From 62045a7c0fe0800047c8ef3c85e7dd433b23e0c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Jun 2026 16:57:34 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 01/28] [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/uv-pre-commit: 0.11.19 → 0.11.21](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv-pre-commit/compare/0.11.19...0.11.21)
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.15.16 → v0.15.17](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.15.16...v0.15.17)
---
 .pre-commit-config.yaml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 5b931f51..2f9b6dd8 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv-pre-commit
     # uv version.
-    rev: 0.11.19
+    rev: 0.11.21
     hooks:
       # Dependency management
       - id: uv-lock
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ repos:
     # Python Linting & Formatting with Ruff
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
     # Ruff version.
-    rev: "v0.15.16"
+    rev: "v0.15.17"
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
         name: ruff (linter)

From 403e4d353401fc663ccd1390add73eab8209cf08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Jun 2026 16:56:35 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 02/28] [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/uv-pre-commit: 0.11.21 → 0.11.23](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv-pre-commit/compare/0.11.21...0.11.23)
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.15.17 → v0.15.18](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.15.17...v0.15.18)
---
 .pre-commit-config.yaml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 2f9b6dd8..5f170d2a 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv-pre-commit
     # uv version.
-    rev: 0.11.21
+    rev: 0.11.23
     hooks:
       # Dependency management
       - id: uv-lock
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ repos:
     # Python Linting & Formatting with Ruff
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
     # Ruff version.
-    rev: "v0.15.17"
+    rev: "v0.15.18"
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
         name: ruff (linter)

From 7c566966f275f4310cdc1e8864dea1a5f1747430 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jun 2026 17:37:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 03/28] Load early retirements from previous planning periods

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/core/model.py                 |  4 ++++
 temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py |  8 ++++++++
 temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py      | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 43 insertions(+)

diff --git a/temoa/core/model.py b/temoa/core/model.py
index 6c492e2a..a288b83e 100755
--- a/temoa/core/model.py
+++ b/temoa/core/model.py
@@ -383,6 +383,10 @@ def __init__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> None:
         self.capacity_to_activity = Param(self.regional_indices, self.tech_all, default=1)
 
         self.existing_capacity = Param(self.regional_indices, self.tech_exist, self.vintage_exist)
+        # This is needed to handle past retirements in myopic mode. Maybe it will find other uses.
+        self.retired_existing_capacity = Param(
+            self.regional_indices, self.time_exist, self.tech_exist, self.vintage_exist, default=0
+        )
 
         # Dev Note:  The below is temporarily useful for passing down to validator to find
         # set violations
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
index e22fdf67..12426048 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
@@ -288,6 +288,14 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
             is_period_filtered=False,  # Custom loader handles all logic
             is_table_required=False,
         ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=model.retired_existing_capacity,
+            table='output_retired_capacity',
+            columns=['region', 'period', 'tech', 'vintage', 'cap_early'],
+            custom_loader_name='_load_retired_existing_capacity',
+            is_period_filtered=False,  # Custom loader handles all logic
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.cost_invest,
             table='cost_invest',
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
index a4e2ce4d..d47a3635 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
@@ -630,6 +630,37 @@ def _load_existing_capacity(
             tech_exist_data = sorted({(row[1],) for row in rows_to_load})
             self._load_component_data(data, model.tech_exist, tech_exist_data)
 
+    def _load_retired_existing_capacity(
+        self,
+        data: dict[str, object],
+        raw_data: Sequence[tuple[object, ...]],
+        filtered_data: Sequence[tuple[object, ...]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Handles different queries for myopic vs. standard runs and also
+        populates the `tech_exist` set.
+        """
+        model = TemoaModel()
+        cur = self.con.cursor()
+        mi = self.myopic_index
+
+        if not mi:
+            # for now, we only use this in myopic mode
+            return
+
+        rows_to_load = []
+        prev_period_res = cur.execute(
+            'SELECT MAX(period) FROM time_period WHERE period < ?', (mi.base_year,)
+        ).fetchone()
+        prev_period = prev_period_res[0] if prev_period_res else -1
+        rows_to_load = cur.execute(
+            'SELECT region, period, tech, vintage, cap_early FROM output_retired_capacity WHERE '
+            'period <= ? AND scenario = ? AND cap_early > 0 ',
+            (prev_period, self.config.scenario),
+        ).fetchall()
+
+        self._load_component_data(data, model.retired_existing_capacity, rows_to_load)
+
     # --- Singleton and Configuration-based Components ---
     def _load_global_discount_rate(
         self,

From 02663b59a40f4871ff1c81fc580cbc6db6e120e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jun 2026 17:55:26 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 04/28] Adjust existing capacity for past early retirement in
 myopic

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/components/capacity.py   |  9 ++++++---
 temoa/components/limits.py     |  9 +++++++--
 temoa/components/technology.py | 11 ++++++++---
 temoa/components/utils.py      | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/temoa/components/capacity.py b/temoa/components/capacity.py
index 1383e09f..82e55312 100644
--- a/temoa/components/capacity.py
+++ b/temoa/components/capacity.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 from deprecated import deprecated
 from pyomo.environ import value
 
-from .utils import get_capacity_factor
+from .utils import get_adjusted_existing_capacity, get_capacity_factor
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
@@ -292,7 +292,9 @@ def annual_retirement_constraint(
         # Exact EOL. No v_capacity or v_retired_capacity for this period.
         if p == model.time_optimize.first():
             # Must be existing capacity. Apply survival curve to existing cap
-            cap_begin = model.existing_capacity[r, t, v] * model.lifetime_survival_curve[r, p, t, v]
+            cap_begin = get_adjusted_existing_capacity(model, r, t, v) * value(
+                model.lifetime_survival_curve[r, p, t, v]
+            )
         else:
             # Get previous capacity and continue survival curve
             p_prev = model.time_optimize.prev(p)
@@ -545,8 +547,9 @@ def adjusted_capacity_constraint(
     the time when that retirement occurred (treated here as at the beginning of each period).
     """
 
+    built_capacity: ExprLike
     if v in model.time_exist:
-        built_capacity = value(model.existing_capacity[r, t, v])
+        built_capacity = get_adjusted_existing_capacity(model, r, t, v)
     else:
         built_capacity = model.v_new_capacity[r, t, v]
 
diff --git a/temoa/components/limits.py b/temoa/components/limits.py
index f7f5d5d9..4d35e8b6 100644
--- a/temoa/components/limits.py
+++ b/temoa/components/limits.py
@@ -20,7 +20,12 @@
 
 import temoa.components.geography as geography
 import temoa.components.technology as technology
-from temoa.components.utils import Operator, get_variable_efficiency, operator_expression
+from temoa.components.utils import (
+    Operator,
+    get_adjusted_existing_capacity,
+    get_variable_efficiency,
+    operator_expression,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from pyomo.core import Expression
@@ -1046,7 +1051,7 @@ def limit_growth_capacity(
         # Adjust in-line for past PLF because we are constraining available capacity
         p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
         capacity_prev = sum(
-            value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
+            get_adjusted_existing_capacity(model, _r, _t, _v)
             * min(1.0, (_v + value(model.lifetime_process[_r, _t, _v]) - p_prev) / (p - p_prev))
             for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
             if _r in regions
diff --git a/temoa/components/technology.py b/temoa/components/technology.py
index e9cc254d..404e2cb2 100644
--- a/temoa/components/technology.py
+++ b/temoa/components/technology.py
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 from pyomo.environ import value
 
+from temoa.components.utils import get_adjusted_existing_capacity
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Iterable
 
@@ -426,12 +428,15 @@ def check_existing_capacity(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
             continue
         if t not in model.tech_all:
             continue
+        if get_adjusted_existing_capacity(model, r, t, v) <= 0:
+            # It was just retired earlier
+            continue
         life = value(model.lifetime_process[r, t, v])
         if (r, t, v) not in model.process_periods and v + life > model.time_optimize.first():
             msg = (
                 f'Existing capacity {r, t, v} with lifetime {life} and capacity {cap} '
                 'should extend into future periods but it is not in process periods. '
-                'Was it included in the Efficiency table?'
+                'May be missing from Efficiency table or too small to carry forward '
+                'if running in myopic mode.'
             )
-            logger.error(msg)
-            raise ValueError(msg)
+            logger.warning(msg)
diff --git a/temoa/components/utils.py b/temoa/components/utils.py
index 943b9018..daa2b421 100644
--- a/temoa/components/utils.py
+++ b/temoa/components/utils.py
@@ -87,3 +87,20 @@ def get_capacity_factor(
     if model.is_capacity_factor_process[r, t, v]:
         return value(model.capacity_factor_process[r, s, d, t, v])
     return value(model.capacity_factor_tech[r, s, d, t])
+
+
+def get_adjusted_existing_capacity(
+    model: TemoaModel, r: Region, t: Technology, v: Vintage
+) -> float:
+    """
+    Returns the built existing capacity adjusted for any early retirements.
+
+    Needed for early retirements in myopic mode. Takes into account survival curves
+    and any early retirements that may have occurred prior to this planning step.
+    """
+    capacity_adjustment = sum(
+        value(model.retired_existing_capacity[r, _p, t, v])
+        / (value(model.lifetime_survival_curve[r, _p, t, v]) or 1)
+        for _p in model.time_exist
+    )
+    return value(model.existing_capacity[r, t, v]) - capacity_adjustment

