From 3d724b61c9aca137b3d68bc3eb1964d0804e6e71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CsUtil <45512166+cs-util@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2025 04:37:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] feat: implement math marauders simulation

---
 README.md                                     |  169 +-
 babel.config.js => babel.config.cjs           |    0
 eslint.config.js                              |   22 +
 index.html                                    |  248 +-
 jest.config.cjs                               |    8 +
 package-lock.json                             | 1985 ++++++++++++++---
 package.json                                  |   38 +-
 src/core/BattleSystem.js                      |   89 +
 src/core/FlockSystem.js                       |   59 +
 src/core/GameController.js                    |  249 +++
 src/core/GateSystem.js                        |   38 +
 src/core/PersistenceManager.js                |   59 +
 src/core/Telemetry.js                         |   30 +
 src/core/WaveGenerator.js                     |  243 ++
 src/core/__tests__/BattleSystem.test.js       |   50 +
 src/core/__tests__/PersistenceManager.test.js |   32 +
 src/core/__tests__/Telemetry.test.js          |   11 +
 src/core/__tests__/WaveGenerator.test.js      |   33 +
 src/core/constants.js                         |   28 +
 src/index.js                                  |   30 +-
 src/index.test.js                             |   12 -
 src/ui/UIManager.js                           |  295 +++
 src/utils/random.js                           |   34 +
 23 files changed, 3239 insertions(+), 523 deletions(-)
 rename babel.config.js => babel.config.cjs (100%)
 create mode 100644 eslint.config.js
 create mode 100644 jest.config.cjs
 create mode 100644 src/core/BattleSystem.js
 create mode 100644 src/core/FlockSystem.js
 create mode 100644 src/core/GameController.js
 create mode 100644 src/core/GateSystem.js
 create mode 100644 src/core/PersistenceManager.js
 create mode 100644 src/core/Telemetry.js
 create mode 100644 src/core/WaveGenerator.js
 create mode 100644 src/core/__tests__/BattleSystem.test.js
 create mode 100644 src/core/__tests__/PersistenceManager.test.js
 create mode 100644 src/core/__tests__/Telemetry.test.js
 create mode 100644 src/core/__tests__/WaveGenerator.test.js
 create mode 100644 src/core/constants.js
 delete mode 100644 src/index.test.js
 create mode 100644 src/ui/UIManager.js
 create mode 100644 src/utils/random.js

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index ec569a3..67c67fc 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,137 +1,70 @@
-## 1. Overview
+# Math Marauders
 
-A wave-based runner where the player leads a flock of soldiers through a series of forward math-choice gates and skirmishes, then reverses course in a “showdown chase” back through retreat-phase gates while being pursued by a massive enemy army. All locomotion and obstacle avoidance is handled by a GPU boids system (Three.js GPGPU birds demo).
+Math Marauders is a wave-based strategy runner inspired by the project brief in this repository. Instead of relying on WebGL or
+GPGPU simulations, this version provides a lightweight HTML interface that lets you steer an abstract flock of soldiers through
+the core systems described in the specification:
 
----
+- **Forward run** gates that apply deterministic math operations.
+- **Skirmishes** sized off the optimal path after each forward gate.
+- A **showdown → retreat chase** where automatic arrow volleys whittle down the pursuing enemy.
+- **Star ratings**, persistence, and telemetry hooks ready for future integrations.
 
-## 2. Game Flow
+The app focuses on surfacing the math and progression logic so the systems can be verified through unit tests and easily evolved
+into a richer visual experience later.
 
-1. **Forward Run**
+## Getting started
 
-   * **Gate Count**: Wave 1 = 5 gates; each new wave adds +1 gate.
-   * **Math Gates**: Full mix of +N, –N, ×M, ÷M in waves 1–5; waves 6–10 introduce two-step (e.g. x\*4–2); waves 11+ allow parentheses and exponents.
-   * **Optimal-Path**: At each gate, pick the larger outcome; chain through all gates to compute “optimal army” size.
-   * **Skirmishes**: Immediately after each gate, spawn an enemy group sized at **80 % of optimal-army** at that point. Resolve by straight subtraction.
-   * **Obstacles**: Static rocks with a 0.5 m soft-tolerance buffer around the divider; boids slide along rocks naturally; any boid outside the buffer for >2 s is removed. Use e.g. const rockGeo = new THREE.DodecahedronGeometry(1.2);
+```bash
+npm install
+npm start # optional if you add your own static server
+```
 
-2. **Final Showdown → Retreat Chase**
+The project is entirely static. Opening `index.html` in a browser is enough to play the simulation.
 
-   * Upon clearing the last forward gate, a single large enemy gate opens and a huge enemy flock pours out.
-   * **Camera**: Same angled top-down tilt, but target and dolly direction reverse so the player retreats back to the start.
-   * **Retreat Gates**: Mirror the forward-run count (e.g. 5 gates in wave 1). Same math-choice logic applies to your shrinking army.
-   * **Chase Pacing**: Both sides run at 6 m/s; **each time you clear a retreat-phase gate**, the enemy surges to 8 m/s for 1 s.
-   * **Arrow volleys**:
+## Available scripts
 
-     * Automatic burst every 0.8 s, equal to 10 % of current player-army size.
-     * Each arrow removes one enemy on contact (straight subtraction).
-     * Implement via instanced `ArrowHelper` or pooled custom arrow mesh.
-   * **Failure**: If the player returns to the start with zero soldiers, the wave ends as a defeat and the game **immediately restarts at wave 1**.
+| Script | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| `npm run lint` | ESLint using the flat config in `eslint.config.js`. |
+| `npm run check:all` | Alias for the lint script. |
+| `npm test` | Jest unit tests configured for ESM via Babel. |
+| `npm run validate:all` | Lint + test, matching the project instructions. |
 
-3. **Progression & Scoring**
+## Architecture overview
 
-   * **Stars**: 1–5 stars per wave based on final survivors ÷ optimal-path:
+The implementation leans on small modules inside `src/core` and `src/ui`:
 
-     * ★1: 0–40 %
-     * ★2: 41–60 %
-     * ★3: 61–75 %
-     * ★4: 76–90 %
-     * ★5: 91–100 %
-   * **Persistence**: Store best star rating per wave in `localStorage`.
-   * **Navigation**: Single “Play” button always advances to next uncompleted wave; after each wave show a **minimalist popup**:
+| Module | Responsibility |
+| --- | --- |
+| `WaveGenerator` | Deterministically generates gate operations, enemy sizing, and optimal-path reference data for each wave. |
+| `GateSystem` | Resolves player choices and reports telemetry. |
+| `BattleSystem` | Handles skirmish subtraction, retreat arrow volleys, and star rating calculations. |
+| `FlockSystem` | Tracks player/enemy counts and notifies listeners (the UI). |
+| `GameController` | Orchestrates wave flow, progression, and persistence. |
+| `UIManager` | Renders the HUD, slider controls, and end-of-wave popups. |
+| `PersistenceManager` | Wraps `localStorage` and exposes helper methods for storing star ratings. |
+| `Telemetry` | Provides an abstract interface plus the default console-backed implementation. |
 
-     * “Wave X Complete”
-     * ★★☆☆☆ stars
-     * “Next” or “Retry”
+All public classes include JSDoc annotations to make the data flow explicit.
 
----
+## Testing strategy
 
-## 3. Architecture & Module Breakdown
+Unit tests cover the deterministic core systems:
 
-* **`GameController`**
+- Wave generation rules (gate count, operation tiers, skirmish sizing).
+- Star rating thresholds and failure cases.
+- Persistence logic around star upgrades.
+- Telemetry behavior.
 
