diff --git a/stubs/shapely/shapely/_typing.pyi b/stubs/shapely/shapely/_typing.pyi
index 931dc2e7cc59..ed62e8b881eb 100644
--- a/stubs/shapely/shapely/_typing.pyi
+++ b/stubs/shapely/shapely/_typing.pyi
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import sys
 from _typeshed import SupportsWrite as SupportsWrite
 from collections.abc import Sequence
-from typing import Any, Protocol, TypeAlias, TypeVar, type_check_only
+from typing import Any, Literal, Protocol, TypeAlias, TypedDict, TypeVar, type_check_only
 
 import numpy as np
-from numpy.typing import NDArray
+import numpy.typing as npt
 
 from .lib import Geometry
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ OptGeoArrayLike: TypeAlias = ArrayLike[Geometry | None]
 # There is no way to pronounce "array of BaseGeometry" currently because of the restriction on
 # NDArray type variable to np.dtype and because np.object_ is not generic.
 # Note the use of `BaseGeometry` instead of `Geometry` as the alias is used in return types.
-GeoArray: TypeAlias = NDArray[np.object_]
+GeoArray: TypeAlias = npt.NDArray[np.object_]
 
 @type_check_only
 class SupportsGeoInterface(Protocol):
@@ -55,3 +55,21 @@ class SupportsGeoInterface(Protocol):
 @type_check_only
 class SupportsRead(Protocol[_T_co]):
     def read(self) -> _T_co: ...
+
+CastingKind: TypeAlias = Literal["no", "equiv", "safe", "same_kind", "unsafe"]
+OrderKind: TypeAlias = Literal["K", "A", "C", "F"]
+
+@type_check_only
+class _UFuncKwargsBase(TypedDict, total=False):
+    where: npt.ArrayLike
+    casting: CastingKind
+    order: OrderKind
+    dtype: np.dtype[Any] | type[Any]
+    subok: bool
+
+@type_check_only
+class UFuncKwargs(_UFuncKwargsBase, total=False):
+    out: npt.NDArray[Any] | tuple[npt.NDArray[Any], ...]
+
+@type_check_only
+class UFuncKwargsNoOut(_UFuncKwargsBase, total=False): ...
diff --git a/stubs/shapely/shapely/constructive.pyi b/stubs/shapely/shapely/constructive.pyi
index 80ff27d36add..e3d21dedb46d 100644
--- a/stubs/shapely/shapely/constructive.pyi
+++ b/stubs/shapely/shapely/constructive.pyi
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from typing import Any, Literal, SupportsIndex, overload
+from typing_extensions import Unpack
 
 from ._enum import ParamEnum
-from ._typing import ArrayLike, ArrayLikeSeq, GeoArray, OptGeoArrayLike, OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, OptGeoT
+from ._typing import ArrayLike, ArrayLikeSeq, GeoArray, OptGeoArrayLike, OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, OptGeoT, UFuncKwargs
 from .geometry import GeometryCollection, LineString, MultiLineString, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon, Point, Polygon
 from .geometry.base import BaseGeometry, BaseMultipartGeometry
 from .lib import Geometry
@@ -53,17 +54,17 @@ class BufferJoinStyle(ParamEnum):
     bevel = 3
 
