "id": 18,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -1459,7 +1701,7 @@
           "targets": [
             {
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "legendFormat": "p99",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
@@ -1470,7 +1712,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p95",
               "range": true,
@@ -1482,7 +1724,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p50",
               "range": true,
@@ -1494,18 +1736,18 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(transaction_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"update_balances\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+              "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval])",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "average",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "D"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Update Balances Time",
+          "title": "Block Finalization Time",
           "type": "timeseries"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Execution",
+      "title": "Blocks",
       "type": "row"
     },
     {
@@ -1514,9 +1756,9 @@
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 2
+        "y": 19
       },
-      "id": 8,
+      "id": 12,
       "panels": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -1583,9 +1825,9 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 123
+            "y": 196
           },
-          "id": 1,
+          "id": 3,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -1607,13 +1849,13 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(cryptosim_blocks_finalized_total[$__rate_interval ])",
+              "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commits_total[$__rate_interval])",
               "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Blocks / Second",
+          "title": "Commits / Second",
           "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
@@ -1682,9 +1924,9 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 123
+            "y": 196
           },
-          "id": 18,
+          "id": 4,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -1702,7 +1944,7 @@
           "targets": [
             {
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "legendFormat": "p99",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
@@ -1713,7 +1955,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p95",
               "range": true,
@@ -1725,7 +1967,7 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
+              "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.50, rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_bucket{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]))",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "p50",
               "range": true,
@@ -1737,18 +1979,18 @@
                 "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
               },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"finalizing\"}[$__rate_interval])",
+              "expr": "rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_sum{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval]) / rate(main_thread_phase_latency_seconds_count{phase=\"committing\"}[$__rate_interval])",
               "instant": false,
               "legendFormat": "average",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "D"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Block Finalization Time",
+          "title": "DB Commit Time",
           "type": "timeseries"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Blocks",
+      "title": "Commit",
       "type": "row"
     },
     {
@@ -1757,9 +1999,9 @@
         "h": 1,
         "w": 24,
         "x": 0,
-        "y": 3
+        "y": 20
       },
-      "id": 12,
+      "id": 9,
       "panels": [
         {
           "datasource": {
@@ -1818,7 +2060,8 @@
                     "value": 80
                   }
                 ]
-              }