From 5c91331acf9e93d8244d0585361c4f3490e2c469 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jun 2026 17:56:27 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 05/28] Fix handling of existing capacity for p0

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/components/limits.py          | 3 +--
 temoa/components/time.py            | 5 +++++
 temoa/core/model.py                 | 4 +++-
 temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py | 1 -
 4 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/temoa/components/limits.py b/temoa/components/limits.py
index 4d35e8b6..857cb148 100644
--- a/temoa/components/limits.py
+++ b/temoa/components/limits.py
@@ -1048,11 +1048,10 @@ def limit_growth_capacity(
 
     if p == model.time_optimize.first():
         # First future period. Grab available capacity in last existing period
-        # Adjust in-line for past PLF because we are constraining available capacity
         p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
         capacity_prev = sum(
             get_adjusted_existing_capacity(model, _r, _t, _v)
-            * min(1.0, (_v + value(model.lifetime_process[_r, _t, _v]) - p_prev) / (p - p_prev))
+            * value(model.process_life_frac[_r, p_prev, _t, _v])
             for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
             if _r in regions
             and _t in techs
diff --git a/temoa/components/time.py b/temoa/components/time.py
index 0877a40b..c34a6bed 100644
--- a/temoa/components/time.py
+++ b/temoa/components/time.py
@@ -196,6 +196,11 @@ def init_set_vintage_optimize(model: TemoaModel) -> list[int]:
 
 def param_period_length(model: TemoaModel, p: Period) -> int:
     """Rule to calculate the length of each optimization period in years."""
+    if model.time_exist and p == model.time_exist.last():
+        # Need this for one specific use case (capacity growth constraints)
+        return model.time_future.first() - model.time_exist.last()
+    elif p in model.time_exist:
+        return -1  # Period length is not defined for existing periods except the last
     periods: list[int] = sorted(model.time_future)
     i: int = periods.index(p)
     return periods[i + 1] - periods[i]
diff --git a/temoa/core/model.py b/temoa/core/model.py
index a288b83e..ac7146b3 100755
--- a/temoa/core/model.py
+++ b/temoa/core/model.py
@@ -335,7 +335,9 @@ def __init__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> None:
         # Define time-related parameters
         # Basic period construction
         self.time_sequencing = Set()  # How do states carry between time segments?
-        self.period_length = Param(self.time_optimize, initialize=time.param_period_length)
+        self.period_length = Param(
+            self.time_optimize | self.time_exist, initialize=time.param_period_length
+        )
         self.days_per_period = Param(domain=PositiveReals, default=365.0)
         self.time_of_day_hours = Param(self.time_of_day, domain=PositiveReals, default=1.0)
         self.segment_fraction_per_season = Param(self.time_season)
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
index 12426048..72688e3b 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
@@ -445,7 +445,6 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
             component=model.lifetime_survival_curve,
             table='lifetime_survival_curve',
             columns=['region', 'period', 'tech', 'vintage', 'fraction'],
-            validator_name='viable_rtv',
             validation_map=(0, 2, 3),
             is_period_filtered=False,
             is_table_required=False,

From 1fee42f182ec1a8683105ed908cee320a827ce5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jun 2026 10:04:31 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 06/28] Pull lifetimes data for previously retired existing
 capacities for accounting purposes

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/components/technology.py      | 27 +++++++----
 temoa/components/time.py            |  5 ---
 temoa/core/model.py                 | 11 +++--
 temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py |  8 ++--
 temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py      | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 5 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/temoa/components/technology.py b/temoa/components/technology.py
index 404e2cb2..4e594b52 100644
--- a/temoa/components/technology.py
+++ b/temoa/components/technology.py
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 
 from pyomo.environ import value
 
-from temoa.components.utils import get_adjusted_existing_capacity
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Iterable
 
@@ -54,7 +52,23 @@ def model_process_life_indices(
     the periods in which a process is active, distinct from TechLifeFracIndices that
     returns indices only for processes that EOL mid-period.
     """
-    return model.active_activity_rptv
+    indices = {
+        (r, model.time_exist.last(), t, v) for r, t, v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
+    }
+    indices = indices | model.active_activity_rptv
+
+    return indices
+
+
+def lifetime_tech_indices(model: TemoaModel) -> set[tuple[Region, Technology]]:
+    """
+    Based on the efficiency parameter's indices, this function returns the set of
+    process indices that may be specified in the lifetime_tech parameter.
+    """
+    indices = {(r, t) for r, _, t, _, _ in set(model.efficiency.sparse_keys())}
+    indices = indices | {(r, t) for r, t, _ in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()}
+
+    return indices
 
 
 def lifetime_process_indices(model: TemoaModel) -> set[tuple[Region, Technology, Vintage]]:
@@ -62,7 +76,7 @@ def lifetime_process_indices(model: TemoaModel) -> set[tuple[Region, Technology,
     Based on the efficiency parameter's indices, this function returns the set of
     process indices that may be specified in the lifetime_process parameter.
     """
-    indices = {(r, t, v) for r, i, t, v, o in set(model.efficiency.sparse_keys())}
+    indices = {(r, t, v) for r, _, t, v, _ in set(model.efficiency.sparse_keys())}
     indices = indices | set(model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys())
 
     return indices
@@ -428,14 +442,11 @@ def check_existing_capacity(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
             continue
         if t not in model.tech_all:
             continue
-        if get_adjusted_existing_capacity(model, r, t, v) <= 0:
-            # It was just retired earlier
-            continue
         life = value(model.lifetime_process[r, t, v])
         if (r, t, v) not in model.process_periods and v + life > model.time_optimize.first():
             msg = (
                 f'Existing capacity {r, t, v} with lifetime {life} and capacity {cap} '
-                'should extend into future periods but it is not in process periods. '
+                'should extend into future periods but is not an active process. '
                 'May be missing from Efficiency table or too small to carry forward '
                 'if running in myopic mode.'
             )
diff --git a/temoa/components/time.py b/temoa/components/time.py
index c34a6bed..cdbb05db 100644
--- a/temoa/components/time.py
+++ b/temoa/components/time.py
@@ -184,11 +184,6 @@ def init_set_time_optimize(model: TemoaModel) -> list[int]:
     return sorted(model.time_future)[:-1]
 
 
-def init_set_vintage_exist(model: TemoaModel) -> list[int]:
-    """Initializes the `vintage_exist` set."""
-    return sorted(model.time_exist)
-
-
 def init_set_vintage_optimize(model: TemoaModel) -> list[int]:
     """Initializes the `vintage_optimize` set."""
     return sorted(model.time_optimize)
diff --git a/temoa/core/model.py b/temoa/core/model.py
index ac7146b3..fc223db3 100755
--- a/temoa/core/model.py
+++ b/temoa/core/model.py
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ def __init__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> None:
             ordered=True, initialize=time.init_set_time_optimize, within=self.time_future
         )
         # Define time period vintages to track capacity installation
-        self.vintage_exist = Set(ordered=True, initialize=time.init_set_vintage_exist)
+        self.vintage_exist = Set(ordered=True)
         self.vintage_optimize = Set(ordered=True, initialize=time.init_set_vintage_optimize)
-        self.vintage_all = Set(initialize=self.time_exist | self.time_optimize)
+        self.vintage_all = Set(initialize=self.vintage_exist | self.time_optimize)
         # Perform some basic validation on the specified time periods.
         self.validate_time = BuildAction(rule=time.validate_time)
 
@@ -437,9 +437,8 @@ def __init__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> None:
             default=1,
         )
 
