[9.0] New threadpool-based merge scheduler that is disk space aware (elastic#129134)

This is the backport of a few PRs related to the implementation of the new threadpool-based merge scheduler.
The new merge scheduler uses a node-level threadpool (sized the number of CPU cores) to execute all the merges across all the shards on the node, limiting the amount of concurrently executing merges, irrespective of the number of shards that the node hosts. Smaller merges continue to have priority over larger ones.
In addition, the new merge scheduler implementation also monitors the available disk space on the node, so that it won't start executing any new merges when the available disk space becomes scarce (the used disk space gets above the indices.merge.disk.watermark.high (95%) limit (same as the the allocation flood stage (the limit that flips shards on the node to read-only))).
The new merge scheduler is now enabled by default (indices.merge.scheduler.use_thread_pool is true).

Author: albertzaharovits

docs/changelog/120869.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pr: 120869
+summary: Threadpool merge scheduler
+area: Engine
+type: feature
+issues: []

docs/changelog/127613.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pr: 127613
+summary: Threadpool merge executor is aware of available disk space
+area: Engine
+type: feature
+issues: []

server/src/internalClusterTest/java/org/elasticsearch/index/engine/InternalEngineMergeIT.java

@@ -8,24 +8,40 @@
  */
 package org.elasticsearch.index.engine;
 
+import org.elasticsearch.action.admin.cluster.node.stats.NodeStats;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.admin.cluster.node.stats.NodesStatsResponse;
 import org.elasticsearch.action.admin.indices.stats.IndicesStatsResponse;
 import org.elasticsearch.action.bulk.BulkRequestBuilder;
 import org.elasticsearch.action.bulk.BulkResponse;
 import org.elasticsearch.action.index.IndexRequest;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.settings.Settings;
+import org.elasticsearch.index.query.QueryBuilders;
 import org.elasticsearch.test.ESIntegTestCase;
 import org.elasticsearch.test.ESIntegTestCase.ClusterScope;
 import org.elasticsearch.test.ESIntegTestCase.Scope;
+import org.elasticsearch.threadpool.ThreadPool;
 
 import static org.elasticsearch.test.hamcrest.ElasticsearchAssertions.assertAcked;
+import static org.elasticsearch.test.hamcrest.ElasticsearchAssertions.assertHitCount;
 import static org.elasticsearch.test.hamcrest.ElasticsearchAssertions.assertNoFailures;
 import static org.elasticsearch.xcontent.XContentFactory.jsonBuilder;
 import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
 import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.lessThan;
 import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.lessThanOrEqualTo;
 
-@ClusterScope(supportsDedicatedMasters = false, numDataNodes = 1, scope = Scope.SUITE)
+@ClusterScope(supportsDedicatedMasters = false, numDataNodes = 1, numClientNodes = 0, scope = Scope.TEST)
 public class InternalEngineMergeIT extends ESIntegTestCase {
 
+    private boolean useThreadPoolMerging;
+
+    @Override
+    protected Settings nodeSettings(int nodeOrdinal, Settings otherSettings) {
+        useThreadPoolMerging = randomBoolean();
+        Settings.Builder settings = Settings.builder().put(super.nodeSettings(nodeOrdinal, otherSettings));
+        settings.put(ThreadPoolMergeScheduler.USE_THREAD_POOL_MERGE_SCHEDULER_SETTING.getKey(), useThreadPoolMerging);
+        return settings.build();
+    }
+
     public void testMergesHappening() throws Exception {
         final int numOfShards = randomIntBetween(1, 5);
         // some settings to keep num segments low
@@ -83,4 +99,60 @@ public void testMergesHappening() throws Exception {
         assertThat(count, lessThanOrEqualTo(upperNumberSegments));
     }
 
+    public void testMergesUseTheMergeThreadPool() throws Exception {
+        final String indexName = randomIdentifier();
+        createIndex(indexName, indexSettings(randomIntBetween(1, 3), 0).build());
+        long id = 0;
+        final int minMerges = randomIntBetween(1, 5);
+        long totalDocs = 0;
+
+        while (true) {
+            int docs = randomIntBetween(100, 200);
+            totalDocs += docs;
+
+            BulkRequestBuilder request = client().prepareBulk();
+            for (int j = 0; j < docs; ++j) {
+                request.add(
+                    new IndexRequest(indexName).id(Long.toString(id++))
+                        .source(jsonBuilder().startObject().field("l", randomLong()).endObject())
+                );
+            }
+            BulkResponse response = request.get();
+            assertNoFailures(response);
+            refresh(indexName);
+
+            var mergesResponse = client().admin().indices().prepareStats(indexName).clear().setMerge(true).get();
+            var primaries = mergesResponse.getIndices().get(indexName).getPrimaries();
+            if (primaries.merge.getTotal() >= minMerges) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        forceMerge();
+        refresh(indexName);
+
+        // after a force merge there should only be 1 segment per shard
+        var shardsWithMultipleSegments = getShardSegments().stream()
+            .filter(shardSegments -> shardSegments.getSegments().size() > 1)
+            .toList();
+        assertTrue("there are shards with multiple segments " + shardsWithMultipleSegments, shardsWithMultipleSegments.isEmpty());
+
+        final long expectedTotalDocs = totalDocs;
+        assertHitCount(prepareSearch(indexName).setQuery(QueryBuilders.matchAllQuery()).setTrackTotalHits(true), expectedTotalDocs);
+
+        IndicesStatsResponse indicesStats = client().admin().indices().prepareStats(indexName).setMerge(true).get();
+        long mergeCount = indicesStats.getIndices().get(indexName).getPrimaries().merge.getTotal();
+        NodesStatsResponse nodesStatsResponse = client().admin().cluster().prepareNodesStats().setThreadPool(true).get();
+        assertThat(nodesStatsResponse.getNodes().size(), equalTo(1));
+
+        NodeStats nodeStats = nodesStatsResponse.getNodes().get(0);
+        if (useThreadPoolMerging) {
+            assertThat(
+                nodeStats.getThreadPool().stats().stream().filter(s -> ThreadPool.Names.MERGE.equals(s.name())).findAny().get().completed(),
+                equalTo(mergeCount)
+            );
+        } else {
+            assertTrue(nodeStats.getThreadPool().stats().stream().filter(s -> ThreadPool.Names.MERGE.equals(s.name())).findAny().isEmpty());
+        }
+    }
 }