+              },
+              "unit": "locale"
             },
             "overrides": []
           },
@@ -1826,9 +2069,9 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 124
+            "y": 197
           },
-          "id": 3,
+          "id": 6,
           "options": {
             "legend": {
               "calcs": [],
@@ -1845,18 +2088,14 @@
           "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
           "targets": [
             {
-              "datasource": {
-                "type": "prometheus",
-                "uid": "PBFA97CFB590B2093"
-              },
               "editorMode": "code",
-              "expr": "rate(cryptosim_db_commits_total[$__rate_interval])",
-              "legendFormat": "Blocks / Second",
+              "expr": "cryptosim_accounts_total",
+              "legendFormat": "__auto",
               "range": true,
               "refId": "A"
             }
           ],
-          "title": "Commits / Second",
+          "title": "Number of Accounts",
           "type": "timeseries"
         },
         {
@@ -1916,8 +2155,7 @@
                     "value": 80
                   }
                 ]
-              },
-              "unit": "s"
+              }
             },
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+          "id": 43,
+          "options": {
+            "legend": {
+              "calcs": [],
+              "displayMode": "list",
+              "placement": "bottom",
+              "showLegend": false
             },
-            "thresholdsStyle": {
-              "mode": "off"
+            "tooltip": {
+              "hideZeros": false,
+              "mode": "single",
+              "sort": "none"
             }
           },
-          "mappings": [],
-          "thresholds": {
-            "mode": "absolute",
-            "steps": [
-              {
-                "color": "green",
-                "value": 0
-              },
-              {
-                "color": "red",
-                "value": 80
-              }
-            ]
-          },
-          "unit": "locale"
-        },
-        "overrides": []
-      },
-      "gridPos": {
-        "h": 8,
-        "w": 12,
-        "x": 0,
-        "y": 40
-      },
-      "id": 32,
-      "options": {
-        "legend": {
-          "calcs": [],
-          "displayMode": "list",
-          "placement": "bottom",
-          "showLegend": false
-        },
-        "tooltip": {
-          "hideZeros": false,
-          "mode": "single",
-          "sort": "none"
-        }
-      },
-      "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
-      "targets": [
-        {
-          "editorMode": "code",
-          "expr": "process_open_fds",
-          "legendFormat": "__auto",
-          "range": true,
-          "refId": "A"
+          "pluginVersion": "12.4.0",
+          "targets": [
+            {
+              "editorMode": "code",
+              "expr": "cryptosim_uptime_seconds",
+              "legendFormat": "__auto",
+              "range": true,
+              "refId": "A"
+            }
+          ],
+          "title": "Uptime",
+          "type": "timeseries"
         }
       ],
-      "title": "Open File Descriptors",
-      "type": "timeseries"
+      "title": "Misc",
+      "type": "row"
     }
   ],
   "preload": false,
@@ -3105,6 +3596,6 @@
   "timezone": "browser",
   "title": "CryptoSim",
   "uid": "adnqfm4",
-  "version": 10,
+  "version": 13,
   "weekStart": ""
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
index fb35350026..c00f4e63d7 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/transaction_executor.go
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ func NewTransactionExecutor(
 ) *TransactionExecutor {
 	e := &TransactionExecutor{
 		ctx:                  ctx,
+		cancel:               cancel,
 		database:             database,
 		feeCollectionAddress: feeCollectionAddress,
 		workChan:             make(chan any, queueSize),