-        self.lifetime_tech = Param(
-            self.regional_indices, self.tech_all, default=TemoaModel.default_lifetime_tech
-        )
+        self.lifetime_tech_rt = Set(dimen=2, initialize=technology.lifetime_tech_indices)
+        self.lifetime_tech = Param(self.lifetime_tech_rt, default=TemoaModel.default_lifetime_tech)
 
         self.lifetime_process_rtv = Set(dimen=3, initialize=technology.lifetime_process_indices)
         self.lifetime_process = Param(
@@ -449,7 +448,7 @@ def __init__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> None:
         self.lifetime_survival_curve = Param(
             self.regional_indices,
             Integers,
-            self.tech_all,
+            self.tech_all | self.tech_exist,
             self.vintage_all,
             default=technology.get_default_survival,
             validate=validate_0to1,
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
index 72688e3b..a5848c2e 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
@@ -427,8 +427,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
             component=model.lifetime_tech,
             table='lifetime_tech',
             columns=['region', 'tech', 'lifetime'],
-            validator_name='viable_rt',
-            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            custom_loader_name='_load_lifetime_tech',
             is_period_filtered=False,
             is_table_required=False,
         ),
@@ -436,8 +435,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
             component=model.lifetime_process,
             table='lifetime_process',
             columns=['region', 'tech', 'vintage', 'lifetime'],
-            validator_name='viable_rtv',
-            validation_map=(0, 1, 2),
+            custom_loader_name='_load_lifetime_process',
             is_period_filtered=False,
             is_table_required=False,
         ),
@@ -445,7 +443,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
             component=model.lifetime_survival_curve,
             table='lifetime_survival_curve',
             columns=['region', 'period', 'tech', 'vintage', 'fraction'],
-            validation_map=(0, 2, 3),
+            custom_loader_name='_load_lifetime_survival_curve',
             is_period_filtered=False,
             is_table_required=False,
         ),
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
index d47a3635..71024b5b 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import time
 from collections import defaultdict
 from logging import getLogger
+from operator import itemgetter
 from sqlite3 import Connection, Cursor, OperationalError
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
 
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ def __init__(self, db_connection: Connection, config: TemoaConfig) -> None:
         self.manager: CommodityNetworkManager | None = None
         self.efficiency_values: list[tuple[object, ...]] = []
         self.data: dict[str, object] | None = None
+        self.tech_exist_data: set[str] = set()
 
         # --- Viable sets for source-trace filtering ---
         self.viable_techs: ViableSet | None = None
@@ -629,6 +631,9 @@ def _load_existing_capacity(
         if rows_to_load:
             tech_exist_data = sorted({(row[1],) for row in rows_to_load})
             self._load_component_data(data, model.tech_exist, tech_exist_data)
+            self.tech_exist_data = {row[1] for row in rows_to_load}
+            vintage_exist_data = sorted({(row[2],) for row in rows_to_load})
+            self._load_component_data(data, model.vintage_exist, vintage_exist_data)
 
     def _load_retired_existing_capacity(
         self,
@@ -637,8 +642,7 @@ def _load_retired_existing_capacity(
         filtered_data: Sequence[tuple[object, ...]],
     ) -> None:
         """
-        Handles different queries for myopic vs. standard runs and also
-        populates the `tech_exist` set.
+        Only needed in myopic to bring past early retirement decisions forward
         """
         model = TemoaModel()
         cur = self.con.cursor()
@@ -661,6 +665,68 @@ def _load_retired_existing_capacity(
 
         self._load_component_data(data, model.retired_existing_capacity, rows_to_load)
 
+    # --- Lifetime components ---
+    def _load_lifetime_tech(
+        self,
+        data: dict[str, object],
+        raw_data: Sequence[tuple[object, ...]],
+        filtered_data: Sequence[tuple[object, ...]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Loads the lifetime_tech component."""
+        model = TemoaModel()
+        cur = self.con.cursor()
+        rows_to_load = cur.execute('SELECT region, tech, lifetime FROM lifetime_tech').fetchall()
+        tech_getter = itemgetter(1)
+        if self.viable_techs:
+            valid_techs = self.viable_techs.members | self.tech_exist_data
+            rows_to_load = [item for item in rows_to_load if tech_getter(item) in valid_techs]
+        self._load_component_data(data, model.lifetime_tech, rows_to_load)
+
+    def _load_lifetime_process(
+        self,
+        data: dict[str, object],
+        raw_data: Sequence[tuple[object, ...]],
+        filtered_data: Sequence[tuple[object, ...]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Loads the lifetime_process component."""
+        model = TemoaModel()
+        cur = self.con.cursor()
+        mi = self.myopic_index
+
+        if mi:
+            rows_to_load = cur.execute(
+                'SELECT region, tech, vintage, lifetime FROM lifetime_process WHERE vintage <= ?',
+                (mi.last_demand_year,),
+            ).fetchall()
+        else:
+            rows_to_load = cur.execute(
+                'SELECT region, tech, vintage, lifetime FROM lifetime_process'
+            ).fetchall()
+        self._load_component_data(data, model.lifetime_process, rows_to_load)
+
+    def _load_lifetime_survival_curve(
+        self,
+        data: dict[str, object],
+        raw_data: Sequence[tuple[object, ...]],
+        filtered_data: Sequence[tuple[object, ...]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Loads the lifetime_survival_curve component."""
+        model = TemoaModel()
+        cur = self.con.cursor()
+        mi = self.myopic_index
+
+        if mi:
+            rows_to_load = cur.execute(
+                'SELECT region, period, tech, vintage, fraction FROM lifetime_survival_curve '
+                'WHERE vintage <= ?',
+                (mi.last_demand_year,),
+            ).fetchall()
+        else:
+            rows_to_load = cur.execute(
+                'SELECT region, period, tech, vintage, fraction FROM lifetime_survival_curve'
+            ).fetchall()
+        self._load_component_data(data, model.lifetime_survival_curve, rows_to_load)
+
     # --- Singleton and Configuration-based Components ---
     def _load_global_discount_rate(
         self,

From f8f55dde3f0b33ddab3f6d3a1b337d9df7a466b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jun 2026 10:05:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 07/28] Actually load growthrate constraints

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/core/model.py                 | 13 ++++---
 temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py | 60 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py      |  4 ++
 temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py    |  1 +
 4 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/temoa/core/model.py b/temoa/core/model.py
index fc223db3..85f48ea3 100755
--- a/temoa/core/model.py
+++ b/temoa/core/model.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 from pyomo.core import BuildCheck, Set, Var
 from pyomo.environ import (
     AbstractModel,
+    Any,
     BuildAction,
     Constraint,
     Integers,
@@ -626,22 +627,22 @@ def __init__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> None:
         )
 
         self.limit_growth_capacity = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator
+            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
         )
         self.limit_degrowth_capacity = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator
+            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
         )
         self.limit_growth_new_capacity = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator
+            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
         )
         self.limit_degrowth_new_capacity = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator
+            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
         )
         self.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator
+            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
         )
         self.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator
+            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
         )
 
         self.limit_emission_constraint_rpe = Set(
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
index a5848c2e..7a97e2ba 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
@@ -654,6 +654,66 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
             validation_map=(0, 1, 2),
             is_table_required=False,
         ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=model.limit_growth_capacity,
+            table='limit_growth_capacity',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=model.limit_growth_new_capacity,
+            table='limit_growth_new_capacity',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=model.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta,
+            table='limit_growth_new_capacity_delta',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=model.limit_degrowth_capacity,
+            table='limit_degrowth_capacity',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity,
+            table='limit_degrowth_new_capacity',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta,
+            table='limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_resource,
             table='limit_resource',
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
index 71024b5b..9452f2e3 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
@@ -233,6 +233,10 @@ def create_data_dict(self, myopic_index: MyopicIndex | None = None) -> dict[str,
         for item in self.manifest:
             # 1. Fetch data from the database
             raw_data = self._fetch_data(cur, item, myopic_index)
+            if item.index_length:
+                raw_data = [
+                    (*row[0 : item.index_length], row[item.index_length :]) for row in raw_data
+                ]
 
             # 2. Validate/filter data
             filtered_data = self._filter_data(raw_data, item, use_raw_data)
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py b/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py
index ad6ce930..5723d9e9 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ class LoadItem:
     component: ComponentType
     table: str
     columns: list[str]
+    index_length: int | None = None
     validator_name: str | None = None
     validation_map: tuple[int, ...] = field(default_factory=tuple)
     where_clause: str | None = None

From d3bcea4271bbfb1a24f8e8f5759f467c172d86ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jun 2026 10:31:48 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 08/28] Add a broad stress test for myopic that includes
 survival curves, early retirement, and growth rate constraints all together

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 tests/conftest.py                             |   6 +
 tests/legacy_test_values.py                   |   3 +-
 tests/test_full_runs.py                       |  45 ++++
 .../config_myopic_capacities.toml             |  23 ++
 tests/testing_data/mediumville.sql            |   1 -
 tests/testing_data/myopic_capacities.sql      | 242 ++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 318 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml
 create mode 100644 tests/testing_data/myopic_capacities.sql

diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 3f813d5b..0e263b9c 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ def refresh_databases() -> None:
         ('mediumville.sql', 'mediumville.sqlite'),
         ('seasonal_storage.sql', 'seasonal_storage.sqlite'),
         ('survival_curve.sql', 'survival_curve.sqlite'),
+        ('myopic_capacities.sql', 'myopic_capacities.sqlite'),
         ('annualised_demand.sql', 'annualised_demand.sqlite'),
         # Feature tests (separate for temporal consistency)
         ('emissions.sql', 'emissions.sqlite'),
@@ -207,6 +208,11 @@ def system_test_run(
         silent=True,
     )
 