-  * Orchestrates wave start/end, transitions between forward and retreat phases, win/lose handling.
-* **`WaveGenerator`** (procedural)
+Run the full suite with:
 
-  * Calculates gate count, selects operations (tiered unlock), computes skirmish sizes, retreat-gate count.
-* **`FlockSystem`**
+```bash
+npm test
+```
 
-  * GPU boids simulation (based on three.js GPGPU birds).
-  * Obstacle avoidance (rocks), cohesion radius, buffer timing for stragglers.
-* **`GateSystem`**
+## Future work
 
-  * Spawns math gates, displays floating labels, evaluates player vs optimal choices.
-* **`BattleSystem`**
-
-  * Resolves skirmishes and final showdown subtraction, arrow volley logic, enemy spawn/pursuit.
-* **`UIManager`**
-
-  * Renders HTML/CSS slider overlay (`<input type="range">` or custom div), floating soldier counts above flocks, gate-pop labels.
-  * Summary popup, Play button, responsive layout for mouse/touch.
-* **`PersistenceManager`**
-
-  * Wraps `localStorage` for saving/loading star ratings.
-* **`Telemetry`** (abstract interface)
-
-  * Default → console logging only; can plug in other analytics later.
-
----
-
-## 4. Data & Configuration
-
-* **Wave configuration** is **fully procedural**—no external JSON. All parameters derive from formulas and rules in code.
-* **Math-expression tiers** and **skirmish percentage (80 %)** are constants defined in `WaveGenerator`.
-* **Star thresholds** and **movement speeds** are constants configurable at the top of each relevant module.
-
----
-
-## 5. Visuals & Performance
-
-* **Models**: Low-poly soldier mesh instanced via `InstancedMesh`. Use e.g. new THREE.BoxGeometry(0.6, 1.2, 0.6); for soldiers. 
-* **Boids**: Thousands of agents at 60 fps desktop, 30 fps mobile.
-* **HUD**: Minimal floating labels (CSS2DRenderer or sprite text).
-* **Slider**: HTML/CSS overlay over the canvas; pointer events for drag/steer.
-* **Camera**: Single `PerspectiveCamera` at a fixed angle; follow-rig that lerps to the flock’s center, reversing direction on showdown.
-* **Performance Targets**:
-
-  * Desktop → 60 fps, Mobile → 30 fps (select quality preset at startup).
-  * No dynamic LOD or quality scaling beyond that.
-
----
-
-## 6. Build & Deployment
-
-* **Pure ES6 modules**: drop all `.js` files in a `src/` folder; no build step if browser supports modules.
-* **Fallback**: If older-browser support is needed, use **Vite + native ESM** with zero-config for fast HMR and bundling.
-
----
-
-## 7. Error Handling
-
-* **Resource load failures** (models, shaders, textures): catch, log to console, and **retry** up to N attempts before giving up silently.
-* **Runtime errors**: surface in console; game continues where possible.
-
----
-
-## 8. Testing & QA
-
-* **Unit tests only** (Jest or equivalent) covering:
-
-  * Math-gate evaluation and optimal-path logic.
-  * `WaveGenerator` formulas (gate count, skirmish sizing, tiered unlock).
-  * Star-rating thresholds.
-  * Persistence read/write.
-  * Telemetry stub behavior.
-
----
-
-## 9. Documentation
-
-* **Inline JSDoc** on all public classes, methods, and data structures.
-* A small `README.md` describing architecture, module responsibilities, and how to run tests.
-
----
-
-## 10. Analytics & Telemetry
-
-* **Abstract `Telemetry` interface** with methods like `trackEvent(name, payload)`.
-* Default implementation logs to console; ready for remote analytics plug-in in future.
\ No newline at end of file
+- Swap the abstract UI for an actual WebGL flock simulation (Three.js + GPU boids).
+- Model obstacle avoidance and flock splitting per the original brief.
+- Persist additional analytics via the telemetry interface.
+- Expand tests to cover retreat pacing, timer behavior, and UI flows.
diff --git a/babel.config.js b/babel.config.cjs
similarity index 100%
rename from babel.config.js
rename to babel.config.cjs
diff --git a/eslint.config.js b/eslint.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b160503
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eslint.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import js from '@eslint/js';
+import globals from 'globals';
+
+export default [
+  js.configs.recommended,
+  {
+    files: ['**/*.js'],
+    languageOptions: {
+      sourceType: 'module',
+      ecmaVersion: 2022,
+      globals: {
+        ...globals.browser,
+        ...globals.jest,
+      },
+    },
+    rules: {
+      'no-console': 'off',
+      'class-methods-use-this': 'off',
+      'no-unused-vars': ['warn', {args: 'none', vars: 'all', varsIgnorePattern: '^_'}],
+    },
+  },
+];
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 30404ce..c76e878 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -1 +1,247 @@
-TODO
\ No newline at end of file
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <title>Math Marauders</title>
+    <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com" />
+    <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin />
+    <link
+      href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Chakra+Petch:wght@400;600&family=DM+Sans:wght@400;600&display=swap"
+      rel="stylesheet"
+    />
+    <style>
+      :root {
+        color-scheme: dark;
+        font-family: 'DM Sans', system-ui, sans-serif;
+        background: radial-gradient(circle at top, #17263f, #0b0f18 55%, #05070a);
+        color: #f8f9fb;
+      }
+
+      body {
+        margin: 0;
+        min-height: 100vh;
+        display: flex;
+        align-items: stretch;
+        justify-content: center;
+        padding: 2rem 1rem 4rem;
+      }
+
+      .math-marauders {
+        width: min(960px, 100%);
+        background: rgba(7, 10, 17, 0.78);
+        border-radius: 24px;
+        border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
+        box-shadow: 0 40px 90px rgba(3, 6, 12, 0.6);
+        overflow: hidden;
+      }
+
+      .hud {
+        display: flex;
+        flex-direction: column;
+        gap: 1.5rem;
+        padding: 2rem 2.5rem 3rem;
+      }
+
+      .hud__header {
+        display: flex;
+        justify-content: space-between;
+        align-items: baseline;
+        font-family: 'Chakra Petch', monospace;
+        letter-spacing: 0.05em;
+        text-transform: uppercase;
+        font-size: 0.95rem;
+      }
+
+      .hud__wave {
+        font-weight: 600;
+        color: #7cc7ff;
+      }
+
+      .hud__phase {
+        font-weight: 500;
+        color: #f8da6a;
+      }
+
+      .hud__status {
+        display: grid;
+        grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(160px, 1fr));
+        gap: 0.75rem;
+        padding: 1rem 1.25rem;
+        background: rgba(14, 21, 34, 0.72);
+        border-radius: 16px;
+        border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
+      }
+
+      .hud__army {
+        font-weight: 600;
+        display: flex;
+        align-items: center;
+        gap: 0.5rem;
+      }
+
+      .hud__army::before {
+        content: '';
+        width: 10px;
+        height: 10px;
+        border-radius: 999px;
+        background: currentColor;
+        opacity: 0.7;
+      }
+
+      .hud__army--player {
+        color: #74facc;
+      }
+
+      .hud__army--enemy {
+        color: #ff7a9c;
+      }
+
+      .hud__stars {
+        font-size: 1.25rem;
+        letter-spacing: 0.4rem;
+        text-align: right;
+        color: #ffd25b;
+      }
+
+      .hud__gate-panel {
+        background: rgba(13, 18, 30, 0.86);
+        border-radius: 18px;
+        border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
+        padding: 1.5rem 2rem 2rem;
+        display: grid;
+        gap: 1rem;
+      }
+
+      .hud__gate-title {
+        margin: 0;
+        font-family: 'Chakra Petch', monospace;
+        font-weight: 600;
+        letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+        color: #8cc9ff;
+      }
+
+      .hud__gate-options {
+        display: grid;
+        gap: 0.75rem;
+      }
+
+      .hud__gate-option {
+        border-radius: 12px;
+        padding: 0.85rem 1rem;
+        border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
+        background: rgba(16, 24, 38, 0.85);
+        font-weight: 600;
+        transition: transform 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease;
+      }
+
+      .hud__gate-option--active {
+        transform: translateY(-4px);
+        border-color: #74facc;
+        box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(116, 250, 204, 0.2);
+      }
+
+      .hud__gate-slider {
+        accent-color: #74facc;
+      }
+
+      .hud__choice {
+        font-size: 0.9rem;
+        color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.68);
+      }
+
+      .hud__button {
+        font-family: 'Chakra Petch', monospace;
+        text-transform: uppercase;
+        letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+        border-radius: 999px;
+        padding: 0.85rem 1.5rem;
+        border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
+        background: rgba(20, 28, 44, 0.85);
+        color: #f4f7fb;
+        cursor: pointer;
+        transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease;
+      }
