Create C_and_C++.md

Author: arteknix

LearningC/C_Language_Shorts/C_and_C++.md

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+# C++ in the Arduino world
+>[!WARNING]
+> No details here\
+> Just hints on how the Arduino Magic works
+> 
+## More features on top of C
+
+C++ is based on C, has the same syntax, apart from a few exceptions, and adds a few features.
+
+Main improvements concern Object Oriented Programming.\
+Thus it is possible to use ***classes*** and ***operator overload***.\
+A huge difference concerns functions, by allowing the same function name for different signatures (sets of parameters).\
+Example for an object representing a serial port:
+```
+Serial.begin();
+Serial.begin(115200);
+```
+Overloading operators comes in handy for example for adding Strings: 
+```
+String s1 = "123";
+String s2 = "abc";
+s1+" "+s2; //ok
+```
+Memory allocation is handeled with _new_ and _delete_ instead of _malloc_ and _free_.
+
+## Arduino Language
+
+The Arduino language is C++ with a few extras, noticably initializing objects whithout the user having to worry about these details.\
+Low-level functions are written in C, which is natural for coding hardware.\
+Real genious. Again, using Serial:
+```
+Serial.begin();
+```
+Means I can call method begin() of object Serial without having to call the constructor explicitly like I would do in C++:
+```
+Serial = new SerialClass():
+```
+In fact this is done in HardwareSerial.h
+```
+#if defined(UBRRH) || defined(UBRR0H)
+  extern HardwareSerial Serial;
+  #define HAVE_HWSERIAL0
+#endif
+```
+Inheritance and polymorphism are widely used for functionality in Arduino. 
+Once more with Serial:
+```
+class HardwareSerial : public Stream // inherits Stream
+class Stream : public Print  // inherits Print
+class Print // has no parent
+```
+💡 So the print methods in Serial class come from Print class.