+    # Allow parametrized tests to override myopic settings per case.
+    myopic_overrides = request.param.get('myopic')
+    if myopic_overrides is not None:
+        config.myopic_inputs = {**(config.myopic_inputs or {}), **myopic_overrides}
+
     sequencer = TemoaSequencer(config=config)
 
     sequencer.start()
diff --git a/tests/legacy_test_values.py b/tests/legacy_test_values.py
index af31669c..3fb7d2e1 100644
--- a/tests/legacy_test_values.py
+++ b/tests/legacy_test_values.py
@@ -68,7 +68,8 @@ class ExpectedVals(Enum):
         # added 2025/06/12 prior to addition of dynamic reserve margin
         # reduced 2025/06/16 after fixing bug in db
         ExpectedVals.OBJ_VALUE: 7035.7275,
-        ExpectedVals.EFF_DOMAIN_SIZE: 2800,
+        # halved after realising mediumville had an unused existing time period
+        ExpectedVals.EFF_DOMAIN_SIZE: 1400,
         ExpectedVals.EFF_INDEX_SIZE: 18,
         # increased after reviving RampSeason constraints
         # reduced 2025/07/25 by 24 after annualising demands
diff --git a/tests/test_full_runs.py b/tests/test_full_runs.py
index 45ca7d1b..5decd266 100644
--- a/tests/test_full_runs.py
+++ b/tests/test_full_runs.py
@@ -36,6 +36,24 @@
 mc_files = [{'name': 'utopia mc', 'filename': 'config_utopia_mc.toml'}]
 stochastic_files = [{'name': 'stochastic utopia', 'filename': 'config_utopia_stochastic.toml'}]
 
+myopic_stress_tests = [
+    {
+        'name': (
+            f'myopic capacities | {"evolving" if evolving else "non-evolving"}'
+            f' | view={view_depth} step={step_size}'
+        ),
+        'filename': 'config_myopic_capacities.toml',
+        'myopic': {
+            'view_depth': view_depth,
+            'step_size': step_size,
+            'evolving': evolving,
+        },
+    }
+    for evolving in (False, True)
+    for view_depth in [1, 3, 6]
+    for step_size in range(1, view_depth + 1, 2)
+]
+
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     'system_test_run',
@@ -129,6 +147,33 @@ def test_myopic_utopia(
         )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    'system_test_run',
+    argvalues=myopic_stress_tests,
+    indirect=True,
+    ids=[d['name'] for d in myopic_stress_tests],
+)
+def test_myopic_stress_tests(
+    system_test_run: tuple[str, SolverResults | None, TemoaModel | None, TemoaSequencer],
+) -> None:
+    """
+    The idea of these is that they should be tightly constrained so that if anything
+    is wrong the model will fail to find a feasible solution. Use lots of equality constraints
+    """
+    _, _, _, sequencer = system_test_run
+    import contextlib
+
+    with contextlib.closing(sqlite3.connect(sequencer.config.output_database)) as con:
+        cur = con.cursor()
+        res = cur.execute('SELECT SUM(total_system_cost) FROM main.output_objective').fetchone()
+        obj = res[0]
+        # This part is just a very rough check on the objective function. Constraints inside the
+        # model are extremely tight so any other changes will lead to infeasibility
+        assert obj == pytest.approx(32, abs=1), (
+            'objective function value did not match expected for myopic stress test'
+        )
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     'system_test_run',
     argvalues=stochastic_files,
diff --git a/tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml b/tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ab763c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+scenario = "test myopic capacities"
+scenario_mode = "myopic"
+input_database = "tests/testing_outputs/myopic_capacities.sqlite"
+output_database = "tests/testing_outputs/myopic_capacities.sqlite"
+neos = false
+solver_name = "appsi_highs"
+save_excel = true
+save_duals = true
+save_lp_file = false
+time_sequencing = "seasonal_timeslices"
+days_per_period = 365
+reserve_margin = "static"
+
+[MGA]
+slack = 0.1
+iterations = 4
+weight = "integer"
+
+[myopic]
+view_depth = 1
+step_size = 1
+evolving = false
+evolution_script = ''
diff --git a/tests/testing_data/mediumville.sql b/tests/testing_data/mediumville.sql
index 9df6b3f7..2f253a8c 100644
--- a/tests/testing_data/mediumville.sql
+++ b/tests/testing_data/mediumville.sql
@@ -181,7 +181,6 @@ REPLACE INTO "technology_type" VALUES('pb','baseload production technology');
 REPLACE INTO "technology_type" VALUES('ps','storage production technology');
 REPLACE INTO "time_of_day" VALUES(1,'d1',12,NULL);
 REPLACE INTO "time_of_day" VALUES(2,'d2',12,NULL);
-REPLACE INTO "time_period" VALUES(1,2020,'e');
 REPLACE INTO "time_period" VALUES(2,2025,'f');
 REPLACE INTO "time_period" VALUES(3,2030,'f');
 REPLACE INTO "time_period_type" VALUES('e','existing vintages');
diff --git a/tests/testing_data/myopic_capacities.sql b/tests/testing_data/myopic_capacities.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f561e073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testing_data/myopic_capacities.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+REPLACE INTO metadata VALUES('DB_MAJOR',4,'');
+REPLACE INTO metadata VALUES('DB_MINOR',0,'');
+REPLACE INTO metadata_real VALUES('global_discount_rate',0.05000000000000000277,'Discount Rate for future costs');
+REPLACE INTO metadata_real VALUES('default_loan_rate',0.05000000000000000277,'Default Loan Rate if not specified in loan_rate table');
+REPLACE INTO sector_label VALUES('energy',NULL);
+REPLACE INTO commodity VALUES('source','s',NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO commodity VALUES('demand','d',NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO commodity_type VALUES('p','physical commodity');
+REPLACE INTO commodity_type VALUES('a','annual commodity');
+REPLACE INTO commodity_type VALUES('e','emissions commodity');
+REPLACE INTO commodity_type VALUES('d','demand commodity');
+REPLACE INTO commodity_type VALUES('s','source commodity');
+REPLACE INTO commodity_type VALUES('w','waste commodity');
+REPLACE INTO commodity_type VALUES('wa','waste annual commodity');
+REPLACE INTO commodity_type VALUES('wp','waste physical commodity');
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2025,'tech_ancient',1994,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2025,'tech_old',2010,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2030,'tech_old',2010,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2035,'tech_old',2010,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2040,'tech_old',2010,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2025,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2030,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2035,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2040,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2045,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2050,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2030,'tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2035,'tech_future',2035,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2040,'tech_future',2040,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2045,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2050,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2035,'tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2040,'tech_future',2035,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2040,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2045,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2040,'tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2035,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2040,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2035,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_invest VALUES('region','tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_invest VALUES('region','tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_invest VALUES('region','tech_future',2035,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_invest VALUES('region','tech_future',2040,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_invest VALUES('region','tech_future',2045,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_invest VALUES('region','tech_future',2050,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2025,'tech_ancient',1994,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2025,'tech_old',2010,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2030,'tech_old',2010,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2035,'tech_old',2010,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2040,'tech_old',2010,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2025,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2030,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2035,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2040,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2045,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2050,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2030,'tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2035,'tech_future',2035,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2040,'tech_future',2040,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2045,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2050,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2035,'tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2040,'tech_future',2035,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2040,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2045,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2040,'tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2035,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2040,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2035,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2025,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2030,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2035,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2040,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2045,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2050,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_old',2010,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_current',2025,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_future',2030,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_future',2035,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_future',2040,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_future',2045,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_future',2050,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_ancient',1994,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_retire',2010,'demand',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO existing_capacity VALUES('region','tech_ancient',1990,3.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO existing_capacity VALUES('region','tech_old',2010,0.6999999999999999556,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO existing_capacity VALUES('region','tech_ancient',1994,3.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO existing_capacity VALUES('region','tech_retire',2010,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_tech VALUES('region','tech_ancient',35.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_tech VALUES('region','tech_old',35.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_tech VALUES('region','tech_current',35.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_tech VALUES('region','tech_future',35.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_tech VALUES('region','tech_retire',35.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO operator VALUES('e','equal to');
+REPLACE INTO operator VALUES('le','less than or equal to');
+REPLACE INTO operator VALUES('ge','greater than or equal to');