From ddac4f9483afd4c000401840a4249d970af06508 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 12:55:57 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 43/49] Added script to set up ubuntu

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md     | 22 ++++-
 .../bench/cryptosim/tools/setup-ubuntu.sh     | 99 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/setup-ubuntu.sh

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
index 06ff353850..35fbf6bb72 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
@@ -54,10 +54,22 @@ The following features might be useful to add to this benchmark:
 
 # Setting Up Prometheus / Grafana
 
-TODO
+To set up local prometheus/grafana instances, run the following. You must have docker installed.
 
-Other TODOs:
+```
+./metrics/start-prometheus.sh
+./metrics/start-grafana.sh
+```
+
+Then, navigate to http://localhost:3000/ in a web browser to reach the grafana UI. Username and password are "admin".
+
+There is a pre-built dashboard containing visualizations for benchmark metrics in `metrics/dashboard.json` that 
+you can import into grafana.
 
-- system metrics (e.g. memory, cpu, thread count, IO info if it's available)
-- disk utilization
-- disk utilizaiton per account (good for detecting disk leaks)
+
+You can stop these services by killing their containers, or by running the following:
+
+```
+./metrics/stop-prometheus.sh
+./metrics/stop-grafana.sh
+```
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/setup-ubuntu.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/setup-ubuntu.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..12a7337fe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/setup-ubuntu.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# Sets up a clean Ubuntu install for compiling and running the cryptosim benchmark.
+#
+# Usage: Run as root or with sudo
+#   sudo ./setup-ubuntu.sh
+#
+# Installs:
+#   - build-essential, git (for building)
+#   - Go (from official tarball)
+#   - nano, tree, htop, iotop, tmux, sl (dev/admin tools)
+#   - Docker (optional, for Prometheus/Grafana metrics)
+#
+set -euo pipefail
+
+if [[ $EUID -ne 0 ]]; then
+	echo "Error: This script must be run as root (use sudo)" >&2
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Detect architecture for Go tarball
+ARCH=$(uname -m)
+case "$ARCH" in
+	x86_64)  GO_ARCH="amd64" ;;
+	aarch64|arm64) GO_ARCH="arm64" ;;
+	*) echo "Error: Unsupported architecture: $ARCH" >&2; exit 1 ;;
+esac
+
+GO_VERSION="1.26.0"
+GO_TAR="go${GO_VERSION}.linux-${GO_ARCH}.tar.gz"
+GO_URL="https://go.dev/dl/${GO_TAR}"
+
+echo "=== Updating package lists ==="
+apt-get update
+
+echo ""
+echo "=== Installing build dependencies (build-essential, git) ==="
+apt-get install -y build-essential git
+
+echo ""
+echo "=== Installing dev/admin tools (nano, tree, htop, iotop, tmux, sl) ==="
+apt-get install -y nano tree htop iotop tmux sl
+
+echo ""
+echo "=== Installing Go ${GO_VERSION} ==="
+if command -v go &>/dev/null; then
+	INSTALLED=$(go version 2>/dev/null || true)
+	echo "Go already installed: $INSTALLED"
+	echo "Skipping Go installation. Remove existing Go and re-run if you need a different version."
+else
+	TMPDIR=$(mktemp -d)
+	trap "rm -rf $TMPDIR" EXIT
+	cd "$TMPDIR"
+	wget -q --show-progress "$GO_URL" -O "$GO_TAR"
+	rm -rf /usr/local/go
+	tar -C /usr/local -xzf "$GO_TAR"
+	cd - >/dev/null
+
+	# Add Go to PATH for all users
+	if ! grep -q '/usr/local/go/bin' /etc/profile.d/go.sh 2>/dev/null; then
+		echo 'export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin' > /etc/profile.d/go.sh
+		chmod 644 /etc/profile.d/go.sh
+	fi
+	export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin
+	echo "Go ${GO_VERSION} installed to /usr/local/go"
+fi
+
+echo ""
+echo "=== Installing Docker (for Prometheus/Grafana metrics; optional) ==="
+if command -v docker &>/dev/null; then
+	echo "Docker already installed: $(docker --version)"
+else
+	apt-get install -y ca-certificates curl
+	install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings
+	curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc
+	chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc
+	echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(. /etc/os-release && echo "$VERSION_CODENAME") stable" \
+		> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list
+	apt-get update
+	apt-get install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin
+	echo "Docker installed. Add users to the 'docker' group for non-root access: usermod -aG docker <username>"
+fi
+
+echo ""
+echo "=== Setup complete ==="
+echo ""
+echo "To use Go in the current shell, run:"
+echo "  export PATH=\$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin"
+echo "  (or log out and back in, or start a new tmux session)"
+echo ""
+echo "To run the cryptosim benchmark:"
+echo "  1. Clone the sei-chain repo (or copy it to the machine)"
+echo "  2. cd <sei-chain>/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim"
+echo "  3. ./run.sh ./config/basic-config.json"
+echo ""
+echo "For Prometheus/Grafana metrics:"
+echo "  ./metrics/start-prometheus.sh"
+echo "  ./metrics/start-grafana.sh"
+echo ""

From 97920c2107ff6dbb94e2b1107e8a9bd0f4bcd7a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 13:11:34 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 44/49] Properly set up docker