+
+      .hud__button:hover {
+        transform: translateY(-2px);
+        box-shadow: 0 10px 28px rgba(116, 250, 204, 0.18);
+        border-color: rgba(116, 250, 204, 0.6);
+      }
+
+      .hud__button--primary {
+        background: linear-gradient(120deg, #74facc, #77b8ff);
+        color: #06121f;
+        border-color: transparent;
+      }
+
+      .hud__log {
+        margin: 0.5rem 0 0;
+        min-height: 1.25rem;
+        font-size: 0.95rem;
+        color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.72);
+      }
+
+      .hud__popup {
+        position: fixed;
+        inset: 0;
+        display: flex;
+        align-items: center;
+        justify-content: center;
+        background: rgba(4, 7, 12, 0.82);
+        backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
+        padding: 1rem;
+      }
+
+      .hud__popup.hidden {
+        display: none;
+      }
+
+      .hud__popup > div,
+      .hud__popup h3,
+      .hud__popup p {
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      .hud__popup h3 {
+        font-family: 'Chakra Petch', monospace;
+        font-size: 1.5rem;
+        letter-spacing: 0.08em;
+        text-transform: uppercase;
+      }
+
+      .hud__popup-stars {
+        font-size: 1.75rem;
+        color: #ffd25b;
+        margin: 0.75rem 0;
+        text-align: center;
+        letter-spacing: 0.5rem;
+      }
+
+      .hud__popup-actions {
+        display: flex;
+        gap: 1rem;
+        justify-content: center;
+        margin-top: 1.25rem;
+      }
+
+      @media (max-width: 640px) {
+        body {
+          padding: 1rem;
+        }
+
+        .hud {
+          padding: 1.5rem;
+        }
+
+        .hud__gate-panel {
+          padding: 1.25rem 1.5rem 1.5rem;
+        }
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <main id="app"></main>
+    <script type="module" src="./src/index.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/jest.config.cjs b/jest.config.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9b846d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jest.config.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+module.exports = {
+  testEnvironment: 'jsdom',
+  transform: {
+    '^.+\\.js$': 'babel-jest',
+  },
+  moduleFileExtensions: ['js'],
+  collectCoverageFrom: ['src/**/*.js', '!src/**/index.js'],
+};
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 8abce5a..4d113c2 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
 {
-  "name": "templatejs",
+  "name": "math-marauders",
   "version": "1.0.0",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
-      "name": "templatejs",
+      "name": "math-marauders",
       "version": "1.0.0",
-      "license": "ISC",
       "devDependencies": {
         "@babel/core": "^7.27.4",
         "@babel/preset-env": "^7.27.2",
-        "babel-jest": "^30.0.0-beta.3",
-        "jest": "^29.7.0"
+        "@eslint/js": "^9.33.0",
+        "babel-jest": "^29.7.0",
+        "eslint": "^9.33.0",
+        "globals": "^16.3.0",
+        "jest": "^29.7.0",
+        "jest-environment-jsdom": "^29.7.0",
+        "prettier": "^3.3.3"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@ampproject/remapping": {
@@ -891,6 +895,16 @@
         "@babel/core": "^7.0.0-0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@babel/plugin-transform-classes/node_modules/globals": {
+      "version": "11.12.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/globals/-/globals-11.12.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-WOBp/EEGUiIsJSp7wcv/y6MO+lV9UoncWqxuFfm8eBwzWNgyfBd6Gz+IeKQ9jCmyhoH99g15M3T+QaVHFjizVA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@babel/plugin-transform-computed-properties": {
       "version": "7.27.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/plugin-transform-computed-properties/-/plugin-transform-computed-properties-7.27.1.tgz",
@@ -1722,6 +1736,16 @@
         "node": ">=6.9.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@babel/traverse/node_modules/globals": {
+      "version": "11.12.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/globals/-/globals-11.12.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-WOBp/EEGUiIsJSp7wcv/y6MO+lV9UoncWqxuFfm8eBwzWNgyfBd6Gz+IeKQ9jCmyhoH99g15M3T+QaVHFjizVA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@babel/types": {
       "version": "7.27.6",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/types/-/types-7.27.6.tgz",
@@ -1743,6 +1767,235 @@
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT"
     },
+    "node_modules/@eslint-community/eslint-utils": {
+      "version": "4.9.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@eslint-community/eslint-utils/-/eslint-utils-4.9.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ayVFHdtZ+hsq1t2Dy24wCmGXGe4q9Gu3smhLYALJrr473ZH27MsnSL+LKUlimp4BWJqMDMLmPpx/Q9R3OAlL4g==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "eslint-visitor-keys": "^3.4.3"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "^12.22.0 || ^14.17.0 || >=16.0.0"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://opencollective.com/eslint"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "eslint": "^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0 || >=8.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@eslint-community/eslint-utils/node_modules/eslint-visitor-keys": {
+      "version": "3.4.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/eslint-visitor-keys/-/eslint-visitor-keys-3.4.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-wpc+LXeiyiisxPlEkUzU6svyS1frIO3Mgxj1fdy7Pm8Ygzguax2N3Fa/D/ag1WqbOprdI+uY6wMUl8/a2G+iag==",
+      "dev": true,
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+    "node_modules/whatwg-url": {
+      "version": "11.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-url/-/whatwg-url-11.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-RKT8HExMpoYx4igMiVMY83lN6UeITKJlBQ+vR/8ZJ8OCdSiN3RwCq+9gH0+Xzj0+5IrM6i4j/6LuvzbZIQgEcQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "tr46": "^3.0.0",
+        "webidl-conversions": "^7.0.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/which": {
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/which/-/which-2.0.2.tgz",
@@ -5282,6 +6490,16 @@
         "node": ">= 8"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/word-wrap": {
+      "version": "1.2.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/word-wrap/-/word-wrap-1.2.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-BN22B5eaMMI9UMtjrGd5g5eCYPpCPDUy0FJXbYsaT5zYxjFOckS53SQDE3pWkVoWpHXVb3BrYcEN4Twa55B5cA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.10.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/wrap-ansi": {
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-7.0.0.tgz",
@@ -5321,6 +6539,45 @@
         "node": "^12.13.0 || ^14.15.0 || >=16.0.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/ws": {
+      "version": "8.18.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.18.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-PEIGCY5tSlUt50cqyMXfCzX+oOPqN0vuGqWzbcJ2xvnkzkq46oOpz7dQaTDBdfICb4N14+GARUDw2XV2N4tvzg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=10.0.0"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "bufferutil": "^4.0.1",
+        "utf-8-validate": ">=5.0.2"
+      },
+      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+        "bufferutil": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "utf-8-validate": {
+          "optional": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/xml-name-validator": {
+      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xml-name-validator/-/xml-name-validator-4.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ICP2e+jsHvAj2E2lIHxa5tjXRlKDJo4IdvPvCXbXQGdzSfmSpNVyIKMvoZHjDY9DP0zV17iI85o90vRFXNccRw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/xmlchars": {
+      "version": "2.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xmlchars/-/xmlchars-2.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-JZnDKK8B0RCDw84FNdDAIpZK+JuJw+s7Lz8nksI7SIuU3UXJJslUthsi+uWBUYOwPFwW7W7PRLRfUKpxjtjFCw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/y18n": {
       "version": "5.0.8",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/y18n/-/y18n-5.0.8.tgz",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 8d43e8a..4c06299 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,40 +1,24 @@
 {
-  "name": "templatejs",
+  "name": "math-marauders",
   "version": "1.0.0",
-  "description": "TemplateJs is a minimal single-page web app template designed for quick deployment.  It follows an AI-assisted iterative development process:",
-  "main": "index.js",
+  "description": "Math Marauders is a strategy runner where you steer a flock through math gates and tactical battles.",
+  "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
-  "test": "npm run format && npm run lint && npm run check:all && npm run test:unit",
-    "format": "prettier --write --ignore-unknown --no-error-on-unmatched-pattern \"src\" \"pages\" \"config\" \"docs\" index.html README.md",
-    "test:unit": "jest --coverage --config config/jest.config.js",