 @overload
-def boundary(geometry: Point | MultiPoint, **kwargs) -> GeometryCollection: ...
+def boundary(geometry: Point | MultiPoint, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeometryCollection: ...
 @overload
-def boundary(geometry: LineString | MultiLineString, **kwargs) -> MultiPoint: ...
+def boundary(geometry: LineString | MultiLineString, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> MultiPoint: ...
 @overload
-def boundary(geometry: Polygon | MultiPolygon, **kwargs) -> MultiLineString: ...
+def boundary(geometry: Polygon | MultiPolygon, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> MultiLineString: ...
 @overload
-def boundary(geometry: GeometryCollection | None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def boundary(geometry: GeometryCollection | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def boundary(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> BaseMultipartGeometry | Any: ...
+def boundary(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseMultipartGeometry | Any: ...
 @overload
-def boundary(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def boundary(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
 def buffer(
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ def buffer(
     join_style: BufferJoinStyle | Literal["round", "mitre", "bevel"] = "round",
     mitre_limit: float = 5.0,
     single_sided: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> Polygon: ...
 @overload
 def buffer(
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ def buffer(
     join_style: BufferJoinStyle | Literal["round", "mitre", "bevel"] = "round",
     mitre_limit: float = 5.0,
     single_sided: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def buffer(
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ def buffer(
     join_style: BufferJoinStyle | Literal["round", "mitre", "bevel"] = "round",
     mitre_limit: float = 5.0,
     single_sided: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> Polygon | None: ...
 @overload
 def buffer(
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ def buffer(
     join_style: BufferJoinStyle | Literal["round", "mitre", "bevel"] = "round",
     mitre_limit: float = 5.0,
     single_sided: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def buffer(
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ def buffer(
     join_style: BufferJoinStyle | Literal["round", "mitre", "bevel"] = "round",
     mitre_limit: float = 5.0,
     single_sided: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ def offset_curve(
     quad_segs: SupportsIndex = 8,
     join_style: BufferJoinStyle | Literal["round", "mitre", "bevel"] = "round",
     mitre_limit: float = 5.0,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> LineString | MultiLineString: ...
 @overload
 def offset_curve(
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ def offset_curve(
     quad_segs: SupportsIndex = 8,
     join_style: BufferJoinStyle | Literal["round", "mitre", "bevel"] = "round",
     mitre_limit: float = 5.0,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def offset_curve(
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ def offset_curve(
     quad_segs: SupportsIndex = 8,
     join_style: BufferJoinStyle | Literal["round", "mitre", "bevel"] = "round",
     mitre_limit: float = 5.0,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> LineString | MultiLineString | None: ...
 @overload
 def offset_curve(
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ def offset_curve(
     quad_segs: SupportsIndex = 8,
     join_style: BufferJoinStyle | Literal["round", "mitre", "bevel"] = "round",
     mitre_limit: float = 5.0,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def offset_curve(
@@ -164,243 +165,292 @@ def offset_curve(
     quad_segs: SupportsIndex = 8,
     join_style: BufferJoinStyle | Literal["round", "mitre", "bevel"] = "round",
     mitre_limit: float = 5.0,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def centroid(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> Point: ...
+def centroid(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Point: ...
 @overload
-def centroid(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def centroid(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def centroid(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> Point | None: ...
+def centroid(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Point | None: ...
 @overload
-def centroid(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def centroid(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def clip_by_rect(geometry: Geometry, xmin: float, ymin: float, xmax: float, ymax: float, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def clip_by_rect(
+    geometry: Geometry, xmin: float, ymin: float, xmax: float, ymax: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def clip_by_rect(geometry: None, xmin: float, ymin: float, xmax: float, ymax: float, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def clip_by_rect(geometry: None, xmin: float, ymin: float, xmax: float, ymax: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def clip_by_rect(
-    geometry: Geometry | None, xmin: float, ymin: float, xmax: float, ymax: float, **kwargs
+    geometry: Geometry | None, xmin: float, ymin: float, xmax: float, ymax: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
 @overload
-def clip_by_rect(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, xmin: float, ymin: float, xmax: float, ymax: float, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def clip_by_rect(
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, xmin: float, ymin: float, xmax: float, ymax: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def concave_hull(geometry: Geometry, ratio: float = 0.0, allow_holes: bool = False, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def concave_hull(
+    geometry: Geometry, ratio: float = 0.0, allow_holes: bool = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def concave_hull(geometry: None, ratio: float = 0.0, allow_holes: bool = False, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def concave_hull(geometry: None, ratio: float = 0.0, allow_holes: bool = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def concave_hull(geometry: Geometry | None, ratio: float = 0.0, allow_holes: bool = False, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
+def concave_hull(
+    geometry: Geometry | None, ratio: float = 0.0, allow_holes: bool = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
 @overload
-def concave_hull(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, ratio: float = 0.0, allow_holes: bool = False, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def concave_hull(
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, ratio: float = 0.0, allow_holes: bool = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def convex_hull(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def convex_hull(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def convex_hull(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def convex_hull(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def convex_hull(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
+def convex_hull(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
 @overload
-def convex_hull(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def convex_hull(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
 def delaunay_triangles(
-    geometry: Geometry, tolerance: float = 0.0, only_edges: Literal[False] = False, **kwargs
+    geometry: Geometry, tolerance: float = 0.0, only_edges: Literal[False] = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> GeometryCollection: ...
 @overload
-def delaunay_triangles(geometry: Geometry, tolerance: float, only_edges: Literal[True], **kwargs) -> MultiLineString: ...
+def delaunay_triangles(
+    geometry: Geometry, tolerance: float, only_edges: Literal[True], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> MultiLineString: ...
 @overload
-def delaunay_triangles(geometry: Geometry, tolerance: float = 0.0, *, only_edges: Literal[True], **kwargs) -> MultiLineString: ...
+def delaunay_triangles(
+    geometry: Geometry, tolerance: float = 0.0, *, only_edges: Literal[True], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> MultiLineString: ...
 @overload
 def delaunay_triangles(
-    geometry: Geometry, tolerance: float = 0.0, only_edges: bool = False, **kwargs
+    geometry: Geometry, tolerance: float = 0.0, only_edges: bool = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> GeometryCollection | MultiLineString: ...
 @overload
-def delaunay_triangles(geometry: None, tolerance: float = 0.0, only_edges: bool = False, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def delaunay_triangles(
+    geometry: None, tolerance: float = 0.0, only_edges: bool = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def delaunay_triangles(
-    geometry: Geometry | None, tolerance: float = 0.0, only_edges: bool = False, **kwargs
+    geometry: Geometry | None, tolerance: float = 0.0, only_edges: bool = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> GeometryCollection | MultiLineString | None: ...
 @overload
 def delaunay_triangles(
-    geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLike[float], only_edges: ArrayLikeSeq[bool], **kwargs
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLike[float], only_edges: ArrayLikeSeq[bool], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def delaunay_triangles(
-    geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLike[float] = 0.0, *, only_edges: ArrayLikeSeq[bool], **kwargs
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLike[float] = 0.0, *, only_edges: ArrayLikeSeq[bool], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def delaunay_triangles(
-    geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLikeSeq[float], only_edges: ArrayLike[bool] = False, **kwargs
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLikeSeq[float], only_edges: ArrayLike[bool] = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def delaunay_triangles(
-    geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, tolerance: ArrayLike[float] = 0.0, only_edges: ArrayLike[bool] = False, **kwargs
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq,
+    tolerance: ArrayLike[float] = 0.0,
+    only_edges: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def constrained_delaunay_triangles(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> GeometryCollection: ...
+def constrained_delaunay_triangles(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeometryCollection: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
 @overload
-def constrained_delaunay_triangles(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def constrained_delaunay_triangles(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
 @overload
-def constrained_delaunay_triangles(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> GeometryCollection | None: ...
+def constrained_delaunay_triangles(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeometryCollection | None: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
 @overload
-def constrained_delaunay_triangles(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq | OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def constrained_delaunay_triangles(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq | OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def envelope(geometry: Point, **kwargs) -> Point: ...
+def envelope(geometry: Point, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Point: ...
 @overload
-def envelope(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def envelope(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def envelope(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def envelope(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def envelope(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
+def envelope(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
 @overload
-def envelope(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def envelope(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def extract_unique_points(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> MultiPoint: ...
+def extract_unique_points(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> MultiPoint: ...
 @overload
-def extract_unique_points(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def extract_unique_points(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def extract_unique_points(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> MultiPoint | None: ...
+def extract_unique_points(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> MultiPoint | None: ...
 @overload
-def extract_unique_points(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def extract_unique_points(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def build_area(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def build_area(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def build_area(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def build_area(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def build_area(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
+def build_area(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
 @overload
-def build_area(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def build_area(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 # make_valid with `method="linework"` only accepts `keep_collapsed=True`
 @overload
 def make_valid(
-    geometry: Geometry, *, method: Literal["linework"] = "linework", keep_collapsed: Literal[True] = True, **kwargs
+    geometry: Geometry,
+    *,
+    method: Literal["linework"] = "linework",
+    keep_collapsed: Literal[True] = True,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
 def make_valid(
-    geometry: None, *, method: Literal["linework"] = "linework", keep_collapsed: Literal[True] = True, **kwargs
+    geometry: None,
+    *,
+    method: Literal["linework"] = "linework",
+    keep_collapsed: Literal[True] = True,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def make_valid(
-    geometry: Geometry | None, *, method: Literal["linework"] = "linework", keep_collapsed: Literal[True] = True, **kwargs
+    geometry: Geometry | None,
+    *,
+    method: Literal["linework"] = "linework",
+    keep_collapsed: Literal[True] = True,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
 @overload
 def make_valid(
-    geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, *, method: Literal["linework"] = "linework", keep_collapsed: Literal[True] = True, **kwargs
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq,
+    *,
+    method: Literal["linework"] = "linework",
+    keep_collapsed: Literal[True] = True,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def make_valid(geometry: Geometry, *, method: Literal["structure"], keep_collapsed: bool = True, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def make_valid(
+    geometry: Geometry, *, method: Literal["structure"], keep_collapsed: bool = True, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def make_valid(geometry: None, *, method: Literal["structure"], keep_collapsed: bool = True, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def make_valid(
+    geometry: None, *, method: Literal["structure"], keep_collapsed: bool = True, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def make_valid(
-    geometry: Geometry | None, *, method: Literal["structure"], keep_collapsed: bool = True, **kwargs
+    geometry: Geometry | None, *, method: Literal["structure"], keep_collapsed: bool = True, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
 @overload
 def make_valid(
-    geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, *, method: Literal["structure"], keep_collapsed: bool = True, **kwargs
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, *, method: Literal["structure"], keep_collapsed: bool = True, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: Point, **kwargs) -> Point: ...
+def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: Point, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Point: ...
 @overload
-def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: LineString | Polygon | BaseMultipartGeometry, **kwargs) -> Polygon: ...
+def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: LineString | Polygon | BaseMultipartGeometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Polygon: ...
 @overload
-def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> Polygon | Point: ...
+def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Polygon | Point: ...
 @overload
-def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> Polygon | Point | None: ...
+def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Polygon | Point | None: ...
 @overload
-def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def minimum_clearance_line(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def normalize(geometry: OptGeoT, **kwargs) -> OptGeoT: ...
+def normalize(geometry: OptGeoT, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> OptGeoT: ...
 @overload
-def normalize(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def normalize(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def point_on_surface(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> Point: ...
+def point_on_surface(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Point: ...
 @overload
-def point_on_surface(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def point_on_surface(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def point_on_surface(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> Point | None: ...
+def point_on_surface(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Point | None: ...
 @overload
-def point_on_surface(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def point_on_surface(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def node(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> MultiLineString: ...
+def node(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> MultiLineString: ...
 @overload
-def node(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def node(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def node(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> MultiLineString | None: ...
+def node(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> MultiLineString | None: ...
 @overload
-def node(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def node(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def polygonize(geometries: Sequence[Geometry | None], **kwargs) -> GeometryCollection: ...
+def polygonize(geometries: Sequence[Geometry | None], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeometryCollection: ...
 @overload
-def polygonize(geometries: Sequence[Sequence[Geometry | None]], **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def polygonize(geometries: Sequence[Sequence[Geometry | None]], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def polygonize(geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeometryCollection | GeoArray: ...
+def polygonize(geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeometryCollection | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
 def polygonize_full(
-    geometries: Sequence[Geometry | None], **kwargs
+    geometries: Sequence[Geometry | None], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> tuple[GeometryCollection, GeometryCollection, GeometryCollection, GeometryCollection]: ...
 @overload
 def polygonize_full(
-    geometries: Sequence[Sequence[Geometry | None]], **kwargs
+    geometries: Sequence[Sequence[Geometry | None]], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> tuple[GeoArray, GeoArray, GeoArray, GeoArray]: ...
 @overload
 def polygonize_full(
-    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs
+    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> (
     tuple[GeometryCollection, GeometryCollection, GeometryCollection, GeometryCollection]
     | tuple[GeoArray, GeoArray, GeoArray, GeoArray]
 ): ...
 