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_capacity VALUES('region','tech_ancient','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_capacity VALUES('region','tech_old','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_capacity VALUES('region','tech_current','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_capacity VALUES('region','tech_future','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_capacity VALUES('region','tech_ancient','le',1.0,2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_capacity VALUES('region','tech_old','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_capacity VALUES('region','tech_current','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_capacity VALUES('region','tech_future','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_ancient','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_old','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_current','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_future','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_ancient','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_old','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_current','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_future','le',1.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_new_capacity_delta VALUES('region','tech_ancient','le',0.0,2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_new_capacity_delta VALUES('region','tech_old','le',0.0,2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_new_capacity_delta VALUES('region','tech_current','le',0.0,2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_growth_new_capacity_delta VALUES('region','tech_future','le',0.0,2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta VALUES('region','tech_ancient','le',0.0,2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta VALUES('region','tech_old','le',0.0,2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta VALUES('region','tech_current','le',0.0,2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta VALUES('region','tech_future','le',0.0,2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2025,'tech_ancient','e',0.04800000000000000099,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2025,'tech_current','e',0.6520000000000000239,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2030,'tech_current','e',0.5823319839999999692,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2035,'tech_current','e',0.4500000000000000111,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2040,'tech_current','e',0.25,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2030,'tech_future','e',0.2964180160000000063,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2035,'tech_future','e',0.5100000000000000088,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2040,'tech_future','e',0.7349999999999999867,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future','e',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future','e',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2025,'tech_old','e',0.2999910000000000076,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2030,'tech_old','e',0.1212499999999999967,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2035,'tech_old','e',0.04000000000000000083,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_activity VALUES('region',2040,'tech_old','e',0.01499999999999999945,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2025,'tech_ancient','e',0.04800000000000000099,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2025,'tech_current','e',0.6520000000000000239,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2030,'tech_current','e',0.5823319839999999692,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2035,'tech_current','e',0.4500000000000000111,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2040,'tech_current','e',0.25,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2045,'tech_current','e',0.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2050,'tech_current','e',0.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2030,'tech_future','e',0.2964180160000000063,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2035,'tech_future','e',0.5100000000000000088,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2040,'tech_future','e',0.7349999999999999867,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future','e',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future','e',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2025,'tech_old','e',0.2999999999999999889,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2025,'tech_retire','e',9.000000000000000228e-06,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2030,'tech_old','e',0.1212499999999999967,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2035,'tech_old','e',0.04000000000000000083,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_capacity VALUES('region',2040,'tech_old','e',0.01499999999999999945,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_current',2025,'e',0.659919028340081093,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_future',2030,'e',0.3000182348178138114,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_future',2035,'e',0.232573854939435165,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_future',2040,'e',0.2884229446031822408,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_future',2045,'e',0.4110596210476472612,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_future',2050,'e',0.2251165192346591404,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO region VALUES('region',NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',1990,'tech_ancient',1990,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2025,'tech_ancient',1990,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2010,'tech_old',2010,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2015,'tech_old',2010,0.969999999999999974,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2020,'tech_old',2010,0.8800000000000001154,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2025,'tech_old',2010,0.6199999999999999956,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2030,'tech_old',2010,0.2700000000000000177,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2035,'tech_old',2010,0.08000000000000000166,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2045,'tech_old',2010,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2025,'tech_current',2025,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2030,'tech_current',2025,0.969999999999999974,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2035,'tech_current',2025,0.8800000000000001154,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2040,'tech_current',2025,0.6199999999999999956,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2045,'tech_current',2025,0.2700000000000000177,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2050,'tech_current',2025,0.08000000000000000166,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2060,'tech_current',2025,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2030,'tech_future',2030,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2035,'tech_future',2030,0.969999999999999974,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2040,'tech_future',2030,0.8800000000000001154,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2030,0.6199999999999999956,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2030,0.2700000000000000177,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2055,'tech_future',2030,0.08000000000000000166,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2065,'tech_future',2030,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2035,'tech_future',2035,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2040,'tech_future',2035,0.969999999999999974,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2035,0.8800000000000001154,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2035,0.6199999999999999956,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2055,'tech_future',2035,0.2700000000000000177,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2060,'tech_future',2035,0.08000000000000000166,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2070,'tech_future',2035,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2040,'tech_future',2040,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2040,0.969999999999999974,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2040,0.8800000000000001154,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2055,'tech_future',2040,0.6199999999999999956,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2060,'tech_future',2040,0.2700000000000000177,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2065,'tech_future',2040,0.08000000000000000166,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2075,'tech_future',2040,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2045,'tech_future',2045,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2045,0.969999999999999974,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2055,'tech_future',2045,0.8800000000000001154,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2060,'tech_future',2045,0.6199999999999999956,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2065,'tech_future',2045,0.2700000000000000177,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2070,'tech_future',2045,0.08000000000000000166,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2080,'tech_future',2045,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2050,'tech_future',2050,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2055,'tech_future',2050,0.969999999999999974,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2060,'tech_future',2050,0.8800000000000001154,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2065,'tech_future',2050,0.6199999999999999956,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2070,'tech_future',2050,0.2700000000000000177,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2075,'tech_future',2050,0.08000000000000000166,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2085,'tech_future',2050,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',1994,'tech_ancient',1994,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',1999,'tech_ancient',1994,0.969999999999999974,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2004,'tech_ancient',1994,0.8800000000000000044,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2009,'tech_ancient',1994,0.6199999999999999956,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2014,'tech_ancient',1994,0.2700000000000000177,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2019,'tech_ancient',1994,0.08000000000000000166,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2029,'tech_ancient',1994,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO technology_type VALUES('p','production technology');
+REPLACE INTO technology_type VALUES('pb','baseload production technology');
+REPLACE INTO technology_type VALUES('ps','storage production technology');
+REPLACE INTO time_of_day VALUES(0,'d',24.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO time_period VALUES(-3,1990,'e');
+REPLACE INTO time_period VALUES(-2,1994,'e');
+REPLACE INTO time_period VALUES(-1,2010,'e');
+REPLACE INTO time_period VALUES(0,2025,'f');
+REPLACE INTO time_period VALUES(1,2030,'f');
+REPLACE INTO time_period VALUES(2,2035,'f');
+REPLACE INTO time_period VALUES(3,2040,'f');
+REPLACE INTO time_period VALUES(4,2045,'f');
+REPLACE INTO time_period VALUES(5,2050,'f');
+REPLACE INTO time_period VALUES(6,2055,'f');
+REPLACE INTO time_period_type VALUES('e','existing vintages');
+REPLACE INTO time_period_type VALUES('f','future');
+REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_ancient','p','energy',NULL,NULL,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_old','p','energy',NULL,NULL,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_current','p','energy',NULL,NULL,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_future','p','energy',NULL,NULL,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_retire','p','energy',NULL,NULL,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO time_season VALUES(0,'s',1.0,NULL);