-    "lint": "eslint . --config config/eslint.config.js",
-    "test:watch": "jest --watch --config config/jest.config.js",
-    "mutation": "stryker run config/stryker.conf.json; node mutation-testing/mutation-report-to-md.js",
-    "check:dup": "jscpd --config config/.jscpd.json src",
-    "check:cycles": "madge --circular --extensions js src",
-    "check:boundaries": "depcruise -c config/.dependency-cruiser.js src",
-    "check:all": "npm run check:dup && npm run check:cycles && npm run check:boundaries",
-    "validate:all": "npm run test && npm run mutation"
+    "lint": "eslint src",
+    "format": "prettier --check \"src/**/*.js\" \"index.html\" \"README.md\"",
+    "check:all": "npm run lint",
+    "test": "jest",
+    "validate:all": "npm run check:all && npm test"
   },
-  "keywords": [],
-  "author": "",
-  "license": "ISC",
   "devDependencies": {
     "@babel/core": "^7.27.4",
     "@babel/preset-env": "^7.27.2",
     "@eslint/js": "^9.33.0",
-    "@stryker-mutator/core": "^9.0.1",
-    "@stryker-mutator/jest-runner": "^9.0.1",
-    "babel-jest": "^30.0.0-beta.3",
-    "dependency-cruiser": "^17.0.1",
+    "babel-jest": "^29.7.0",
     "eslint": "^9.33.0",
-    "eslint-plugin-jest": "^29.0.1",
-    "fast-check": "^4.2.0",
     "globals": "^16.3.0",
     "jest": "^29.7.0",
-    "jest-environment-jsdom": "^30.0.5",
-    "jscpd": "^4.0.5",
-    "prettier": "^3.3.3",
-    "madge": "^8.0.0"
+    "jest-environment-jsdom": "^29.7.0",
+    "prettier": "^3.3.3"
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/core/BattleSystem.js b/src/core/BattleSystem.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3080cd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/BattleSystem.js
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import {
+  RETREAT_ARROW_RATIO,
+  TELEMETRY_EVENTS,
+  SHOWDOWN_ENEMY_RATIO,
+} from './constants.js';
+
+/**
+ * Manages arithmetic combat resolution.
+ */
+export class BattleSystem {
+  /**
+   * @param {object} deps
+   * @param {import('./FlockSystem.js').FlockSystem} deps.flocks
+   * @param {import('./Telemetry.js').Telemetry} deps.telemetry
+   */
+  constructor({flocks, telemetry}) {
+    this.flocks = flocks;
+    this.telemetry = telemetry;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolves a skirmish by subtracting the enemy from the player's army.
+   * @param {number} playerArmy
+   * @param {number} enemyArmy
+   * @returns {number} Player survivors
+   */
+  resolveSkirmish(playerArmy, enemyArmy) {
+    const survivors = Math.max(0, playerArmy - enemyArmy);
+    this.telemetry.trackEvent(TELEMETRY_EVENTS.SKIRMISH, {
+      playerArmy,
+      enemyArmy,
+      survivors,
+    });
+    this.flocks.setPlayer(survivors);
+    return survivors;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calculates the volley size when arrows are fired.
+   * @param {number} playerArmy
+   * @returns {number}
+   */
+  calculateArrowVolley(playerArmy) {
+    return Math.max(0, Math.floor(playerArmy * RETREAT_ARROW_RATIO));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Applies a volley to the pursuing enemy.
+   * @param {number} volleySize
+   * @returns {number} Remaining enemy count
+   */
+  applyArrowVolley(volleySize) {
+    this.flocks.removeEnemy(volleySize);
+    return this.flocks.enemy;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Calculates the initial showdown enemy size.
+   * @param {number} playerArmy
+   * @returns {number}
+   */
+  calculateShowdownEnemy(playerArmy) {
+    return Math.max(0, Math.ceil(playerArmy * SHOWDOWN_ENEMY_RATIO));
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines the star rating from the final survivors and optimal path.
+ * @param {number} survivors - Player survivors.
+ * @param {number} optimal - Optimal survivors according to generator.
+ * @param {number[]} thresholds - Fractional thresholds ascending.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function calculateStarRating(survivors, optimal, thresholds) {
+  if (survivors <= 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (optimal <= 0) {
+    return thresholds.length + 1;
+  }
+  const ratio = survivors / optimal;
+  let stars = 1;
+  thresholds.forEach((threshold, index) => {
+    if (ratio > threshold) {
+      stars = index + 2;
+    }
+  });
+  return Math.min(thresholds.length + 1, stars);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/FlockSystem.js b/src/core/FlockSystem.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bbcbec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/FlockSystem.js
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/**
+ * Maintains the abstract state of the player and enemy flocks.
+ */
+export class FlockSystem {
+  constructor() {
+    this.player = 0;
+    this.enemy = 0;
+    this.observers = new Set();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Subscribes to updates.
+   * @param {(state: {player: number, enemy: number}) => void} observer
+   */
+  subscribe(observer) {
+    this.observers.add(observer);
+    observer({player: this.player, enemy: this.enemy});
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Removes a subscription.
+   * @param {(state: {player: number, enemy: number}) => void} observer
+   */
+  unsubscribe(observer) {
+    this.observers.delete(observer);
+  }
+
+  notify() {
+    const snapshot = {player: this.player, enemy: this.enemy};
+    this.observers.forEach((observer) => observer(snapshot));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the player army size.
+   * @param {number} count
+   */
+  setPlayer(count) {
+    this.player = Math.max(0, Math.floor(count));
+    this.notify();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the enemy army size.
+   * @param {number} count
+   */
+  setEnemy(count) {
+    this.enemy = Math.max(0, Math.floor(count));
+    this.notify();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adjusts the enemy by subtracting defeated units.
+   * @param {number} defeated
+   */
+  removeEnemy(defeated) {
+    this.enemy = Math.max(0, this.enemy - Math.floor(defeated));
+    this.notify();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/GameController.js b/src/core/GameController.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80086c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/GameController.js
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+import {
+  BASE_PLAYER_ARMY,
+  RETREAT_ARROW_INTERVAL_MS,
+  STAR_THRESHOLDS,
+  TELEMETRY_EVENTS,
+} from './constants.js';
+import {calculateStarRating} from './BattleSystem.js';
+
+/**
+ * Coordinates the main game loop.
+ */
+export class GameController {
+  /**
+   * @param {object} deps
+   * @param {import('./WaveGenerator.js').WaveGenerator} deps.generator
+   * @param {import('./GateSystem.js').GateSystem} deps.gates
+   * @param {import('./BattleSystem.js').BattleSystem} deps.battles
+   * @param {import('./FlockSystem.js').FlockSystem} deps.flocks
+   * @param {import('../ui/UIManager.js').UIManager} deps.ui
+   * @param {import('./PersistenceManager.js').PersistenceManager} deps.persistence
+   * @param {import('./Telemetry.js').Telemetry} deps.telemetry
+   */
+  constructor({generator, gates, battles, flocks, ui, persistence, telemetry}) {
+    this.generator = generator;
+    this.gates = gates;
+    this.battles = battles;
+    this.flocks = flocks;
+    this.ui = ui;
+    this.persistence = persistence;
+    this.telemetry = telemetry;
+
+    this.phase = 'idle';
+    this.currentWave = 1;
+    this.waveData = null;
+    this.forwardIndex = 0;
+    this.retreatIndex = 0;
+    this.currentArmy = BASE_PLAYER_ARMY;
+    this.arrowTimer = null;
+    this.stars = {};
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets up listeners and initial UI.
+   */
+  initialize() {
+    this.stars = this.persistence.loadStars();
+    this.ui.initialize({
+      onPlay: () => this.startWave(this.currentWave),
+      onGateCommit: (choice) => this.handleGate(choice),
+    });
+    this.flocks.subscribe((state) => this.ui.updateFlocks(state));
+    this.ui.showThresholds();
+    this.#refreshStarPreview();
+  }
+
+  startWave(waveNumber) {
+    this.#clearArrowLoop();
+    this.currentWave = waveNumber;
+    this.waveData = this.generator.generate(waveNumber, BASE_PLAYER_ARMY);
+    this.phase = 'forward';
+    this.forwardIndex = 0;
+    this.retreatIndex = 0;
+    this.currentArmy = this.waveData.startingArmy;
+    this.flocks.setPlayer(this.currentArmy);
+    this.flocks.setEnemy(0);
+    this.ui.setWave(waveNumber);
+    this.ui.setPhase('Forward Run');
+    this.ui.setStatus('Lead your soldiers through the math gates.');
+    this.#refreshStarPreview();
+    this.telemetry.trackEvent(TELEMETRY_EVENTS.WAVE_START, {wave: waveNumber});
+    this.#presentForwardGate();
+  }
+
+  handleGate(choice) {
+    if (this.phase === 'forward') {
+      this.#resolveForwardGate(choice);
+    } else if (this.phase === 'retreat') {
+      this.#resolveRetreatGate(choice);
+    }
+  }
+
+  #presentForwardGate() {
+    if (!this.waveData) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (this.forwardIndex >= this.waveData.forwardGates.length) {