 @overload
-def remove_repeated_points(geometry: OptGeoT, tolerance: float = 0.0, **kwargs) -> OptGeoT: ...
+def remove_repeated_points(geometry: OptGeoT, tolerance: float = 0.0, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> OptGeoT: ...
 @overload
-def remove_repeated_points(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, tolerance: float = 0.0, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def remove_repeated_points(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, tolerance: float = 0.0, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def reverse(geometry: OptGeoT, **kwargs) -> OptGeoT: ...
+def reverse(geometry: OptGeoT, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> OptGeoT: ...
 @overload
-def reverse(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def reverse(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def segmentize(geometry: OptGeoT, max_segment_length: float, **kwargs) -> OptGeoT: ...
+def segmentize(geometry: OptGeoT, max_segment_length: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> OptGeoT: ...
 @overload
-def segmentize(geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, max_segment_length: ArrayLikeSeq[float], **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def segmentize(geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, max_segment_length: ArrayLikeSeq[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def segmentize(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, max_segment_length: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def segmentize(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, max_segment_length: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def simplify(geometry: OptGeoT, tolerance: float, preserve_topology: bool = True, **kwargs) -> OptGeoT: ...
+def simplify(geometry: OptGeoT, tolerance: float, preserve_topology: bool = True, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> OptGeoT: ...
 @overload
-def simplify(geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLikeSeq[float], preserve_topology: bool = True, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def simplify(
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLikeSeq[float], preserve_topology: bool = True, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def simplify(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, tolerance: ArrayLike[float], preserve_topology: bool = True, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def simplify(
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, tolerance: ArrayLike[float], preserve_topology: bool = True, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def snap(geometry: OptGeoT, reference: Geometry, tolerance: float, **kwargs) -> OptGeoT: ...
+def snap(geometry: OptGeoT, reference: Geometry, tolerance: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> OptGeoT: ...
 @overload
-def snap(geometry: Geometry | None, reference: None, tolerance: float, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def snap(geometry: Geometry | None, reference: None, tolerance: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def snap(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, reference: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def snap(
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, reference: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def snap(geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, reference: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, tolerance: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def snap(
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, reference: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, tolerance: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def snap(geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, reference: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLikeSeq[float], **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def snap(
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, reference: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLikeSeq[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
 def voronoi_polygons(
@@ -409,11 +459,16 @@ def voronoi_polygons(
     extend_to: Geometry | None = None,
     only_edges: Literal[False] = False,
     ordered: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeometryCollection[Polygon]: ...
 @overload
 def voronoi_polygons(
-    geometry: Geometry, tolerance: float, extend_to: Geometry | None, only_edges: Literal[True], ordered: bool = False, **kwargs
+    geometry: Geometry,
+    tolerance: float,
+    extend_to: Geometry | None,
+    only_edges: Literal[True],
+    ordered: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> LineString | MultiLineString: ...
 @overload
 def voronoi_polygons(
@@ -423,7 +478,7 @@ def voronoi_polygons(
     *,
     only_edges: Literal[True],
     ordered: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> LineString | MultiLineString: ...
 @overload
 def voronoi_polygons(
@@ -432,7 +487,7 @@ def voronoi_polygons(
     extend_to: Geometry | None = None,
     only_edges: bool = False,
     ordered: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeometryCollection[Polygon] | LineString | MultiLineString: ...
 @overload
 def voronoi_polygons(
@@ -441,7 +496,7 @@ def voronoi_polygons(
     extend_to: Geometry | None = None,
     only_edges: bool = False,
     ordered: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def voronoi_polygons(
@@ -450,7 +505,7 @@ def voronoi_polygons(
     extend_to: Geometry | None = None,
     only_edges: bool = False,
     ordered: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeometryCollection[Polygon] | LineString | MultiLineString | None: ...
 @overload  # `geometry` as sequence-like
 def voronoi_polygons(
@@ -459,7 +514,7 @@ def voronoi_polygons(
     extend_to: OptGeoArrayLike = None,
     only_edges: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
     ordered: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload  # `tolerance` as sequence-like
 def voronoi_polygons(
@@ -468,7 +523,7 @@ def voronoi_polygons(
     extend_to: OptGeoArrayLike = None,
     only_edges: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
     ordered: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def voronoi_polygons(  # `extend_to` as positional sequence-like
@@ -477,7 +532,7 @@ def voronoi_polygons(  # `extend_to` as positional sequence-like
     extend_to: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq,
     only_edges: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
     ordered: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload  # `extend_to` as keyword sequence-like
 def voronoi_polygons(
@@ -487,7 +542,7 @@ def voronoi_polygons(
     extend_to: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq,
     only_edges: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
     ordered: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def voronoi_polygons(  # `only_edges` as positional sequence-like
@@ -496,7 +551,7 @@ def voronoi_polygons(  # `only_edges` as positional sequence-like
     extend_to: OptGeoArrayLike,
     only_edges: ArrayLikeSeq[bool],
     ordered: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def voronoi_polygons(  # `only_edges` as keyword sequence-like
@@ -506,7 +561,7 @@ def voronoi_polygons(  # `only_edges` as keyword sequence-like
     *,
     only_edges: ArrayLikeSeq[bool],
     ordered: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload  # `ordered` as positional sequence-like
 def voronoi_polygons(
@@ -515,7 +570,7 @@ def voronoi_polygons(
     extend_to: OptGeoArrayLike,
     only_edges: ArrayLike[bool],
     ordered: ArrayLikeSeq[bool],
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload  # `ordered` as keyword sequence-like
 def voronoi_polygons(
@@ -525,49 +580,55 @@ def voronoi_polygons(
     *,
     only_edges: ArrayLike[bool] = False,
     ordered: ArrayLikeSeq[bool],
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def oriented_envelope(geometry: Point, **kwargs) -> Point: ...
+def oriented_envelope(geometry: Point, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Point: ...
 @overload
-def oriented_envelope(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def oriented_envelope(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def oriented_envelope(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def oriented_envelope(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def oriented_envelope(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
+def oriented_envelope(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry | None: ...
 @overload
-def oriented_envelope(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def oriented_envelope(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 minimum_rotated_rectangle = oriented_envelope
 