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md     | 34 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../bench/cryptosim/tools/setup-ubuntu.sh     | 29 ++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
index 35fbf6bb72..4049f6eeed 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
@@ -73,3 +73,37 @@ You can stop these services by killing their containers, or by running the follo
 ./metrics/stop-prometheus.sh
 ./metrics/stop-grafana.sh
 ```
+
+# Running in AWS
+
+To set up this benchmark on an AWS machine, perform the following steps:
+
+1. Clone the repo
+
+```
+git clone https://github.com/sei-protocol/sei-chain.git
+```
+
+2. Install dependencies
+
+```
+cd ./sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim
+./tools/setup-ubuntu.sh
+```
+
+3: Start Prometheus Server (optional)
+
+```
+cd ./sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim
+./metrics/start-prometheus.sh
+```
+
+3. Start the Benchmark
+
+Optional: start a tmux session (the install script installs tmux). This will allow the benchmark to run
+even if your connection is interrupted.
+
+```
+cd sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim
+./run.sh ./config/basic-config.json
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/setup-ubuntu.sh b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/setup-ubuntu.sh
index 12a7337fe9..bdad69cdf1 100755
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/setup-ubuntu.sh
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/tools/setup-ubuntu.sh
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ else
 fi
 
 echo ""
-echo "=== Installing Docker (for Prometheus/Grafana metrics; optional) ==="
+echo "=== Installing Docker (for Prometheus/Grafana metrics) ==="
 if command -v docker &>/dev/null; then
 	echo "Docker already installed: $(docker --version)"
 else
@@ -78,22 +78,21 @@ else
 		> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list
 	apt-get update
 	apt-get install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin
-	echo "Docker installed. Add users to the 'docker' group for non-root access: usermod -aG docker <username>"
+	echo "Docker installed."
+fi
+
+# Start Docker daemon and enable on boot (handles both fresh install and existing install)
+echo "Starting and enabling Docker daemon..."
+systemctl start docker
+systemctl enable docker
+
+# Add sudo user to docker group for non-root access (requires new login to take effect)
+if [[ -n "${SUDO_USER:-}" ]] && [[ "$SUDO_USER" != "root" ]]; then
+	usermod -aG docker "$SUDO_USER"
+	echo "Added $SUDO_USER to docker group. Log out and back in (or run 'newgrp docker') for non-root access."
 fi
 
 echo ""
 echo "=== Setup complete ==="
 echo ""
-echo "To use Go in the current shell, run:"
-echo "  export PATH=\$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin"
-echo "  (or log out and back in, or start a new tmux session)"
-echo ""
-echo "To run the cryptosim benchmark:"
-echo "  1. Clone the sei-chain repo (or copy it to the machine)"
-echo "  2. cd <sei-chain>/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim"
-echo "  3. ./run.sh ./config/basic-config.json"
-echo ""
-echo "For Prometheus/Grafana metrics:"
-echo "  ./metrics/start-prometheus.sh"
-echo "  ./metrics/start-grafana.sh"
-echo ""
+

From 2b7c9dac94e2aea17b85fd5c23270ddce35b6388 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 13:27:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 45/49] Updated readme instructions

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
index 4049f6eeed..3dcbe201be 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/README.md
@@ -106,4 +106,21 @@ even if your connection is interrupted.
 ```
 cd sei-chain/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim
 ./run.sh ./config/basic-config.json
-```
\ No newline at end of file
+```
+
+4: Connect Local Grafana to Remote Prometheus (optional)
+
+Before taking this step, you will need to set up SSH access to the remote VM. The easiest way to do this is to
+copy your public ssh key into the remote machine's `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` file.
+
+You will want the prometheus container running on your remote machine, and the grafana container running locally.
+Make sure you don't have a local prometheus container running.
+
+Then, initiate an ssh connection with the remote machine using this command:
+
+```
+ssh -L 9091:localhost:9091 user@remote-host
+```
+
+As long as this connection remains open, your local grafana instance will be able to talk to the remote prometheus
+instance over the SSH tunnel.

From 98f49f61fe7ab7363e8de921fcc4cc2e7ede013e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 13:40:00 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 46/49] lint

---
 go.mod                                        |  5 +++++
 go.sum                                        |  2 ++
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go  |  4 +++-
 .../bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go      | 19 ++++++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 35420d16f2..da7b7bf309 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -117,6 +117,11 @@ require (
 	pgregory.net/rapid v1.2.0
 )
 