+      this.#startShowdown();
+      return;
+    }
+    const gate = this.waveData.forwardGates[this.forwardIndex];
+    this.ui.showGate(this.forwardIndex, this.waveData.forwardGates.length, gate);
+  }
+
+  #resolveForwardGate(choice) {
+    const gate = this.waveData.forwardGates[this.forwardIndex];
+    const optimalInfo = this.waveData.optimal.forward.checkpoints[this.forwardIndex];
+    const result = this.gates.resolve({gate, choice, army: this.currentArmy});
+    this.currentArmy = result.value;
+    this.flocks.setPlayer(this.currentArmy);
+    const enemy = optimalInfo.enemy;
+    this.flocks.setEnemy(enemy);
+    const survivors = this.battles.resolveSkirmish(this.currentArmy, enemy);
+    this.currentArmy = survivors;
+    this.flocks.setEnemy(0);
+    const choiceSummary = result.isOptimal ? 'Optimal choice!' : 'Suboptimal choice.';
+    this.ui.setStatus(
+      `${choiceSummary} Gate yielded ${result.value} (best ${result.best}). Skirmish enemy ${enemy}, survivors ${survivors}.`
+    );
+    if (this.currentArmy <= 0) {
+      this.#handleDefeat('Your army fell during the forward run.');
+      return;
+    }
+    this.forwardIndex += 1;
+    this.#presentForwardGate();
+  }
+
+  #startShowdown() {
+    this.phase = 'showdown';
+    this.ui.setPhase('Showdown');
+    const enemy = this.battles.calculateShowdownEnemy(this.currentArmy);
+    this.flocks.setEnemy(enemy);
+    this.ui.setStatus('The enemy charges! Begin the retreat.');
+    this.telemetry.trackEvent(TELEMETRY_EVENTS.SHOWDOWN_START, {wave: this.currentWave, enemy});
+    this.#startRetreat();
+  }
+
+  #startRetreat() {
+    this.phase = 'retreat';
+    this.retreatIndex = 0;
+    this.ui.setPhase('Retreat Chase');
+    this.ui.setStatus('Slide toward the safest exits while arrows fire automatically.');
+    this.#startArrowLoop();
+    this.#presentRetreatGate();
+  }
+
+  #presentRetreatGate() {
+    if (this.retreatIndex >= this.waveData.retreatGates.length) {
+      this.#completeWave();
+      return;
+    }
+    const gate = this.waveData.retreatGates[this.retreatIndex];
+    this.ui.showGate(this.retreatIndex, this.waveData.retreatGates.length, gate);
+  }
+
+  #resolveRetreatGate(choice) {
+    const gate = this.waveData.retreatGates[this.retreatIndex];
+    const result = this.gates.resolve({gate, choice, army: this.currentArmy});
+    this.currentArmy = result.value;
+    this.flocks.setPlayer(this.currentArmy);
+    const volley = this.battles.calculateArrowVolley(this.currentArmy);
+    let message = `Retreat gate cleared. ${this.currentArmy} soldiers remain.`;
+    if (volley > 0) {
+      const remaining = this.battles.applyArrowVolley(volley);
+      message += ` Volley hits for ${volley}. Enemy remaining ${remaining}.`;
+    }
+    this.ui.setStatus(message);
+    if (this.currentArmy <= 0) {
+      this.#handleDefeat('Your forces disbanded during the retreat.');
+      return;
+    }
+    this.retreatIndex += 1;
+    if (this.retreatIndex >= this.waveData.retreatGates.length) {
+      this.#completeWave();
+    } else {
+      this.telemetry.trackEvent(TELEMETRY_EVENTS.RETREAT_GATE, {
+        wave: this.currentWave,
+        gate: this.retreatIndex,
+      });
+      this.#presentRetreatGate();
+    }
+  }
+
+  #completeWave() {
+    this.#clearArrowLoop();
+    this.phase = 'completed';
+    this.flocks.setEnemy(0);
+    const optimal = this.waveData.optimal.retreat.finalArmy;
+    const stars = calculateStarRating(this.currentArmy, optimal, STAR_THRESHOLDS);
+    this.telemetry.trackEvent(TELEMETRY_EVENTS.WAVE_COMPLETE, {
+      wave: this.currentWave,
+      survivors: this.currentArmy,
+      optimal,
+      stars,
+    });
+    this.stars = this.persistence.updateStars(this.currentWave, stars);
+    this.ui.setStarPreview(stars);
+    const completedWave = this.currentWave;
+    const nextWave = completedWave + 1;
+    this.ui.showPopup({
+      title: `Wave ${completedWave} Complete`,
+      stars,
+      message: `Survivors: ${this.currentArmy}. Optimal survivors: ${optimal}.`,
+      onNext: () => this.startWave(nextWave),
+      onRetry: () => this.startWave(completedWave),
+    });
+    this.currentWave = nextWave;
+    this.#refreshStarPreview();
+  }
+
+  #handleDefeat(reason) {
+    this.#clearArrowLoop();
+    this.phase = 'failed';
+    this.telemetry.trackEvent(TELEMETRY_EVENTS.WAVE_FAILED, {
+      wave: this.currentWave,
+      reason,
+    });
+    this.ui.showPopup({
+      title: 'Wave Failed',
+      stars: 0,
+      message: `${reason} Restarting from wave 1 will restore your momentum.`,
+      onNext: () => this.startWave(1),
+      onRetry: () => this.startWave(1),
+      nextLabel: 'Restart',
+      retryLabel: 'Retry Wave 1',
+    });
+    this.currentWave = 1;
+    this.#refreshStarPreview();
+  }
+
+  #startArrowLoop() {
+    this.#clearArrowLoop();
+    this.arrowTimer = setInterval(() => {
+      if (this.phase !== 'retreat') {
+        return;
+      }
+      const volley = this.battles.calculateArrowVolley(this.currentArmy);
+      if (volley <= 0) {
+        return;
+      }
+      const remaining = this.battles.applyArrowVolley(volley);
+      this.ui.setStatus(`Arrow volley strikes ${volley} enemies. ${remaining} remain in pursuit.`);
+      if (remaining <= 0) {
+        this.#clearArrowLoop();
+      }
+    }, RETREAT_ARROW_INTERVAL_MS);
+  }
+
+  #clearArrowLoop() {
+    if (this.arrowTimer) {
+      clearInterval(this.arrowTimer);
+      this.arrowTimer = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  #refreshStarPreview() {
+    const best = this.stars[this.currentWave] ?? 0;
+    this.ui.setStarPreview(best);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/GateSystem.js b/src/core/GateSystem.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..273dae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/GateSystem.js
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import {TELEMETRY_EVENTS} from './constants.js';
+
+/**
+ * Handles resolving player choices at math gates.
+ */
+export class GateSystem {
+  /**
+   * @param {import('./Telemetry.js').Telemetry} telemetry - Telemetry sink.
+   */
+  constructor(telemetry) {
+    this.telemetry = telemetry;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Evaluates the provided gate for the supplied army size.
+   * @param {object} params
+   * @param {object} params.gate - Gate descriptor from the generator.
+   * @param {'left'|'right'} params.choice - Player choice.
+   * @param {number} params.army - Current player army.
+   * @returns {{value: number, left: number, right: number, isOptimal: boolean}}
+   */
+  resolve({gate, choice, army}) {
+    const left = gate.options[0].apply(army);
+    const right = gate.options[1].apply(army);
+    const value = choice === 'left' ? left : right;
+    const best = Math.max(left, right);
+    const isOptimal = value === best;
+    this.telemetry.trackEvent(TELEMETRY_EVENTS.GATE_RESOLVED, {
+      gateId: gate.id,
+      choice,
+      armyBefore: army,
+      result: value,
+      optimal: best,
+      isOptimal,
+    });
+    return {value, left, right, isOptimal, best};
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/PersistenceManager.js b/src/core/PersistenceManager.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..363be9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/PersistenceManager.js
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import {STORAGE_KEY} from './constants.js';
+
+/**
+ * Wraps localStorage access for star persistence.
+ */
+export class PersistenceManager {
+  /**
+   * @param {Storage} storage - Storage backend (defaults to browser localStorage).
+   */
+  constructor(storage = window.localStorage) {
+    this.storage = storage;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Loads the best star ratings per wave.
+   * @returns {Record<number, number>}
+   */
+  loadStars() {
+    try {
+      const raw = this.storage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY);
+      if (!raw) {
+        return {};
+      }
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(raw);
+      if (typeof parsed !== 'object' || parsed === null) {
+        return {};
+      }
+      return parsed;
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.warn('Failed to load stars', error);
+      return {};
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Persists the provided star ratings map.
+   * @param {Record<number, number>} stars - Map of wave number to best star rating.
+   */
+  saveStars(stars) {
+    const serialized = JSON.stringify(stars);
+    this.storage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, serialized);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Updates the stored rating for a wave, keeping the maximum.
+   * @param {number} wave - Wave index.
+   * @param {number} stars - Star rating.
+   * @returns {Record<number, number>} Updated map.
+   */
+  updateStars(wave, stars) {
+    const current = this.loadStars();
+    const previous = current[wave] ?? 0;
+    if (stars > previous) {
+      current[wave] = stars;
+      this.saveStars(current);
+    }