 @overload
-def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: Point, **kwargs) -> Point: ...
+def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: Point, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Point: ...
 @overload
-def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: LineString | Polygon | BaseMultipartGeometry, **kwargs) -> Polygon: ...
+def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: LineString | Polygon | BaseMultipartGeometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Polygon: ...
 @overload
-def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> Polygon | Point: ...
+def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Polygon | Point: ...
 @overload
-def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> Polygon | Point | None: ...
+def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> Polygon | Point | None: ...
 @overload
-def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def minimum_bounding_circle(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def maximum_inscribed_circle(geometry: Polygon | MultiPolygon, tolerance: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> LineString: ...
+def maximum_inscribed_circle(
+    geometry: Polygon | MultiPolygon, tolerance: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> LineString: ...
 @overload
-def maximum_inscribed_circle(geometry: None, tolerance: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def maximum_inscribed_circle(geometry: None, tolerance: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def maximum_inscribed_circle(
-    geometry: Polygon | MultiPolygon | None, tolerance: float | None = None, **kwargs
+    geometry: Polygon | MultiPolygon | None, tolerance: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> LineString | None: ...
 @overload
-def maximum_inscribed_circle(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, tolerance: ArrayLike[float] | None = None, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def maximum_inscribed_circle(
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, tolerance: ArrayLike[float] | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def maximum_inscribed_circle(geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLikeSeq[float], **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def maximum_inscribed_circle(
+    geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLikeSeq[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def orient_polygons(geometry: OptGeoT, *, exterior_cw: bool = False, **kwargs) -> OptGeoT: ...
+def orient_polygons(geometry: OptGeoT, *, exterior_cw: bool = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> OptGeoT: ...
 @overload
-def orient_polygons(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, *, exterior_cw: bool = False, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def orient_polygons(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, *, exterior_cw: bool = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> GeoArray: ...
diff --git a/stubs/shapely/shapely/creation.pyi b/stubs/shapely/shapely/creation.pyi
index d9631df85d80..a51ff551071d 100644
--- a/stubs/shapely/shapely/creation.pyi
+++ b/stubs/shapely/shapely/creation.pyi
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 from collections.abc import Sequence
 from typing import Literal, SupportsIndex, TypeAlias, overload
+from typing_extensions import Unpack
 