From e36fed6c22e74425786d99e58c2c1354d4a7e25e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jun 2026 10:45:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 09/28] Update test set hashes

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 tests/testing_data/mediumville_sets.json | 7 ++++---
 tests/testing_data/test_system_sets.json | 3 ++-
 tests/testing_data/utopia_sets.json      | 3 ++-
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/testing_data/mediumville_sets.json b/tests/testing_data/mediumville_sets.json
index 82bf63af..c86baf5c 100644
--- a/tests/testing_data/mediumville_sets.json
+++ b/tests/testing_data/mediumville_sets.json
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
   "flow_in_storage_rpsditvo": "ff680754a218ee843941e77bd07cbc5e5afd74e2b7b29a76ea86621624e8c0fd",
   "flow_var_annual_rpitvo": "6f5c569787fbf1e0a4076011f75fcd50a840bac85bb57b026f4fc5682739f888",
   "flow_var_rpsditvo": "e8c35c3b7b1f0c0e10e6f53e94d0c6b8a884c0dd048675cbeb9e7df33794161b",
+  "lifetime_tech_rt": "6786f2e9acdccce907ebad50d2ea70481bff72a749253e78168d29b480b07f65",
   "lifetime_process_rtv": "212639322f29aa7687eb9962fb9d74ef60961d720a2a753e2af53473b9e1648f",
   "limit_activity_constraint_rpt": "90461349933d0b32167abdca242233004b66212b57ed57213dce6f6818203963",
   "limit_activity_share_constraint_rpgg": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@
   "tech_uncap": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "tech_upramping": "ddcf6ff7665c2a8acc4dff1b43655fae1b5a265135cbee18cec638df4e954346",
   "tech_with_capacity": "24f75b6f705a36033456d02638e7c50667908c45c474151fb8490666d928c63f",
-  "time_exist": "91a2461c25439830d94bf4b3d3a3b020343f75e74561a913b1f972b2ac42e943",
+  "time_exist": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "time_future": "6b150df8e12ac4dd15396b52f304c7935a41d2cc4da498186552819973171389",
   "time_manual": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "time_of_day": "f9bbfe9130c510cba59a13e8b385b4d0206196abbdfe8032b995502bb7215f76",
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@
   "time_season": "1e413891065e24bbf66543d4747ff12b1c65bf23c4ff9857b0bf0520eccd7f21",
   "time_season_sequential": "1e413891065e24bbf66543d4747ff12b1c65bf23c4ff9857b0bf0520eccd7f21",
   "time_sequencing": "91f69c8abab9959c1f8c90f5aaa56db29bccc67e37d12673ab41c54e4179d7ca",
-  "vintage_all": "947dd08ad4812a98649b4306e4a0ca1b51374d86f1a8e27c3a8af3b189bcc0f6",
-  "vintage_exist": "91a2461c25439830d94bf4b3d3a3b020343f75e74561a913b1f972b2ac42e943",
+  "vintage_all": "9c9380fb50cd4f4f9e2032bd9a18645ae4fc1d30335672c62c897bcb9e099ba5",
+  "vintage_exist": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "vintage_optimize": "9c9380fb50cd4f4f9e2032bd9a18645ae4fc1d30335672c62c897bcb9e099ba5"
 }
diff --git a/tests/testing_data/test_system_sets.json b/tests/testing_data/test_system_sets.json
index 35cd0b4c..6d73af97 100644
--- a/tests/testing_data/test_system_sets.json
+++ b/tests/testing_data/test_system_sets.json
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
   "flow_in_storage_rpsditvo": "8c97fbeacbca1a772ba04f63d0a82f7703500f83c0dc602114b17c64ad4d2e28",
   "flow_var_annual_rpitvo": "f98f5f41c5cba8ce2a894734abbc5e90310b695bee3c24c52acd8b4800c5ab85",
   "flow_var_rpsditvo": "784d98e451a8dcf0122f475c2e229162d99e403bdea85f7c608a3d86e850db44",
+  "lifetime_tech_rt": "984cc175a7aa58e77bb626e3237ca9bf625f5d9b15250870bef1cddc5f57f642",
   "lifetime_process_rtv": "5033502364848a3a3f295f1b3d051531ecd5c1e5f8bbaecd61afcd18181225ab",
   "limit_activity_constraint_rpt": "2561103e7e6dd3dee3ba5832290ab5e933f4af08661dff4f2e661b6f4ffefc86",
   "limit_activity_share_constraint_rpgg": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@
   "new_capacity_var_rtv": "bc0ec9e7f812410cb2af924cbc99a31c6e99cd95fc2de26193daad38f33cc132",
   "operator": "74d830836f1399fb336a0432dde7d7bd36cffa3ff76b1c42d7945350cfb9bf91",
   "ordered_season_sequential": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "process_life_frac_rptv": "5501652d0145dbf7c2e8c006aabd3dbb85ca64ed5caf1d8f45a1957274af81ca",
+  "process_life_frac_rptv": "d1b75ede9f90899b1c1cbc56489bf9d12c52abc6c0466eb5fe4dccaf6f3be800",
   "ramp_down_day_constraint_rpsdtv": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "ramp_down_season_constraint_rpsstv": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "ramp_up_day_constraint_rpsdtv": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
diff --git a/tests/testing_data/utopia_sets.json b/tests/testing_data/utopia_sets.json
index 628c177d..53d8b2a8 100644
--- a/tests/testing_data/utopia_sets.json
+++ b/tests/testing_data/utopia_sets.json
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
   "flow_in_storage_rpsditvo": "99eb864a26adcb6633c95462649bca3ef7096f67682702915d7769b54b5de386",
   "flow_var_annual_rpitvo": "4053866a304af0a6b9a1d293ddaf358dfee5b170dcb01d41e6bc52437908a98a",
   "flow_var_rpsditvo": "350739a59b14969da094cf1c95524134b9c9acd0989710456a8dcc6596d0a401",
+  "lifetime_tech_rt": "7b3703e1f021594993a54c55427a599ed03fc512cf34826b7a7670eb93edfb9a",
   "lifetime_process_rtv": "2cfc288b15f25957dfc70f6396d97ad655ecbed91c5a11582329749f1fb3dbd7",
   "limit_activity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_activity_share_constraint_rpgg": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@
   "new_capacity_var_rtv": "d4f1cc8b432075001befddab648d54d1f82a29099236948845393a193b6add5b",
   "operator": "74d830836f1399fb336a0432dde7d7bd36cffa3ff76b1c42d7945350cfb9bf91",
   "ordered_season_sequential": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "process_life_frac_rptv": "37ad263f78986f4d38c63278a0d1a5a85b3eb8b833e8bfabbbea254eaf3a3efb",
+  "process_life_frac_rptv": "63d17957ee2bebf664ffa6a39cea5e16ec65ad07db1df24dcea6b15bb9ebf589",
   "ramp_down_day_constraint_rpsdtv": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "ramp_down_season_constraint_rpsstv": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "ramp_up_day_constraint_rpsdtv": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",

From a79fbb0ec80dbfddbbe983a1753d9d26b97927e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jun 2026 14:01:08 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 10/28] Improve custom loader filtering for lifetime data

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
index 9452f2e3..7ccf56cf 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 
     from temoa.core.config import TemoaConfig
     from temoa.data_io.loader_manifest import LoadItem
+    from temoa.types.core_types import Region, Technology, Vintage
 
 logger = getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -99,7 +100,8 @@ def __init__(self, db_connection: Connection, config: TemoaConfig) -> None:
         self.manager: CommodityNetworkManager | None = None
         self.efficiency_values: list[tuple[object, ...]] = []
         self.data: dict[str, object] | None = None
-        self.tech_exist_data: set[str] = set()
+        self.viable_existing_rt: set[tuple[Region, Technology]] = set()
+        self.viable_existing_rtv: set[tuple[Region, Technology, Vintage]] = set()
 
         # --- Viable sets for source-trace filtering ---
         self.viable_techs: ViableSet | None = None
@@ -635,10 +637,14 @@ def _load_existing_capacity(
         if rows_to_load:
             tech_exist_data = sorted({(row[1],) for row in rows_to_load})
             self._load_component_data(data, model.tech_exist, tech_exist_data)
-            self.tech_exist_data = {row[1] for row in rows_to_load}
             vintage_exist_data = sorted({(row[2],) for row in rows_to_load})
             self._load_component_data(data, model.vintage_exist, vintage_exist_data)
 
+            # Collect existing capacity data indices
+            self.viable_existing_techs = {row[1] for row in rows_to_load}
+            self.viable_existing_rt = {(row[0], row[1]) for row in rows_to_load}
+            self.viable_existing_rtv = {(row[0], row[1], row[2]) for row in rows_to_load}
+
     def _load_retired_existing_capacity(
         self,
         data: dict[str, object],
@@ -680,10 +686,10 @@ def _load_lifetime_tech(
         model = TemoaModel()
         cur = self.con.cursor()
         rows_to_load = cur.execute('SELECT region, tech, lifetime FROM lifetime_tech').fetchall()
-        tech_getter = itemgetter(1)
-        if self.viable_techs:
-            valid_techs = self.viable_techs.members | self.tech_exist_data
-            rows_to_load = [item for item in rows_to_load if tech_getter(item) in valid_techs]
+        rt_getter = itemgetter(0, 1)
+        if self.viable_rt:
+            valid_rt = self.viable_rt.members | self.viable_existing_rt
+            rows_to_load = [item for item in rows_to_load if rt_getter(item) in valid_rt]
         self._load_component_data(data, model.lifetime_tech, rows_to_load)
 
     def _load_lifetime_process(
@@ -706,6 +712,10 @@ def _load_lifetime_process(
             rows_to_load = cur.execute(
                 'SELECT region, tech, vintage, lifetime FROM lifetime_process'
             ).fetchall()
+        rtv_getter = itemgetter(0, 1, 2)
+        if self.viable_rtv:
+            valid_rtv = self.viable_rtv.member_tuples | self.viable_existing_rtv
+            rows_to_load = [item for item in rows_to_load if rtv_getter(item) in valid_rtv]
         self._load_component_data(data, model.lifetime_process, rows_to_load)
 
     def _load_lifetime_survival_curve(
@@ -729,6 +739,10 @@ def _load_lifetime_survival_curve(
             rows_to_load = cur.execute(
                 'SELECT region, period, tech, vintage, fraction FROM lifetime_survival_curve'
             ).fetchall()
+        rtv_getter = itemgetter(0, 2, 3)
+        if self.viable_rtv:
+            valid_rtv = self.viable_rtv.member_tuples | self.viable_existing_rtv
+            rows_to_load = [item for item in rows_to_load if rtv_getter(item) in valid_rtv]
         self._load_component_data(data, model.lifetime_survival_curve, rows_to_load)
 
     # --- Singleton and Configuration-based Components ---

From b8b7def17188f8d07608284a5e8f679c951a5e7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jun 2026 14:01:30 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 11/28] Update existing capacity check to specifically look for
 tiny dropped capacities