+    return current;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/Telemetry.js b/src/core/Telemetry.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66eb1e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/Telemetry.js
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/**
+ * Abstract telemetry interface. Implementations can forward
+ * game analytics to any backend or simply log to the console.
+ */
+export class Telemetry {
+  /**
+   * Tracks an event.
+   * @param {string} _name - Event identifier.
+   * @param {object} _payload - Event payload.
+   */
+    trackEvent(_name, _payload = {}) {}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Default telemetry implementation which logs to the console.
+ */
+export class ConsoleTelemetry extends Telemetry {
+  /**
+   * @param {Console} logger - Console-like interface (defaults to global console).
+   */
+  constructor(logger = console) {
+    super();
+    this.logger = logger;
+  }
+
+  /** @inheritdoc */
+  trackEvent(name, payload = {}) {
+    this.logger.info(`[telemetry] ${name}`, payload);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/WaveGenerator.js b/src/core/WaveGenerator.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b12968
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/WaveGenerator.js
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+import {
+  BASE_FORWARD_GATE_COUNT,
+  SKIRMISH_RATIO,
+  BASE_PLAYER_ARMY,
+  MAX_OPERATION_FACTOR,
+  MAX_OPERATION_OFFSET,
+} from './constants.js';
+import {createRng, randomInt} from '../utils/random.js';
+
+const TIERS = {
+  BASIC: 'basic',
+  COMPOUND: 'compound',
+  ADVANCED: 'advanced',
+};
+
+function sanitize(value) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return Math.max(0, Math.floor(value));
+}
+
+function addOperation(offset) {
+  return {
+    label: `+${offset}`,
+    apply(value) {
+      return sanitize(value + offset);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function subtractOperation(offset) {
+  return {
+    label: `−${offset}`,
+    apply(value) {
+      return sanitize(value - offset);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function multiplyOperation(factor) {
+  return {
+    label: `×${factor}`,
+    apply(value) {
+      return sanitize(value * factor);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function divideOperation(divisor) {
+  return {
+    label: `÷${divisor}`,
+    apply(value) {
+      if (divisor === 0) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      return sanitize(value / divisor);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function exponentOperation(offset, exponent) {
+  return {
+    label: `(${offset >= 0 ? `+${offset}` : offset})^${exponent}`,
+    apply(value) {
+      const adjusted = value + offset;
+      return sanitize(Math.pow(Math.max(adjusted, 0), exponent));
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function compoundOperation(first, second) {
+  return {
+    label: `${first.label} ${second.label}`,
+    apply(value) {
+      return second.apply(first.apply(value));
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function getTierForWave(waveNumber) {
+  if (waveNumber <= 5) {
+    return TIERS.BASIC;
+  }
+  if (waveNumber <= 10) {
+    return TIERS.COMPOUND;
+  }
+  return TIERS.ADVANCED;
+}
+
+function buildBasicOperation(rng) {
+  const choice = randomInt(rng, 0, 3);
+  switch (choice) {
+    case 0:
+      return addOperation(randomInt(rng, 2, MAX_OPERATION_OFFSET));
+    case 1:
+      return subtractOperation(randomInt(rng, 1, MAX_OPERATION_OFFSET - 2));
+    case 2:
+      return multiplyOperation(randomInt(rng, 2, MAX_OPERATION_FACTOR));
+    default:
+      return divideOperation(randomInt(rng, 2, MAX_OPERATION_FACTOR + 1));
+  }
+}
+
+function buildCompoundOperation(rng) {
+  const first = buildBasicOperation(rng);
+  const second = buildBasicOperation(rng);
+  return compoundOperation(first, second);
+}
+
+function buildAdvancedOperation(rng) {
+  const mode = randomInt(rng, 0, 2);
+  if (mode === 0) {
+    return compoundOperation(buildBasicOperation(rng), exponentOperation(randomInt(rng, -3, 3), 2));
+  }
+  if (mode === 1) {
+    return compoundOperation(addOperation(randomInt(rng, -3, 6)), multiplyOperation(randomInt(rng, 2, 4)));
+  }
+  const exponent = randomInt(rng, 2, 3);
+  return exponentOperation(randomInt(rng, -2, 4), exponent);
+}
+
+function buildOperationForTier(tier, rng) {
+  if (tier === TIERS.BASIC) {
+    return buildBasicOperation(rng);
+  }
+  if (tier === TIERS.COMPOUND) {
+    return buildCompoundOperation(rng);
+  }
+  return buildAdvancedOperation(rng);
+}
+
+function createGate({waveNumber, index, rng}) {
+  const tier = getTierForWave(waveNumber);
+  const left = buildOperationForTier(tier, rng);
+  const right = buildOperationForTier(tier, rng);
+  return {
+    id: `wave-${waveNumber}-gate-${index}`,
+    tier,
+    options: [
+      {id: 'left', ...left},
+      {id: 'right', ...right},
+    ],
+  };
+}
+
+function simulateForward(gates, initialArmy) {
+  let army = initialArmy;
+  const checkpoints = [];
+  gates.forEach((gate) => {
+    const left = gate.options[0].apply(army);
+    const right = gate.options[1].apply(army);
+    const best = left >= right ? {choice: 'left', value: left} : {choice: 'right', value: right};
+    const enemy = sanitize(best.value * SKIRMISH_RATIO);
+    const postBattle = sanitize(best.value - enemy);
+    checkpoints.push({
+      gateId: gate.id,
+      before: army,
+      left,
+      right,
+      bestChoice: best.choice,
+      bestValue: best.value,
+      enemy,
+      postBattle,
+    });
+    army = postBattle;
+  });
+  return {
+    checkpoints,
+    finalArmy: army,
+  };
+}
+
+function simulateRetreat(gates, initialArmy) {
+  let army = initialArmy;
+  const checkpoints = [];
+  gates.forEach((gate) => {
+    const left = gate.options[0].apply(army);
+    const right = gate.options[1].apply(army);
+    const best = left >= right ? {choice: 'left', value: left} : {choice: 'right', value: right};
+    checkpoints.push({
+      gateId: gate.id,
+      before: army,
+      left,
+      right,
+      bestChoice: best.choice,
+      bestValue: best.value,
+    });
+    army = best.value;
+  });
+  return {
+    checkpoints,
+    finalArmy: army,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generates procedural wave layouts including gate operations and
+ * reference optimal paths used for scoring and encounter sizing.
+ */
+export class WaveGenerator {
+  /**
+   * @param {number} seed - Base seed for deterministic generation.
+   */
+  constructor(seed = 1337) {
+    this.seed = seed;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates the forward and retreat data for a wave.
+   * @param {number} waveNumber - Wave index starting at 1.
+   * @param {number} [startingArmy=BASE_PLAYER_ARMY] - Army size to feed into the first gate.
+   * @returns {object}
+   */
+  generate(waveNumber, startingArmy = BASE_PLAYER_ARMY) {
+    if (waveNumber < 1) {
+      throw new Error('waveNumber must be >= 1');
+    }
+    const gateCount = BASE_FORWARD_GATE_COUNT + (waveNumber - 1);
+    const rng = createRng(waveNumber * 97 + this.seed);
+    const forwardGates = Array.from({length: gateCount}, (_, index) =>
+      createGate({waveNumber, index, rng})
+    );
+    const retreatGates = Array.from({length: gateCount}, (_, index) =>
+      createGate({waveNumber, index: gateCount + index, rng})
+    );
+
+    const forward = simulateForward(forwardGates, startingArmy);
+    const retreat = simulateRetreat(retreatGates, forward.finalArmy);
+
+    return {
+      waveNumber,
+      gateCount,
+      startingArmy,
+      forwardGates,
+      retreatGates,
+      optimal: {
+        forward,
+        retreat,
+      },
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/__tests__/BattleSystem.test.js b/src/core/__tests__/BattleSystem.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7e1f94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/__tests__/BattleSystem.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import {BattleSystem, calculateStarRating} from '../BattleSystem.js';
+import {FlockSystem} from '../FlockSystem.js';
+import {RETREAT_ARROW_RATIO, STAR_THRESHOLDS} from '../constants.js';
+
+describe('BattleSystem', () => {
+  let telemetry;
+  let flocks;
+  let battles;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    telemetry = {trackEvent: jest.fn()};
+    flocks = new FlockSystem();
+    battles = new BattleSystem({flocks, telemetry});
+  });
+
+  it('reduces the player army during skirmishes', () => {
+    flocks.setPlayer(50);
+    const survivors = battles.resolveSkirmish(50, 20);
+    expect(survivors).toBe(30);
+    expect(flocks.player).toBe(30);
+    expect(telemetry.trackEvent).toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('never returns negative survivors', () => {
+    const survivors = battles.resolveSkirmish(10, 25);
+    expect(survivors).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('derives volley size from player army ratio', () => {
+    const volley = battles.calculateArrowVolley(120);