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.typing import NDArray
 
 from ._enum import ParamEnum
 from ._geometry import GeometryType
-from ._typing import ArrayLike, ArrayLikeSeq, GeoArray, OptGeoArrayLike, OptGeoArrayLikeSeq
+from ._typing import ArrayLike, ArrayLikeSeq, GeoArray, OptGeoArrayLike, OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, UFuncKwargsNoOut
 from .geometry import GeometryCollection, LinearRing, LineString, MultiLineString, MultiPoint, MultiPolygon, Point, Polygon
 from .lib import Geometry
 
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ def points(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: None = None,
-    **kwargs,  # acts as x
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],  # acts as x
 ) -> Point: ...
 @overload
 def points(
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ def points(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: None = None,
-    **kwargs,  # acts as x, y[, z]
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],  # acts as x, y[, z]
 ) -> Point: ...
 @overload
 def points(
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ def points(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def points(
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ def points(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def points(
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ def points(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> Point | GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def points(
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ def points(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> Point | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ def linestrings(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> LineString: ...
 @overload
 def linestrings(
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ def linestrings(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> LineString: ...
 @overload
 def linestrings(
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ def linestrings(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def linestrings(
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ def linestrings(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> LineString | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ def linearrings(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> LinearRing: ...
 @overload
 def linearrings(
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ def linearrings(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> LinearRing: ...
 @overload
 def linearrings(
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ def linearrings(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def linearrings(
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ def linearrings(
     *,
     handle_nan: _HandleNaN = ...,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> LinearRing | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ def polygons(
     indices: None = None,
     *,
     out: None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> Polygon: ...
 @overload
 def polygons(
@@ -205,7 +206,7 @@ def polygons(
     indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None,
     *,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def polygons(
@@ -214,11 +215,11 @@ def polygons(
     indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None,
     *,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> Polygon | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def box(xmin: float, ymin: float, xmax: float, ymax: float, ccw: bool = True, **kwargs) -> Polygon: ...
+def box(xmin: float, ymin: float, xmax: float, ymax: float, ccw: bool = True, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut]) -> Polygon: ...
 @overload
 def box(
     xmin: ArrayLikeSeq[float],
@@ -226,12 +227,16 @@ def box(
     xmax: ArrayLikeSeq[float],
     ymax: ArrayLikeSeq[float],
     ccw: bool = True,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
 def multipoints(
-    geometries: Sequence[Point | Sequence[float] | None], indices: None = None, *, out: None = None, **kwargs
+    geometries: Sequence[Point | Sequence[float] | None],
+    indices: None = None,
+    *,
+    out: None = None,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> MultiPoint: ...
 @overload
 def multipoints(
@@ -239,16 +244,24 @@ def multipoints(
     indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None,
     *,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def multipoints(
-    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None, *, out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None, **kwargs
+    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq,
+    indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None,
+    *,
+    out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> MultiPoint | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
 def multilinestrings(
-    geometries: Sequence[LineString | Sequence[Sequence[float]] | None], indices: None = None, *, out: None = None, **kwargs
+    geometries: Sequence[LineString | Sequence[Sequence[float]] | None],
+    indices: None = None,
+    *,
+    out: None = None,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> MultiLineString: ...
 @overload
 def multilinestrings(
@@ -256,16 +269,24 @@ def multilinestrings(
     indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None,
     *,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def multilinestrings(
-    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None, *, out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None, **kwargs
+    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq,
+    indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None,
+    *,
+    out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> MultiLineString | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
 def multipolygons(
-    geometries: Sequence[Polygon | Sequence[Sequence[float]] | None], indices: None = None, *, out: None = None, **kwargs
+    geometries: Sequence[Polygon | Sequence[Sequence[float]] | None],
+    indices: None = None,
+    *,
+    out: None = None,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> MultiPolygon: ...
 @overload
 def multipolygons(
@@ -273,31 +294,38 @@ def multipolygons(
     indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None,
     *,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def multipolygons(
-    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None, *, out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None, **kwargs
+    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq,
+    indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None,
+    *,
+    out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> MultiPolygon | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
 def geometrycollections(
-    geometries: Sequence[Geometry | None], indices: None = None, out: None = None, **kwargs
+    geometries: Sequence[Geometry | None], indices: None = None, out: None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut]
 ) -> GeometryCollection: ...
 @overload
 def geometrycollections(
     geometries: Sequence[Sequence[Geometry | None]],
     indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None,
     out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
 def geometrycollections(
-    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None, out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None, **kwargs
+    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq,
+    indices: ArrayLikeSeq[int] | None = None,
+    out: NDArray[np.object_] | None = None,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut],
 ) -> GeometryCollection | GeoArray: ...
 
