diff --git a/r/src/array_to_vector.cpp b/r/src/array_to_vector.cpp
index 432b49503e1..7af710bc7f3 100644
--- a/r/src/array_to_vector.cpp
+++ b/r/src/array_to_vector.cpp
@@ -595,7 +595,9 @@ class Converter_Dictionary : public Converter {
         case Type::UINT16:
         case Type::INT16:
         case Type::INT32:
-          // TODO: also add int64, uint32, uint64 downcasts, if possible
+        case Type::UINT32:
+        case Type::INT64:
+        case Type::UINT64:
           break;
         default:
           cpp11::stop("Cannot convert Dictionary Array of type `%s` to R",
@@ -612,6 +614,16 @@ class Converter_Dictionary : public Converter {
         dictionary_ = CreateEmptyArray(dict_type.value_type());
       }
     }
+
+    // R factors store their codes in 32-bit integers, so dictionary arrays with
+    // more levels than that cannot be represented safely.
+    if (dictionary_->length() > std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) {
+      const auto& dict_type = checked_cast<const DictionaryType&>(*chunked_array->type());
+      cpp11::stop(
+          "Cannot convert Dictionary Array of type `%s` to R: dictionary has "
+          "more levels than an R factor can represent",
+          dict_type.ToString().c_str());
+    }
   }
 
   SEXP Allocate(R_xlen_t n) const {
@@ -653,6 +665,15 @@ class Converter_Dictionary : public Converter {
       case Type::INT32:
         return Ingest_some_nulls_Impl<arrow::Int32Type>(data, array, start, n,
                                                         chunk_index);
+      case Type::UINT32:
+        return Ingest_some_nulls_Impl<arrow::UInt32Type>(data, array, start, n,
+                                                         chunk_index);
+      case Type::INT64:
+        return Ingest_some_nulls_Impl<arrow::Int64Type>(data, array, start, n,
+                                                        chunk_index);
+      case Type::UINT64:
+        return Ingest_some_nulls_Impl<arrow::UInt64Type>(data, array, start, n,
+                                                         chunk_index);
       default:
         break;
     }
diff --git a/r/tests/testthat/test-Table.R b/r/tests/testthat/test-Table.R
index 1ca8832beb8..e404da1d029 100644
--- a/r/tests/testthat/test-Table.R
+++ b/r/tests/testthat/test-Table.R
@@ -371,6 +371,22 @@ test_that("Can create table with specific dictionary types", {
   }
 })
 
+test_that("Table converts dictionary arrays with wider index types back to R", {
+  fact <- example_data[, "fct"]
+
+  tab_uint32 <- Table$create(fact, schema = schema(fct = dictionary(uint32(), utf8())))
+  expect_equal(tab_uint32$schema, schema(fct = dictionary(uint32(), utf8())))
+  expect_equal_data_frame(tab_uint32, fact)
+
+  tab_int64 <- Table$create(fact, schema = schema(fct = dictionary(int64(), utf8())))
+  expect_equal(tab_int64$schema, schema(fct = dictionary(int64(), utf8())))
+  expect_equal_data_frame(tab_int64, fact)
+
+  tab_uint64 <- Table$create(fact, schema = schema(fct = dictionary(uint64(), utf8())))
+  expect_equal(tab_uint64$schema, schema(fct = dictionary(uint64(), utf8())))
+  expect_equal_data_frame(tab_uint64, fact)
+})
+
 test_that("Table unifies dictionary on conversion back to R (ARROW-8374)", {
   b1 <- record_batch(f = factor(c("a"), levels = c("a", "b")))
   b2 <- record_batch(f = factor(c("c"), levels = c("c", "d")))