+    expect(volley).toBe(Math.floor(120 * RETREAT_ARROW_RATIO));
+  });
+});
+
+describe('calculateStarRating', () => {
+  it('returns zero stars when everyone is lost', () => {
+    expect(calculateStarRating(0, 100, STAR_THRESHOLDS)).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('assigns the correct star bands', () => {
+    expect(calculateStarRating(30, 100, STAR_THRESHOLDS)).toBe(1);
+    expect(calculateStarRating(55, 100, STAR_THRESHOLDS)).toBe(2);
+    expect(calculateStarRating(80, 100, STAR_THRESHOLDS)).toBe(4);
+    expect(calculateStarRating(95, 100, STAR_THRESHOLDS)).toBe(5);
+  });
+
+  it('handles degenerate optimal totals', () => {
+    expect(calculateStarRating(10, 0, STAR_THRESHOLDS)).toBe(5);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/core/__tests__/PersistenceManager.test.js b/src/core/__tests__/PersistenceManager.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..032bc9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/__tests__/PersistenceManager.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import {PersistenceManager} from '../PersistenceManager.js';
+import {STORAGE_KEY} from '../constants.js';
+
+describe('PersistenceManager', () => {
+  let manager;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    window.localStorage.clear();
+    manager = new PersistenceManager(window.localStorage);
+  });
+
+  it('returns an empty map when nothing is stored', () => {
+    expect(manager.loadStars()).toEqual({});
+  });
+
+  it('saves and retrieves star ratings', () => {
+    const updated = manager.updateStars(2, 4);
+    expect(updated[2]).toBe(4);
+    const raw = window.localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY);
+    expect(raw).toBe(JSON.stringify({2: 4}));
+    const loaded = manager.loadStars();
+    expect(loaded[2]).toBe(4);
+  });
+
+  it('preserves the higher star rating', () => {
+    manager.updateStars(3, 2);
+    manager.updateStars(3, 1);
+    expect(manager.loadStars()[3]).toBe(2);
+    manager.updateStars(3, 5);
+    expect(manager.loadStars()[3]).toBe(5);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/core/__tests__/Telemetry.test.js b/src/core/__tests__/Telemetry.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e887681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/__tests__/Telemetry.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import {ConsoleTelemetry} from '../Telemetry.js';
+import {TELEMETRY_EVENTS} from '../constants.js';
+
+describe('ConsoleTelemetry', () => {
+  it('forwards events to the provided logger', () => {
+    const info = jest.fn();
+    const telemetry = new ConsoleTelemetry({info});
+    telemetry.trackEvent(TELEMETRY_EVENTS.WAVE_START, {wave: 2});
+    expect(info).toHaveBeenCalledWith('[telemetry] wave_start', {wave: 2});
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/core/__tests__/WaveGenerator.test.js b/src/core/__tests__/WaveGenerator.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a061e7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/__tests__/WaveGenerator.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import {WaveGenerator} from '../WaveGenerator.js';
+import {BASE_FORWARD_GATE_COUNT, SKIRMISH_RATIO} from '../constants.js';
+
+const generator = new WaveGenerator(42);
+
+describe('WaveGenerator', () => {
+  it('increments gate count per wave', () => {
+    const wave1 = generator.generate(1, 50);
+    const wave3 = generator.generate(3, 50);
+    expect(wave1.gateCount).toBe(BASE_FORWARD_GATE_COUNT);
+    expect(wave3.gateCount).toBe(BASE_FORWARD_GATE_COUNT + 2);
+  });
+
+  it('selects the expected operation tiers for early waves', () => {
+    const wave1 = generator.generate(1, 60);
+    expect(wave1.forwardGates.every((gate) => gate.tier === 'basic')).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('uses compound tiers for mid waves and advanced for late waves', () => {
+    const wave6 = generator.generate(6, 60);
+    const wave11 = generator.generate(11, 60);
+    expect(wave6.forwardGates.some((gate) => gate.tier === 'compound')).toBe(true);
+    expect(wave11.forwardGates.some((gate) => gate.tier === 'advanced')).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('tracks optimal checkpoints and skirmish sizing', () => {
+    const wave = generator.generate(2, 60);
+    const checkpoint = wave.optimal.forward.checkpoints[0];
+    expect(checkpoint.enemy).toBe(Math.floor(checkpoint.bestValue * SKIRMISH_RATIO));
+    expect(checkpoint.postBattle).toBeLessThanOrEqual(checkpoint.bestValue);
+    expect(wave.optimal.forward.finalArmy).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/core/constants.js b/src/core/constants.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3e8da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/constants.js
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ * Shared game constants used across systems.
+ * @module core/constants
+ */
+
+export const BASE_FORWARD_GATE_COUNT = 5;
+export const SKIRMISH_RATIO = 0.8;
+export const BASE_PLAYER_ARMY = 60;
+export const RETREAT_ARROW_INTERVAL_MS = 800;
+export const RETREAT_ARROW_RATIO = 0.1;
+export const BASE_SPEED_MPS = 6;
+export const SURGE_SPEED_MPS = 8;
+export const STAR_THRESHOLDS = [0.4, 0.6, 0.75, 0.9];
+export const SHOWDOWN_ENEMY_RATIO = 1.4;
+export const MAX_OPERATION_FACTOR = 5;
+export const MAX_OPERATION_OFFSET = 12;
+
+export const STORAGE_KEY = 'math-marauders-stars';
+
+export const TELEMETRY_EVENTS = {
+  WAVE_START: 'wave_start',
+  GATE_RESOLVED: 'gate_resolved',
+  SKIRMISH: 'skirmish',
+  SHOWDOWN_START: 'showdown_start',
+  RETREAT_GATE: 'retreat_gate',
+  WAVE_COMPLETE: 'wave_complete',
+  WAVE_FAILED: 'wave_failed',
+};
diff --git a/src/index.js b/src/index.js
index ac0ebea..48691c3 100644
--- a/src/index.js
+++ b/src/index.js
@@ -1 +1,29 @@
-console.log("Hello from index.js!");
+import {WaveGenerator} from './core/WaveGenerator.js';
+import {GateSystem} from './core/GateSystem.js';
+import {BattleSystem} from './core/BattleSystem.js';
+import {FlockSystem} from './core/FlockSystem.js';
+import {UIManager} from './ui/UIManager.js';
+import {PersistenceManager} from './core/PersistenceManager.js';
+import {ConsoleTelemetry} from './core/Telemetry.js';
+import {GameController} from './core/GameController.js';
+
+const root = document.getElementById('app');
+const telemetry = new ConsoleTelemetry();
+const flocks = new FlockSystem();
+const generator = new WaveGenerator();
+const gates = new GateSystem(telemetry);
+const battles = new BattleSystem({flocks, telemetry});
+const persistence = new PersistenceManager(window.localStorage);
+const ui = new UIManager(root);
+
+const controller = new GameController({
+  generator,
+  gates,
+  battles,
+  flocks,
+  ui,
+  persistence,
+  telemetry,
+});
+
+controller.initialize();
diff --git a/src/index.test.js b/src/index.test.js
deleted file mode 100644
index e27abde..0000000
--- a/src/index.test.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-// This is a placeholder test file for index.js.
-// Since index.js currently only has a console.log,
-// a meaningful test isn't really possible without
-// more complex setup (e.g., mocking console.log or
-// integrating with an HTML environment if it manipulates the DOM).
-
-describe('Index', () => {
-  test('placeholder test', () => {
-    // Replace with actual tests once index.js has testable logic
-    expect(true).toBe(true);
-  });
-});
diff --git a/src/ui/UIManager.js b/src/ui/UIManager.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d7a64f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ui/UIManager.js
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+import {STAR_THRESHOLDS} from '../core/constants.js';
+
+const STAR_SYMBOL = '★';
+const EMPTY_STAR_SYMBOL = '☆';
+
+function formatStars(count) {
+  return `${STAR_SYMBOL.repeat(count)}${EMPTY_STAR_SYMBOL.repeat(5 - count)}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Lightweight HTML UI used to orchestrate the simulation without WebGL.
+ */
+export class UIManager {
+  /**
+   * @param {HTMLElement} root
+   */
+  constructor(root = document.body) {
+    this.root = root;
+    this.onPlay = () => {};
+    this.onGateCommit = () => {};
+    this.stateView = null;
+    this.popup = null;
+    this.slider = null;
+    this.leftLabel = null;
+    this.rightLabel = null;
+    this.choiceLabel = null;
+    this.gateButton = null;
+    this.phaseLabel = null;
+    this.waveLabel = null;
+    this.gateLabel = null;
+    this.enemyLabel = null;
+    this.playerLabel = null;
+    this.statusLabel = null;
+    this.starsLabel = null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Builds the DOM structure and wires events.
+   * @param {object} params
+   * @param {() => void} params.onPlay
+   * @param {(choice: 'left'|'right') => void} params.onGateCommit
+   */
+  initialize({onPlay, onGateCommit}) {
+    this.onPlay = onPlay;
+    this.onGateCommit = onGateCommit;
+    this.root.innerHTML = '';
+    this.root.classList.add('math-marauders');
+    this.root.append(this.#buildLayout());
+  }
+
+  #buildLayout() {
+    const container = document.createElement('div');