-def prepare(geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> None: ...
-def destroy_prepared(geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def prepare(geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut]) -> None: ...
+def destroy_prepared(geometry: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargsNoOut]) -> None: ...
 def empty(
     shape: SupportsIndex | Sequence[SupportsIndex], geom_type: GeometryType | int | None = None, order: Literal["C", "F"] = "C"
 ) -> NDArray[np.object_]: ...
diff --git a/stubs/shapely/shapely/io.pyi b/stubs/shapely/shapely/io.pyi
index 871967fa8fc0..2506df3e6c3b 100644
--- a/stubs/shapely/shapely/io.pyi
+++ b/stubs/shapely/shapely/io.pyi
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 from _typeshed import Incomplete
 from typing import Literal, TypeAlias, overload
+from typing_extensions import Unpack
 
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.typing import NDArray
 
 from ._enum import ParamEnum
 from ._ragged_array import from_ragged_array as from_ragged_array, to_ragged_array as to_ragged_array
-from ._typing import ArrayLikeSeq, GeoArray, OptGeoArrayLikeSeq
+from ._typing import ArrayLikeSeq, GeoArray, OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, UFuncKwargs
 from .geometry.base import BaseGeometry
 from .lib import Geometry
 
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ def to_wkt(
     trim: bool = True,
     output_dimension: _OutputDimension | None = None,
     old_3d: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def to_wkt(
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ def to_wkt(
     trim: bool = True,
     output_dimension: _OutputDimension | None = None,
     old_3d: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> str: ...
 @overload
 def to_wkt(
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ def to_wkt(
     trim: bool = True,
     output_dimension: _OutputDimension | None = None,
     old_3d: bool = False,
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> NDArray[np.str_]: ...
 
 @overload
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ def to_wkb(
     byte_order: int = -1,
     include_srid: bool = False,
     flavor: Literal["iso", "extended"] = "extended",
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def to_wkb(
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ def to_wkb(
     byte_order: int = -1,
     include_srid: bool = False,
     flavor: Literal["iso", "extended"] = "extended",
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> bytes: ...
 @overload
 def to_wkb(
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ def to_wkb(
     byte_order: int = -1,
     include_srid: bool = False,
     flavor: Literal["iso", "extended"] = "extended",
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> str: ...
 @overload
 def to_wkb(
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ def to_wkb(
     byte_order: int = -1,
     include_srid: bool = False,
     flavor: Literal["iso", "extended"] = "extended",
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> bytes | str: ...
 @overload
 def to_wkb(
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ def to_wkb(
     byte_order: int = -1,
     include_srid: bool = False,
     flavor: Literal["iso", "extended"] = "extended",
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> NDArray[np.bytes_]: ...
 @overload
 def to_wkb(
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ def to_wkb(
     byte_order: int = -1,
     include_srid: bool = False,
     flavor: Literal["iso", "extended"] = "extended",
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> NDArray[np.str_]: ...
 @overload
 def to_wkb(
@@ -119,43 +120,57 @@ def to_wkb(
     byte_order: int = -1,
     include_srid: bool = False,
     flavor: Literal["iso", "extended"] = "extended",
-    **kwargs,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> NDArray[np.bytes_] | NDArray[np.str_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def to_geojson(geometry: None, indent: int | None = None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def to_geojson(geometry: None, indent: int | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def to_geojson(geometry: Geometry, indent: int | None = None, **kwargs) -> str: ...
+def to_geojson(geometry: Geometry, indent: int | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> str: ...
 @overload
-def to_geojson(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, indent: int | None = None, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.str_]: ...
+def to_geojson(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, indent: int | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.str_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def from_wkt(geometry: None, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def from_wkt(
+    geometry: None, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def from_wkt(geometry: str, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+def from_wkt(  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+    geometry: str, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
 def from_wkt(
-    geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[str | None], on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs
+    geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[str | None],
+    on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise",
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 
-@overload
-def from_wkb(geometry: None, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def from_wkb(
-    geometry: str | bytes, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs
-) -> BaseGeometry: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+    geometry: None, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> None: ...
+@overload
+def from_wkb(  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+    geometry: str | bytes, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
 def from_wkb(
-    geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[str | bytes | None], on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs
+    geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[str | bytes | None],
+    on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise",
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
 
-@overload
-def from_geojson(geometry: None, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs) -> None: ...
 @overload
 def from_geojson(
-    geometry: str | bytes, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs
-) -> BaseGeometry: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+    geometry: None, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> None: ...
+@overload
+def from_geojson(  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+    geometry: str | bytes, on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
 def from_geojson(
-    geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[str | bytes | None], on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise", **kwargs
+    geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[str | bytes | None],
+    on_invalid: Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore", "fix"] = "raise",
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> GeoArray: ...
diff --git a/stubs/shapely/shapely/predicates.pyi b/stubs/shapely/shapely/predicates.pyi
index 85790e546d9f..03e2a2fd4b50 100644
--- a/stubs/shapely/shapely/predicates.pyi
+++ b/stubs/shapely/shapely/predicates.pyi
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 from typing import Any, Literal, TypeGuard, overload
+from typing_extensions import Unpack
 
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.typing import NDArray
 
-from ._typing import ArrayLike, ArrayLikeSeq, OptGeoArrayLike, OptGeoArrayLikeSeq
+from ._typing import ArrayLike, ArrayLikeSeq, OptGeoArrayLike, OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, UFuncKwargs
 from .geometry.base import BaseGeometry
 from .lib import Geometry
 
@@ -42,226 +43,261 @@ __all__ = [
 ]
 
 @overload
-def has_z(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def has_z(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def has_z(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def has_z(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def has_m(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def has_m(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def has_m(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def has_m(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def is_ccw(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def is_ccw(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def is_ccw(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def is_ccw(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def is_closed(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def is_closed(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def is_closed(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def is_closed(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def is_empty(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def is_empty(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def is_empty(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def is_empty(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def is_geometry(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> np.bool_[Literal[True]]: ...
+def is_geometry(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_[Literal[True]]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
 @overload
-def is_geometry(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_[Literal[False]]: ...
+def is_geometry(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_[Literal[False]]: ...
 @overload
-def is_geometry(geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[Any], **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+def is_geometry(geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[Any], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
 @overload
-def is_geometry(geometry: object, **kwargs) -> TypeGuard[BaseGeometry]: ...
+def is_geometry(geometry: object, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> TypeGuard[BaseGeometry]: ...
 
