From 08bf50d2a2c1a38797ef4901e59a225506c10315 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nathan Goldbaum <nathan.goldbaum@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Jul 2026 10:34:36 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] Use PyGilState_Ensure to avoid accessing CPython
 internals

---
 src/c/misc_thread_common.h | 55 ++++++++------------------------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/c/misc_thread_common.h b/src/c/misc_thread_common.h
index 766dcb2a..ca12d4d6 100644
--- a/src/c/misc_thread_common.h
+++ b/src/c/misc_thread_common.h
@@ -224,9 +224,14 @@ thread_canary_register(PyThreadState *tstate)
        the reference) and in 'tls->local_thread_canary' (which doesn't). */
     assert(Py_REFCNT(canary) == 1);
     tls->local_thread_canary = canary;
-    tstate->gilstate_counter++;
-    /* ^^^ this means 'tstate' will never be automatically freed by
-           PyGILState_Release() */
+    {
+        /* this extra PyGILState_Ensure() is deliberately never paired
+           with a PyGILState_Release(), so 'tstate' is never
+           automatically freed by PyGILState_Release() */
+        PyGILState_STATE state = PyGILState_Ensure();
+        assert(state == PyGILState_LOCKED);
+        (void)state;
+    }
     //fprintf(stderr, "CANARY: ready, tstate=%p, tls=%p, canary=%p\n", tstate, tls, canary);
     return;
 
@@ -313,52 +318,16 @@ static void restore_errno_only(void)
 #endif
 
 
-/* MESS.  We can't use PyThreadState_GET(), because that calls
-   PyThreadState_Get() which fails an assert if the result is NULL.
-
-   * in Python 2.7 and <= 3.4, the variable _PyThreadState_Current
-     is directly available, so use that.
-
-   * in Python 3.5, the variable is available too, but it might be
-     the case that the headers don't define it (this changed in 3.5.1).
-     In case we're compiling with 3.5.x with x >= 1, we need to
-     manually define this variable.
-
-   * in Python >= 3.6 there is _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet().
-     It was added in 3.5.2 but should never be used in 3.5.x
-     because it is not available in 3.5.0 or 3.5.1.
-*/
-static PyThreadState *get_current_ts(void)
-{
-#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030D0000
-    return PyThreadState_GetUnchecked();
-#else
-    return _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet();
-#endif
-}
-
 static PyGILState_STATE gil_ensure(void)
 {
-    /* Called at the start of a callback.  Replacement for
-       PyGILState_Ensure().
-    */
+    /* Called at the start of a callback. */
     PyGILState_STATE result;
     PyThreadState *ts = PyGILState_GetThisThreadState();
     //fprintf(stderr, "%p: gil_ensure(), tstate=%p, tls=%p\n", get_cffi_tls(), ts, get_cffi_tls());
 
     if (ts != NULL) {
-        ts->gilstate_counter++;
-        if (ts != get_current_ts()) {
-            /* common case: 'ts' is our non-current thread state and
-               we have to make it current and acquire the GIL */
-            PyEval_RestoreThread(ts);
-            //fprintf(stderr, "%p: gil_ensure(), tstate=%p MADE CURRENT\n", get_cffi_tls(), ts);
-            return PyGILState_UNLOCKED;
-        }
-        else {
-            //fprintf(stderr, "%p: gil_ensure(), tstate=%p ALREADY CURRENT\n", get_cffi_tls(), ts);
-            return PyGILState_LOCKED;
-        }
+        /* common case: this thread already has a thread state */
+        return PyGILState_Ensure();
     }
     else {
         /* no thread state here so far. */
@@ -368,8 +337,6 @@ static PyGILState_STATE gil_ensure(void)
         ts = PyGILState_GetThisThreadState();
         //fprintf(stderr, "%p: gil_ensure(), made a new tstate=%p\n", get_cffi_tls(), ts);
         assert(ts != NULL);
-        assert(ts == get_current_ts());
-        assert(ts->gilstate_counter >= 1);
 
         /* Use the ThreadCanary mechanism to keep 'ts' alive until the
            thread really shuts down */

From 2152dc3095ee656880978abd92ddff97de7fc3f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nathan Goldbaum <nathan.goldbaum@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Jul 2026 10:48:24 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] Avoid more direct PyThreadState accesses

---
 src/c/call_python.c | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/c/call_python.c b/src/c/call_python.c
index db9e1253..2503270a 100644
--- a/src/c/call_python.c
+++ b/src/c/call_python.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 static PyObject *_current_interp_key(void)
 {
-    PyInterpreterState *interp = PyThreadState_GET()->interp;
+    PyInterpreterState *interp = PyInterpreterState_Get();
     return PyInterpreterState_GetDict(interp);   /* shared reference */
 }
 
@@ -17,13 +17,17 @@ static PyObject *_get_interpstate_dict(void)
     int err;
     PyInterpreterState *interp;
 
-    tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030D0000
+    tstate = PyThreadState_GetUnchecked();
+#else
+    tstate = _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet();
+#endif
     if (tstate == NULL) {
         /* no thread state! */
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    interp = tstate->interp;
+    interp = PyThreadState_GetInterpreter(tstate);
     interpdict = PyInterpreterState_GetDict(interp);   /* shared reference */
     if (interpdict == NULL) {
         /* subinterpreter was cleared already, or is being cleared right now,