+    container.className = 'hud';
+
+    const header = document.createElement('header');
+    header.className = 'hud__header';
+
+    this.waveLabel = document.createElement('span');
+    this.waveLabel.className = 'hud__wave';
+    this.waveLabel.textContent = 'Wave —';
+
+    this.phaseLabel = document.createElement('span');
+    this.phaseLabel.className = 'hud__phase';
+    this.phaseLabel.textContent = 'Phase: —';
+
+    header.append(this.waveLabel, this.phaseLabel);
+
+    const status = document.createElement('div');
+    status.className = 'hud__status';
+
+    this.playerLabel = document.createElement('div');
+    this.playerLabel.className = 'hud__army hud__army--player';
+    this.playerLabel.textContent = 'Player: 0';
+
+    this.enemyLabel = document.createElement('div');
+    this.enemyLabel.className = 'hud__army hud__army--enemy';
+    this.enemyLabel.textContent = 'Enemy: 0';
+
+    this.starsLabel = document.createElement('div');
+    this.starsLabel.className = 'hud__stars';
+    this.starsLabel.textContent = `${STAR_SYMBOL.repeat(5)}`;
+
+    status.append(this.playerLabel, this.enemyLabel, this.starsLabel);
+
+    const gatePanel = document.createElement('section');
+    gatePanel.className = 'hud__gate-panel';
+
+    this.gateLabel = document.createElement('h2');
+    this.gateLabel.className = 'hud__gate-title';
+    this.gateLabel.textContent = 'Gate';
+
+    const optionRow = document.createElement('div');
+    optionRow.className = 'hud__gate-options';
+
+    this.leftLabel = document.createElement('div');
+    this.leftLabel.className = 'hud__gate-option hud__gate-option--left';
+    this.leftLabel.textContent = 'Left';
+
+    this.rightLabel = document.createElement('div');
+    this.rightLabel.className = 'hud__gate-option hud__gate-option--right';
+    this.rightLabel.textContent = 'Right';
+
+    optionRow.append(this.leftLabel, this.rightLabel);
+
+    this.slider = document.createElement('input');
+    this.slider.type = 'range';
+    this.slider.min = '0';
+    this.slider.max = '100';
+    this.slider.value = '50';
+    this.slider.className = 'hud__gate-slider';
+
+    this.choiceLabel = document.createElement('div');
+    this.choiceLabel.className = 'hud__choice';
+    this.choiceLabel.textContent = 'Slide to choose';
+
+    this.gateButton = document.createElement('button');
+    this.gateButton.className = 'hud__button';
+    this.gateButton.type = 'button';
+    this.gateButton.textContent = 'Engage Gate';
+
+    this.statusLabel = document.createElement('p');
+    this.statusLabel.className = 'hud__log';
+
+    const playButton = document.createElement('button');
+    playButton.className = 'hud__button hud__button--primary';
+    playButton.type = 'button';
+    playButton.textContent = 'Play Wave';
+
+    gatePanel.append(
+      this.gateLabel,
+      optionRow,
+      this.slider,
+      this.choiceLabel,
+      this.gateButton,
+      playButton,
+      this.statusLabel
+    );
+
+    this.slider.addEventListener('input', () => this.#updateChoicePreview());
+    this.gateButton.addEventListener('click', () => this.#commitChoice());
+    playButton.addEventListener('click', () => this.onPlay());
+
+    container.append(header, status, gatePanel);
+
+    this.popup = document.createElement('div');
+    this.popup.className = 'hud__popup hidden';
+    container.append(this.popup);
+
+    this.#updateChoicePreview();
+    return container;
+  }
+
+  #commitChoice() {
+    const choice = this.#currentChoice();
+    this.onGateCommit(choice);
+  }
+
+  #updateChoicePreview() {
+    const choice = this.#currentChoice();
+    this.choiceLabel.textContent = `Current choice: ${choice.toUpperCase()}`;
+    this.leftLabel.classList.toggle('hud__gate-option--active', choice === 'left');
+    this.rightLabel.classList.toggle('hud__gate-option--active', choice === 'right');
+  }
+
+  #currentChoice() {
+    const value = Number(this.slider.value);
+    return value >= 50 ? 'right' : 'left';
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Updates the current wave display.
+   * @param {number} wave
+   */
+  setWave(wave) {
+    this.waveLabel.textContent = `Wave ${wave}`;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Updates the phase label.
+   * @param {string} phase
+   */
+  setPhase(phase) {
+    this.phaseLabel.textContent = `Phase: ${phase}`;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Updates the gate counter and labels.
+   * @param {number} index
+   * @param {number} total
+   * @param {object} gate
+   */
+  showGate(index, total, gate) {
+    this.gateLabel.textContent = `Gate ${index + 1} / ${total}`;
+    this.leftLabel.textContent = gate.options[0].label;
+    this.rightLabel.textContent = gate.options[1].label;
+    this.slider.disabled = false;
+    this.gateButton.disabled = false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Shows player/enemy counts.
+   * @param {{player: number, enemy: number}} state
+   */
+  updateFlocks(state) {
+    this.playerLabel.textContent = `Player: ${state.player}`;
+    this.enemyLabel.textContent = `Enemy: ${state.enemy}`;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Displays a status message.
+   * @param {string} message
+   */
+  setStatus(message) {
+    this.statusLabel.textContent = message;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Updates the star hint text.
+   * @param {number} stars
+   */
+  setStarPreview(stars) {
+    this.starsLabel.textContent = formatStars(stars);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Locks gate controls while animations resolve.
+   * @param {boolean} locked
+   */
+  lockGateControls(locked) {
+    this.slider.disabled = locked;
+    this.gateButton.disabled = locked;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Presents the summary popup.
+   * @param {object} params
+   * @param {string} params.title
+   * @param {number} params.stars
+   * @param {string} params.message
+   * @param {() => void} params.onNext
+   * @param {() => void} params.onRetry
+   */
+  showPopup({title, stars, message, onNext, onRetry, nextLabel = "Next", retryLabel = "Retry"}) {
+    this.popup.innerHTML = '';
+    this.popup.classList.remove('hidden');
+
+    const heading = document.createElement('h3');
+    heading.textContent = title;
+
+    const summary = document.createElement('p');
+    summary.textContent = message;
+
+    const starsEl = document.createElement('div');
+    starsEl.className = 'hud__popup-stars';
+    starsEl.textContent = formatStars(stars);
+
+    const buttons = document.createElement('div');
+    buttons.className = 'hud__popup-actions';
+
+    const nextButton = document.createElement('button');
+    nextButton.className = 'hud__button hud__button--primary';
+    nextButton.textContent = nextLabel;
+
+    const retryButton = document.createElement('button');
+    retryButton.className = 'hud__button';
+    retryButton.textContent = retryLabel;
+
+    nextButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
+      this.hidePopup();
+      onNext();
+    });
+    retryButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
+      this.hidePopup();
+      onRetry();
+    });
+
+    buttons.append(nextButton, retryButton);
+    this.popup.append(heading, starsEl, summary, buttons);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Hides the popup if visible.
+   */
+  hidePopup() {
+    this.popup.classList.add('hidden');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Displays the current star thresholds.
+   */
+  showThresholds() {
+    const thresholds = STAR_THRESHOLDS.map((t) => `${Math.round(t * 100)}%`).join(' / ');
+    this.setStatus(`Star thresholds: ${thresholds}`);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/utils/random.js b/src/utils/random.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cc3084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/random.js
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/**
+ * Deterministic pseudo-random number generation helpers.
+ * The game uses seeded randomness so that a wave can be replayed
+ * consistently for testing and persistence.
+ *
+ * @module utils/random
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Mulberry32 pseudo random generator.
+ * @param {number} seed - Seed value.
+ * @returns {() => number} Generator that yields values in [0, 1).
+ */
+export function createRng(seed) {
+  let state = seed >>> 0;
+  return () => {
+    state += 0x6d2b79f5;
+    let t = state;
+    t = Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 15), t | 1);
+    t ^= t + Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 7), t | 61);
+    return ((t ^ (t >>> 14)) >>> 0) / 4294967296;
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Selects a random integer in the provided range (inclusive).
+ * @param {() => number} rng - Random number generator.
+ * @param {number} min - Minimum value inclusive.
+ * @param {number} max - Maximum value inclusive.
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function randomInt(rng, min, max) {
+  return Math.floor(rng() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
+}