 @overload
-def is_missing(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> np.bool_[Literal[False]]: ...
+def is_missing(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_[Literal[False]]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
 @overload
-def is_missing(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_[Literal[True]]: ...
+def is_missing(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_[Literal[True]]: ...
 @overload
-def is_missing(geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[Any], **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+def is_missing(geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[Any], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
 @overload
-def is_missing(geometry: object, **kwargs) -> TypeGuard[None]: ...
+def is_missing(geometry: object, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> TypeGuard[None]: ...
 
 @overload
-def is_prepared(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def is_prepared(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def is_prepared(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def is_prepared(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def is_valid_input(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_[Literal[True]]: ...
+def is_valid_input(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_[Literal[True]]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
 @overload
-def is_valid_input(geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[Any], **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+def is_valid_input(geometry: ArrayLikeSeq[Any], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
 @overload
-def is_valid_input(geometry: object, **kwargs) -> TypeGuard[BaseGeometry | None]: ...
+def is_valid_input(geometry: object, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> TypeGuard[BaseGeometry | None]: ...
 
 @overload
-def is_ring(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def is_ring(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def is_ring(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def is_ring(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def is_simple(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def is_simple(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def is_simple(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def is_simple(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def is_valid(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def is_valid(geometry: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def is_valid(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def is_valid(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def is_valid_reason(geometry: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def is_valid_reason(geometry: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def is_valid_reason(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs) -> str: ...
+def is_valid_reason(geometry: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> str: ...
 @overload
-def is_valid_reason(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.object_]: ...
+def is_valid_reason(geometry: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.object_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def crosses(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def crosses(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def crosses(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def crosses(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def crosses(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def crosses(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def contains(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def contains(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def contains(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def contains(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def contains(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def contains(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def contains_properly(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def contains_properly(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def contains_properly(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def contains_properly(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def contains_properly(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def contains_properly(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def covered_by(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def covered_by(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def covered_by(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def covered_by(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def covered_by(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def covered_by(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def covers(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def covers(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def covers(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def covers(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def covers(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def covers(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def disjoint(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def disjoint(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def disjoint(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def disjoint(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def disjoint(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def disjoint(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def equals(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def equals(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def equals(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def equals(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def equals(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def equals(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def intersects(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def intersects(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def intersects(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def intersects(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def intersects(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def intersects(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def overlaps(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def overlaps(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def overlaps(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def overlaps(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def overlaps(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def overlaps(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def touches(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def touches(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def touches(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def touches(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def touches(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def touches(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def within(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def within(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def within(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def within(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def within(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def within(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
 def equals_exact(
-    a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, tolerance: float = 0.0, *, normalize: bool = False, **kwargs
+    a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, tolerance: float = 0.0, *, normalize: bool = False, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
 def equals_exact(
-    a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLikeSeq[float], *, normalize: bool = False, **kwargs
+    a: OptGeoArrayLike,
+    b: OptGeoArrayLike,
+    tolerance: ArrayLikeSeq[float],
+    *,
+    normalize: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
 def equals_exact(
-    a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, tolerance: ArrayLike[float] = 0.0, *, normalize: bool = False, **kwargs
+    a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq,
+    b: OptGeoArrayLike,
+    tolerance: ArrayLike[float] = 0.0,
+    *,
+    normalize: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
 def equals_exact(
-    a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, tolerance: ArrayLike[float] = 0.0, *, normalize: bool = False, **kwargs
+    a: OptGeoArrayLike,
+    b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq,
+    tolerance: ArrayLike[float] = 0.0,
+    *,
+    normalize: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs],
 ) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def equals_identical(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def equals_identical(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def equals_identical(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def equals_identical(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def equals_identical(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def equals_identical(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def relate(a: Geometry | None, b: None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def relate(a: Geometry | None, b: None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def relate(a: None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def relate(a: None, b: Geometry | None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def relate(a: Geometry, b: Geometry, **kwargs) -> str: ...
+def relate(a: Geometry, b: Geometry, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> str: ...
 @overload
-def relate(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.object_]: ...
+def relate(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.object_]: ...
 @overload
-def relate(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.object_]: ...
+def relate(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.object_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def relate_pattern(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, pattern: str, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def relate_pattern(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, pattern: str, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def relate_pattern(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, pattern: str, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def relate_pattern(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, pattern: str, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def relate_pattern(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, pattern: str, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def relate_pattern(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, pattern: str, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def dwithin(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, distance: float, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def dwithin(a: Geometry | None, b: Geometry | None, distance: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def dwithin(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, distance: float, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def dwithin(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, distance: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def dwithin(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, distance: float, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def dwithin(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, distance: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def contains_xy(geom: Geometry | None, x: float, y: float, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def contains_xy(geom: Geometry | None, x: float, y: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def contains_xy(geom: OptGeoArrayLike, x: ArrayLikeSeq[float], y: None = None, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def contains_xy(
+    geom: OptGeoArrayLike, x: ArrayLikeSeq[float], y: None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def contains_xy(geom: Geometry | None, x: ArrayLike[float], y: ArrayLikeSeq[float], **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def contains_xy(
+    geom: Geometry | None, x: ArrayLike[float], y: ArrayLikeSeq[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def contains_xy(geom: Geometry | None, x: ArrayLikeSeq[float], y: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def contains_xy(
+    geom: Geometry | None, x: ArrayLikeSeq[float], y: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def contains_xy(geom: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, x: ArrayLike[float], y: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def contains_xy(
+    geom: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, x: ArrayLike[float], y: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 
 @overload
-def intersects_xy(geom: Geometry | None, x: float, y: float, **kwargs) -> np.bool_: ...
+def intersects_xy(geom: Geometry | None, x: float, y: float, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> np.bool_: ...
 @overload
-def intersects_xy(geom: OptGeoArrayLike, x: ArrayLikeSeq[float], y: None = None, **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def intersects_xy(
+    geom: OptGeoArrayLike, x: ArrayLikeSeq[float], y: None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def intersects_xy(geom: Geometry | None, x: ArrayLike[float], y: ArrayLikeSeq[float], **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def intersects_xy(
+    geom: Geometry | None, x: ArrayLike[float], y: ArrayLikeSeq[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def intersects_xy(geom: Geometry | None, x: ArrayLikeSeq[float], y: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def intersects_xy(
+    geom: Geometry | None, x: ArrayLikeSeq[float], y: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
 @overload
-def intersects_xy(geom: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, x: ArrayLike[float], y: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
+def intersects_xy(
+    geom: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, x: ArrayLike[float], y: ArrayLike[float], **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> NDArray[np.bool_]: ...
diff --git a/stubs/shapely/shapely/set_operations.pyi b/stubs/shapely/shapely/set_operations.pyi
index 7328583d2ad1..f1972a624d7f 100644
--- a/stubs/shapely/shapely/set_operations.pyi
+++ b/stubs/shapely/shapely/set_operations.pyi
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from typing import overload
-from typing_extensions import deprecated
+from typing_extensions import Unpack, deprecated
 