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/components/technology.py | 18 ++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/temoa/components/technology.py b/temoa/components/technology.py
index 4e594b52..9957db97 100644
--- a/temoa/components/technology.py
+++ b/temoa/components/technology.py
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 from pyomo.environ import value
 
+from temoa.components.utils import get_adjusted_existing_capacity
+
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Iterable
 
@@ -440,14 +442,18 @@ def check_existing_capacity(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
             )
             logger.warning(msg)
             continue
-        if t not in model.tech_all:
+        adjusted_cap = get_adjusted_existing_capacity(model, r, t, v)
+        if adjusted_cap <= 0.0:
+            # Was retired in a previous period (myopic mode)
             continue
+        p = model.time_optimize.first()
         life = value(model.lifetime_process[r, t, v])
-        if (r, t, v) not in model.process_periods and v + life > model.time_optimize.first():
+        if (r, t, v) not in model.process_periods and v + life > p:
+            surviving_cap = adjusted_cap * value(model.lifetime_survival_curve[r, p, t, v])
             msg = (
-                f'Existing capacity {r, t, v} with lifetime {life} and capacity {cap} '
-                'should extend into future periods but is not an active process. '
-                'May be missing from Efficiency table or too small to carry forward '
-                'if running in myopic mode.'
+                f'Existing capacity {r, t, v} with lifetime {life} and surviving capacity '
+                f'{surviving_cap} should extend into future periods but is not an active '
+                'process. It may be missing from the Efficiency table or have too little '
+                'capacity to output and carry forward if running in myopic mode.'
             )
             logger.warning(msg)

From 49c82b384c160bcaf09d0b0f87ef576bbe7f1954 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jun 2026 14:14:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 12/28] Try to fix python 3.12 type error

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 tests/test_full_runs.py | 17 +++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_full_runs.py b/tests/test_full_runs.py
index 5decd266..c71f9b4c 100644
--- a/tests/test_full_runs.py
+++ b/tests/test_full_runs.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import logging
 import sqlite3
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypedDict
 
 import pytest
 from pyomo.core import Constraint, Var
@@ -36,7 +36,20 @@
 mc_files = [{'name': 'utopia mc', 'filename': 'config_utopia_mc.toml'}]
 stochastic_files = [{'name': 'stochastic utopia', 'filename': 'config_utopia_stochastic.toml'}]
 
-myopic_stress_tests = [
+
+class MyopicSettings(TypedDict):
+    view_depth: int
+    step_size: int
+    evolving: bool
+
+
+class MyopicStressCase(TypedDict):
+    name: str
+    filename: str
+    myopic: MyopicSettings
+
+
+myopic_stress_tests: list[MyopicStressCase] = [
     {
         'name': (
             f'myopic capacities | {"evolving" if evolving else "non-evolving"}'

From ae023f7b6660513fd4fed8103417b967564ff9ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jun 2026 14:22:21 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 13/28] Check if output retirement table exists

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
index 7ccf56cf..f657ed68 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
@@ -654,6 +654,13 @@ def _load_retired_existing_capacity(
         """
         Only needed in myopic to bring past early retirement decisions forward
         """
+        if not self.table_exists('output_retired_capacity'):
+            logger.info(
+                "Table 'output_retired_capacity' not found. Skipping loading "
+                'of retired existing capacity.'
+            )
+            return
+
         model = TemoaModel()
         cur = self.con.cursor()
         mi = self.myopic_index

From be2287bea9d331b358fcfb353b45c50ef0abf26a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jun 2026 16:00:36 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 14/28] Move schema components out of tutorial database for
 SSOT

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/cli.py                     |   36 +-
 temoa/tutorial_assets/utopia.sql | 1925 +++++++-----------------------
 tests/test_cli.py                |    2 +-
 tests/testing_data/utopia_v3.sql | 1558 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 2038 insertions(+), 1483 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/testing_data/utopia_v3.sql

diff --git a/temoa/cli.py b/temoa/cli.py
index 371b0d73..cbcc234c 100644
--- a/temoa/cli.py
+++ b/temoa/cli.py
@@ -557,8 +557,8 @@ def _copy_tutorial_resources(target_config: Path, target_database: Path) -> None
     """
     Copy tutorial resource files directly to target locations.
 
-    The database is generated from the SQL source file to ensure it uses
-    the latest schema with unit-compliant data (single source of truth).
+    The database is generated by applying the canonical v4 schema first,
+    then loading tutorial data SQL.
 
     Args:
         target_config: Path where configuration file should be copied
@@ -572,6 +572,7 @@ def _copy_tutorial_resources(target_config: Path, target_database: Path) -> None
         config_resource = base / 'config_sample.toml'
         sql_resource = base / 'utopia.sql'
         mc_settings_resource = base / 'mc_settings.csv'
+        schema_resource = resources.files('temoa.db_schema') / 'temoa_schema_v4.sql'
 
         # Copy configuration file
         with config_resource.open('rb') as source:
@@ -582,11 +583,20 @@ def _copy_tutorial_resources(target_config: Path, target_database: Path) -> None
         if target_database.exists():
             target_database.unlink()
 
-        # Generate database from SQL source (single source of truth)
+        # Generate database from canonical schema and tutorial data source
+        schema_content = schema_resource.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
         sql_content = sql_resource.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
 
         with sqlite3.connect(target_database) as conn:
+            conn.executescript(schema_content)
+            conn.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF;')
             conn.executescript(sql_content)
+            conn.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;')
+            fk_violations = conn.execute('PRAGMA foreign_key_check;').fetchall()
+            if fk_violations:
+                raise sqlite3.IntegrityError(
+                    f'Foreign key check failed after tutorial data load: {fk_violations[:5]}'
+                )
 
         # Copy Monte Carlo settings
         with mc_settings_resource.open('rb') as source:
@@ -600,6 +610,7 @@ def _copy_tutorial_resources(target_config: Path, target_database: Path) -> None
         fallback_config = Path(__file__).parent / 'tutorial_assets' / 'config_sample.toml'
         fallback_sql = Path(__file__).parent / 'tutorial_assets' / 'utopia.sql'
         fallback_mc = Path(__file__).parent / 'tutorial_assets' / 'mc_settings.csv'
+        fallback_schema = Path(__file__).parent / 'db_schema' / 'temoa_schema_v4.sql'
 
         if not fallback_config.exists():
             raise FileNotFoundError(
@@ -613,6 +624,12 @@ def _copy_tutorial_resources(target_config: Path, target_database: Path) -> None
                 f'SQL: {fallback_sql}'
             ) from e
 
+        if not fallback_schema.exists():
+            raise FileNotFoundError(
+                f'Schema not found. Tried package resources and fallback path:\n'
+                f'Schema: {fallback_schema}'
+            ) from e
+
         # Copy config file using fallback path
         shutil.copy2(fallback_config, target_config)
 
@@ -620,10 +637,19 @@ def _copy_tutorial_resources(target_config: Path, target_database: Path) -> None
         if target_database.exists():
             target_database.unlink()
 
-        # Generate database from SQL source
+        # Generate database from canonical schema and tutorial data source
+        sql_content = fallback_sql.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
 
         with sqlite3.connect(target_database) as conn:
-            conn.executescript(fallback_sql.read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+            conn.executescript(fallback_schema.read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+            conn.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF;')
+            conn.executescript(sql_content)
+            conn.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;')
+            fk_violations = conn.execute('PRAGMA foreign_key_check;').fetchall()
+            if fk_violations:
+                raise sqlite3.IntegrityError(
+                    f'Foreign key check failed after tutorial data load: {fk_violations[:5]}'
+                ) from e
 
