Auto merge of #145085 - JonathanBrouwer:target_checking, r=jdonszelmann

Rework target checking for built-in attributes

This is a refactoring of target checking for built-in attributes.
This PR has the following goals:
- Only refactor the 80% of the attributes that are simple to target check. More complicated ones like `#[repr]` will be in a future PR. Tho I have written the code in such a way that this will be possible to add in the future.
- No breaking changes.
  - This part of the codebase is not very well tested though, we can do a crater run if we want to be sure.
  - I've spotted quite a few weird situations (like I don't think an impl block should be deprecated?). We can propose fixing these to  in a future PR

Fixes rust-lang/rust#143780
Fixes rust-lang/rust#138510

I've split it in commits and left a description on some of the commits to help review.
r? `@jdonszelmann`

Author: bors