-from ._typing import GeoArray, OptGeoArrayLike, OptGeoArrayLikeSeq
+from ._typing import GeoArray, OptGeoArrayLike, OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, UFuncKwargs
 from .geometry.base import BaseGeometry
 from .lib import Geometry
 
@@ -21,85 +21,117 @@ __all__ = [
 ]
 
 @overload
-def difference(a: Geometry, b: Geometry, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def difference(a: Geometry, b: Geometry, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def difference(a: None, b: Geometry | None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def difference(a: None, b: Geometry | None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def difference(a: Geometry | None, b: None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def difference(a: Geometry | None, b: None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def difference(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def difference(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def difference(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def difference(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def intersection(a: Geometry, b: Geometry, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def intersection(a: Geometry, b: Geometry, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def intersection(a: None, b: Geometry | None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def intersection(a: None, b: Geometry | None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def intersection(a: Geometry | None, b: None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def intersection(a: Geometry | None, b: None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def intersection(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def intersection(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def intersection(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def intersection(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def intersection_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLike, axis: None = None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def intersection_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLike, axis: None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def intersection_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, axis: int, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
+def intersection_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, axis: int, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def symmetric_difference(a: Geometry, b: Geometry, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def symmetric_difference(
+    a: Geometry, b: Geometry, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def symmetric_difference(a: None, b: Geometry | None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def symmetric_difference(a: None, b: Geometry | None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def symmetric_difference(a: Geometry | None, b: None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def symmetric_difference(a: Geometry | None, b: None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def symmetric_difference(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def symmetric_difference(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def symmetric_difference(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def symmetric_difference(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
 @deprecated("symmetric_difference_all behaves incorrectly and will be removed in a future version.")
-def symmetric_difference_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLike, axis: None = None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def symmetric_difference_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLike, axis: None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
 @deprecated("symmetric_difference_all behaves incorrectly and will be removed in a future version.")
-def symmetric_difference_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, axis: int, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
+def symmetric_difference_all(
+    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, axis: int, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def union(a: Geometry, b: Geometry, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def union(a: Geometry, b: Geometry, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def union(a: None, b: Geometry | None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def union(a: None, b: Geometry | None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def union(a: Geometry | None, b: None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> None: ...
+def union(a: Geometry | None, b: None, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> None: ...
 @overload
-def union(a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def union(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, b: OptGeoArrayLike, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def union(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs) -> GeoArray: ...
+def union(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def union_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLike, grid_size: float | None = None, axis: None = None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def union_all(
+    geometries: OptGeoArrayLike, grid_size: float | None = None, axis: None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
 def union_all(
-    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None = None, *, axis: int, **kwargs
+    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None = None, *, axis: int, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
 ) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
 @overload
-def union_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None, axis: int, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
+def union_all(
+    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, grid_size: float | None, axis: int, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
 
 unary_union = union_all
 
 @overload
-def coverage_union(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLike, *, axis: None = None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def coverage_union(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLike, *, axis: None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def coverage_union(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLike, *, axis: int, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
+def coverage_union(
+    a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLike, *, axis: int, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def coverage_union_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLike, axis: None = None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def coverage_union_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLike, axis: None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def coverage_union_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, axis: int, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
+def coverage_union_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, axis: int, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
 
-def disjoint_subset_union(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
+def disjoint_subset_union(a: OptGeoArrayLike, b: OptGeoArrayLike, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
 
 @overload
-def disjoint_subset_union_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLike, *, axis: None = None, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry: ...
+def disjoint_subset_union_all(
+    geometries: OptGeoArrayLike, *, axis: None = None, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry: ...
 @overload
-def disjoint_subset_union_all(geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, *, axis: int, **kwargs) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...
+def disjoint_subset_union_all(
+    geometries: OptGeoArrayLikeSeq, *, axis: int, **kwargs: Unpack[UFuncKwargs]
+) -> BaseGeometry | GeoArray: ...