+require (
+	github.com/lufia/plan9stats v0.0.0-20211012122336-39d0f177ccd0 // indirect
+	github.com/power-devops/perfstat v0.0.0-20210106213030-5aafc221ea8c // indirect
+)
+
 require (
 	github.com/quasilyte/go-ruleguard v0.3.18 // indirect
 	github.com/quasilyte/gogrep v0.0.0-20220828223005-86e4605de09f // indirect
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index ac7f48c35c..4b5d350e54 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -1637,6 +1637,7 @@ github.com/linxGnu/grocksdb v1.8.11/go.mod h1:xZCIb5Muw+nhbDK4Y5UJuOrin5MceOuiXk
 github.com/lucasjones/reggen v0.0.0-20180717132126-cdb49ff09d77/go.mod h1:5ELEyG+X8f+meRWHuqUOewBOhvHkl7M76pdGEansxW4=
 github.com/lufeee/execinquery v1.2.1 h1:hf0Ems4SHcUGBxpGN7Jz78z1ppVkP/837ZlETPCEtOM=
 github.com/lufeee/execinquery v1.2.1/go.mod h1:EC7DrEKView09ocscGHC+apXMIaorh4xqSxS/dy8SbM=
+github.com/lufia/plan9stats v0.0.0-20211012122336-39d0f177ccd0 h1:6E+4a0GO5zZEnZ81pIr0yLvtUWk2if982qA3F3QD6H4=
 github.com/lufia/plan9stats v0.0.0-20211012122336-39d0f177ccd0/go.mod h1:zJYVVT2jmtg6P3p1VtQj7WsuWi/y4VnjVBn7F8KPB3I=
 github.com/lyft/protoc-gen-star v0.6.0/go.mod h1:TGAoBVkt8w7MPG72TrKIu85MIdXwDuzJYeZuUPFPNwA=
 github.com/lyft/protoc-gen-star v0.6.1/go.mod h1:TGAoBVkt8w7MPG72TrKIu85MIdXwDuzJYeZuUPFPNwA=
@@ -1905,6 +1906,7 @@ github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2/go.mod h1:iKH
 github.com/polyfloyd/go-errorlint v1.0.5 h1:AHB5JRCjlmelh9RrLxT9sgzpalIwwq4hqE8EkwIwKdY=
 github.com/polyfloyd/go-errorlint v1.0.5/go.mod h1:APVvOesVSAnne5SClsPxPdfvZTVDojXh1/G3qb5wjGI=
 github.com/posener/complete v1.1.1/go.mod h1:em0nMJCgc9GFtwrmVmEMR/ZL6WyhyjMBndrE9hABlRI=
+github.com/power-devops/perfstat v0.0.0-20210106213030-5aafc221ea8c h1:ncq/mPwQF4JjgDlrVEn3C11VoGHZN7m8qihwgMEtzYw=
 github.com/power-devops/perfstat v0.0.0-20210106213030-5aafc221ea8c/go.mod h1:OmDBASR4679mdNQnz2pUhc2G8CO2JrUAVFDRBDP/hJE=
 github.com/prashantv/gostub v1.1.0/go.mod h1:A5zLQHz7ieHGG7is6LLXLz7I8+3LZzsrV0P1IAHhP5U=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1/go.mod h1:7SWBe2y4D6OKWSNQJUaRYU/AaXPKyh/dDVn+NZz0KFw=
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
index 1055958d71..86f3e14f24 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim.go
@@ -78,13 +78,15 @@ func NewCryptoSim(
 
 	dataDir, err := resolveAndCreateDataDir(config.DataDir)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		cancel()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to resolve and create data directory: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	fmt.Printf("Running cryptosim benchmark from data directory: %s\n", dataDir)
 
 	db, err := wrappers.NewDBImpl(config.Backend, dataDir)
 	if err != nil {
+		cancel()
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create database: %w", err)
 	}
 
diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
index ef1ba70bc5..a6a03f41b2 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package cryptosim
 import (
 	"context"
 	"io/fs"
+	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -193,7 +194,11 @@ func (m *CryptosimMetrics) startProcessIOSampling(intervalSeconds int) {
 		// OSX does not support process I/O stats.
 		return
 	}
-	proc, err := process.NewProcess(int32(os.Getpid()))
+	pid := os.Getpid()
+	if pid < 0 || pid > math.MaxInt32 {
+		return
+	}
+	proc, err := process.NewProcess(int32(pid))
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -276,7 +281,11 @@ func measureDataDirAvailableBytes(dataDir string) int64 {
 	if err := unix.Statfs(dataDir, &stat); err != nil {
 		return 0
 	}
-	return int64(stat.Bavail) * int64(stat.Bsize)
+	result := stat.Bavail * uint64(stat.Bsize)
+	if result > math.MaxInt64 {
+		return math.MaxInt64
+	}
+	return int64(result)
 }
 
 // measureDataDirSize walks the directory tree and sums file sizes.
@@ -305,7 +314,11 @@ func measureDataDirSize(dataDir string) int64 {
 func startMetricsServer(ctx context.Context, reg *prometheus.Registry, addr string) {
 	mux := http.NewServeMux()
 	mux.Handle("/metrics", promhttp.HandlerFor(reg, promhttp.HandlerOpts{}))
-	srv := &http.Server{Addr: addr, Handler: mux}
+	srv := &http.Server{
+		Addr:              addr,
+		Handler:           mux,
+		ReadHeaderTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
+	}
 	go func() {
 		_ = srv.ListenAndServe()
 	}()

