Backport PR #36152: Fix compressed multiindex for output of groupby.rolling (#36203)

Co-authored-by: patrick <61934744+phofl@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: meeseeksmachine

doc/source/whatsnew/v1.1.2.rst

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ Fixed regressions
 - Regression in :meth:`DataFrame.replace` where a ``TypeError`` would be raised when attempting to replace elements of type :class:`Interval` (:issue:`35931`)
 - Fix regression in pickle roundtrip of the ``closed`` attribute of :class:`IntervalIndex` (:issue:`35658`)
 - Fixed regression in :meth:`DataFrameGroupBy.agg` where a ``ValueError: buffer source array is read-only`` would be raised when the underlying array is read-only (:issue:`36014`)
+- Fixed regression in :meth:`Series.groupby.rolling` number of levels of :class:`MultiIndex` in input was compressed to one (:issue:`36018`)
 -
 
 .. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

pandas/core/window/rolling.py

@@ -2197,17 +2197,17 @@ def _apply(
         # Compose MultiIndex result from grouping levels then rolling level
         # Aggregate the MultiIndex data as tuples then the level names
         grouped_object_index = self.obj.index
-        grouped_index_name = [grouped_object_index.name]
+        grouped_index_name = [*grouped_object_index.names]
         groupby_keys = [grouping.name for grouping in self._groupby.grouper._groupings]
         result_index_names = groupby_keys + grouped_index_name
 
         result_index_data = []
         for key, values in self._groupby.grouper.indices.items():
             for value in values:
-                if not is_list_like(key):
-                    data = [key, grouped_object_index[value]]
-                else:
-                    data = [*key, grouped_object_index[value]]
+                data = [
+                    *com.maybe_make_list(key),
+                    *com.maybe_make_list(grouped_object_index[value]),
+                ]
                 result_index_data.append(tuple(data))
 
         result_index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(

pandas/tests/window/test_grouper.py

@@ -383,3 +383,24 @@ def test_groupby_subset_rolling_subset_with_closed(self):
             name="column1",
         )
         tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("func", ["max", "min"])
+    def test_groupby_rolling_index_changed(self, func):
+        # GH: #36018 nlevels of MultiIndex changed
+        ds = Series(
+            [1, 2, 2],
+            index=pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+                [("a", "x"), ("a", "y"), ("c", "z")], names=["1", "2"]
+            ),
+            name="a",
+        )
+
+        result = getattr(ds.groupby(ds).rolling(2), func)()
+        expected = Series(
+            [np.nan, np.nan, 2.0],
+            index=pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+                [(1, "a", "x"), (2, "a", "y"), (2, "c", "z")], names=["a", "1", "2"]
+            ),
+            name="a",
+        )
+        tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)