From 126e43c522d1a552a9bcc9bdaa04c43a36f3254d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 13:41:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 47/49] dashboard tweaks

---
 .../bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json    | 48 +++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
index 108cfbe626..7b2426620c 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/metrics/dashboard.json
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 42
+            "y": 138
           },
           "id": 21,
           "options": {
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 50
+            "y": 146
           },
           "id": 22,
           "options": {
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 50
+            "y": 146
           },
           "id": 23,
           "options": {
@@ -914,7 +914,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 58
+            "y": 154
           },
           "id": 24,
           "options": {
@@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 58
+            "y": 154
           },
           "id": 25,
           "options": {
@@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 66
+            "y": 162
           },
           "id": 26,
           "options": {
@@ -1307,7 +1307,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 66
+            "y": 162
           },
           "id": 27,
           "options": {
@@ -1438,7 +1438,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 74
+            "y": 170
           },
           "id": 28,
           "options": {
@@ -1582,7 +1582,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 195
+            "y": 179
           },
           "id": 1,
           "options": {
@@ -1681,7 +1681,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 195
+            "y": 179
           },
           "id": 18,
           "options": {
@@ -1825,7 +1825,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 196
+            "y": 188
           },
           "id": 3,
           "options": {
@@ -1924,7 +1924,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 196
+            "y": 188
           },
           "id": 4,
           "options": {
@@ -2258,7 +2258,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 269
+            "y": 205
           },
           "id": 10,
           "options": {
@@ -2352,7 +2352,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 269
+            "y": 205
           },
           "id": 11,
           "options": {
@@ -2461,7 +2461,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 278
+            "y": 214
           },
           "id": 31,
           "options": {
@@ -2556,7 +2556,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 278
+            "y": 214
           },
           "id": 36,
           "options": {
@@ -2651,7 +2651,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 286
+            "y": 222
           },
           "id": 38,
           "options": {
@@ -2949,7 +2949,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 31
+            "y": 63
           },
           "id": 34,
           "options": {
@@ -3058,7 +3058,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 200
+            "y": 24
           },
           "id": 39,
           "options": {
@@ -3153,7 +3153,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 200
+            "y": 24
           },
           "id": 40,
           "options": {
@@ -3248,7 +3248,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 208
+            "y": 32
           },
           "id": 41,
           "options": {
@@ -3343,7 +3343,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 12,
-            "y": 208
+            "y": 32
           },
           "id": 42,
           "options": {
@@ -3438,7 +3438,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 216
+            "y": 40
           },
           "id": 32,
           "options": {
@@ -3547,7 +3547,7 @@
             "h": 8,
             "w": 12,
             "x": 0,
-            "y": 233
+            "y": 49
           },
           "id": 43,
           "options": {

From 155b6ba2efaf724f74215a2ef21e2a5d36866ec8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 13:53:12 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 48/49] Add new config

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/large.json | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/large.json

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/large.json b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/large.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..358c7ac47c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/config/large.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+    "Comment": "A large simulation. This is the largest sane simulation for local testing.",
+    "DataDir": "data",
+    "MinimumNumberOfAccounts": 100000000
+}
+

From fa554e8c33596cda2cbe3585897ddf81f4cdd178 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cody Littley <cody.littley@seinetwork.io>
Date: Fri, 27 Feb 2026 14:09:21 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 49/49] lint

---
 sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
index a6a03f41b2..bbd085e4b3 100644
--- a/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
+++ b/sei-db/state_db/bench/cryptosim/cryptosim_metrics.go
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ func measureDataDirAvailableBytes(dataDir string) int64 {
 	if err := unix.Statfs(dataDir, &stat); err != nil {
 		return 0
 	}
-	result := stat.Bavail * uint64(stat.Bsize)
+	result := stat.Bavail * uint64(stat.Bsize) //nolint:gosec
 	if result > math.MaxInt64 {
 		return math.MaxInt64
 	}