         # Copy mc_settings from fallback
         shutil.copy2(fallback_mc, target_config.parent / 'mc_settings.csv')
diff --git a/temoa/tutorial_assets/utopia.sql b/temoa/tutorial_assets/utopia.sql
index a58fc991..1814f34f 100644
--- a/temoa/tutorial_assets/utopia.sql
+++ b/temoa/tutorial_assets/utopia.sql
@@ -1,1478 +1,449 @@
-BEGIN TRANSACTION;
-CREATE TABLE capacity_credit
-(
-    region  TEXT,
-    period  INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech    TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage INTEGER,
-    credit  REAL,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, vintage),
-    CHECK (credit >= 0 AND credit <= 1)
-);
-CREATE TABLE capacity_factor_process
-(
-    region  TEXT,
-    season TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_season (season),
-    tod     TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_of_day (tod),
-    tech    TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage INTEGER,
-    factor  REAL,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, season, tod, tech, vintage),
-    CHECK (factor >= 0 AND factor <= 1)
-);
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
-CREATE TABLE capacity_factor_tech
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    season TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_season (season),
-    tod    TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_of_day (tod),
-    tech   TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    factor REAL,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, season, tod, tech),
-    CHECK (factor >= 0 AND factor <= 1)
-);
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E01',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E01',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E01',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E01',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E01',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E01',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E21',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E21',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E21',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E21',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E21',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E21',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E31',0.275,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E31',0.275,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E31',0.275,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E31',0.275,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E31',0.275,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E31',0.275,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E51',0.17,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E51',0.17,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E51',0.17,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E51',0.17,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E51',0.17,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E51',0.17,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E70',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E70',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E70',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E70',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E70',0.8,'');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E70',0.8,'');
-CREATE TABLE capacity_to_activity
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech   TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    c2a    REAL,
-    units  TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech)
-);
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','E01',31.54,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','E21',31.54,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','E31',31.54,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','E51',31.54,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','E70',31.54,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','RHE',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','RHO',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','RL1',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','SRE',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','TXE',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-INSERT INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
-CREATE TABLE commodity
-(
-    name        TEXT
-        PRIMARY KEY,
-    flag        TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity_type (label),
-    description TEXT,
-    units       TEXT
-);
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('ethos','s','# dummy commodity to supply inputs','PJ');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('DSL','p','# diesel','PJ');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('ELC','p','# electricity','PJ');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('FEQ','p','# fossil equivalent','PJ');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('GSL','p','# gasoline','PJ');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('HCO','p','# coal','PJ');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('HYD','p','# water','PJ');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('OIL','p','# crude oil','PJ');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('URN','p','# uranium','PJ');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('co2','e','#CO2 emissions','Mt');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('nox','e','#NOX emissions','Mt');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('RH','d','# residential heating','PJ');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('RL','d','# residential lighting','PJ');
-INSERT INTO "commodity" VALUES('TX','d','# transportation','PJ');
-CREATE TABLE commodity_type
-(
-    label       TEXT
-        PRIMARY KEY,
-    description TEXT
-);
-INSERT INTO "commodity_type" VALUES('w','waste commodity');
-INSERT INTO "commodity_type" VALUES('wa','waste annual commodity');
-INSERT INTO "commodity_type" VALUES('wp','waste physical commodity');
-INSERT INTO "commodity_type" VALUES('a','annual commodity');
-INSERT INTO "commodity_type" VALUES('s','source commodity');
-INSERT INTO "commodity_type" VALUES('p','physical commodity');
-INSERT INTO "commodity_type" VALUES('e','emissions commodity');
-INSERT INTO "commodity_type" VALUES('d','demand commodity');
-CREATE TABLE construction_input
-(
-    region      TEXT,
-    input_comm   TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    value       REAL,
-    units       TEXT,
-    notes       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, input_comm, tech, vintage)
-);
-CREATE TABLE cost_emission
-(
-    region    TEXT,
-    period    INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    emis_comm TEXT NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    cost      REAL NOT NULL,
-    units     TEXT,
-    notes     TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, emis_comm)
-);
-CREATE TABLE cost_fixed
-(
-    region  TEXT    NOT NULL,
-    period  INTEGER NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech    TEXT    NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage INTEGER NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    cost    REAL,
-    units   TEXT,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, vintage)
-);
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1960,40.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1970,40.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1980,40.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1990,40.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1970,70.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1980,70.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1990,70.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',2000,70.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1980,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1990,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2000,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2010,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E21',1990,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',1990,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',1990,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',2000,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2000,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2010,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31',1980,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31',1990,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31',1980,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31',1990,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31',2000,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',1980,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',1990,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',2000,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',2010,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E51',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E51',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E51',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E51',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E51',2000,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',2000,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',2010,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1960,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1970,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1970,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',2000,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2000,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2010,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHO',1970,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHO',1980,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHO',1990,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RHO',1980,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RHO',1990,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RHO',2000,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RHO',1990,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RHO',2000,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RHO',2010,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RL1',1980,9.46,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RL1',1990,9.46,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RL1',2000,9.46,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RL1',2010,9.46,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD',1970,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD',1980,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD',1990,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD',1980,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD',1990,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD',2000,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXD',2000,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXD',2010,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXE',1990,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXE',1990,90.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXE',2000,90.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXE',2000,80.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXE',2010,80.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXG',1970,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXG',1980,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXG',1990,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXG',1980,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXG',1990,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXG',2000,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXG',2000,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXG',2010,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
-CREATE TABLE cost_invest
-(
-    region  TEXT,
-    tech    TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    cost    REAL,
-    units   TEXT,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage)
-);
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E01',1990,2000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E01',2000,1300.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E01',2010,1200.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E21',1990,5000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E21',2000,5000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E21',2010,5000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E31',1990,3000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E31',2000,3000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E31',2010,3000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E51',1990,900.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E51',2000,900.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E51',2010,900.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E70',1990,1000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E70',2000,1000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E70',2010,1000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHE',1990,90.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHE',2000,90.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHE',2010,90.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHO',1990,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHO',2000,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHO',2010,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','SRE',1990,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','SRE',2000,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','SRE',2010,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1990,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXD',2000,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXD',2010,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXE',1990,2000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXE',2000,1750.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXE',2010,1500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1990,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXG',2000,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXG',2010,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
-CREATE TABLE cost_variable
-(
-    region  TEXT    NOT NULL,
-    period  INTEGER NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech    TEXT    NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage INTEGER NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    cost    REAL,
-    units   TEXT,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, vintage)
-);
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPDSL1',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPDSL1',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPDSL1',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPGSL1',1990,15.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPGSL1',1990,15.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPGSL1',1990,15.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPHCO1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPHCO1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPHCO1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPOIL1',1990,8.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPOIL1',1990,8.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPOIL1',1990,8.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPURN1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPURN1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPURN1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1960,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1970,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1980,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1990,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1970,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1980,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1990,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',2000,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1980,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1990,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2000,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2010,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E21',1990,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',1990,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',1990,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',2000,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2000,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2010,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1960,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1970,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1980,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1990,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1970,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1980,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1990,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',2000,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1980,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1990,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2000,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2010,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE',2000,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE',2000,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE',2010,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
-CREATE TABLE demand
-(
-    region    TEXT,
-    period    INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    commodity TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    demand    REAL,
-    units     TEXT,
-    notes     TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, commodity)
-);
-INSERT INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RH',25.2,'PJ','');
-INSERT INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RH',37.8,'PJ','');
-INSERT INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RH',56.7,'PJ','');
-INSERT INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RL',5.6,'PJ','');
-INSERT INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RL',8.4,'PJ','');
-INSERT INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RL',12.6,'PJ','');
-INSERT INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TX',5.2,'PJ','');
-INSERT INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TX',7.8,'PJ','');
-INSERT INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TX',11.69,'PJ','');
-CREATE TABLE demand_specific_distribution
-(
-    region      TEXT,
-    period      INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    season TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_season (season),
-    tod         TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_of_day (tod),
-    demand_name TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    dsd         REAL,
-    notes       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, season, tod, demand_name),
-    CHECK (dsd >= 0 AND dsd <= 1)
-);
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','day','RH',0.12,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','night','RH',0.06,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','day','RH',0.5467,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','night','RH',0.2733,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','day','RL',0.15,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','night','RL',0.05,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','day','RL',0.15,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','night','RL',0.05,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','day','RL',0.5,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','night','RL',0.1,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','RH',0.12,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','RH',0.06,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','RH',0.5467,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','RH',0.2733,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','RL',0.15,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','RL',0.05,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','day','RL',0.15,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','night','RL',0.05,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','RL',0.5,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','RL',0.1,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','RH',0.12,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','RH',0.06,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','RH',0.5467,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','RH',0.2733,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','RL',0.15,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','RL',0.05,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','day','RL',0.15,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','night','RL',0.05,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','RL',0.5,'');
-INSERT INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','RL',0.1,'');
-CREATE TABLE efficiency
-(
-    region      TEXT,
-    input_comm  TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    output_comm TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    efficiency  REAL,
-    units       TEXT,
-    notes       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm),
-    CHECK (efficiency > 0)
-);
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPDSL1',1990,'DSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPGSL1',1990,'GSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPHCO1',1990,'HCO',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPOIL1',1990,'OIL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPURN1',1990,'URN',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPFEQ',1990,'FEQ',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPHYD',1990,'HYD',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1960,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1970,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1980,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1990,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',2000,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',2010,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','FEQ','E21',1990,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','FEQ','E21',2000,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','FEQ','E21',2010,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','URN','E21',1990,'ELC',0.4,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/2.5');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','URN','E21',2000,'ELC',0.4,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/2.5');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','URN','E21',2010,'ELC',0.4,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/2.5');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',1980,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',1990,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',2000,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',2010,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1960,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1970,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1980,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1990,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',2000,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',2010,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',1980,'ELC',0.72,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/1.3889');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',1990,'ELC',0.72,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/1.3889');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',2000,'ELC',0.72,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/1.3889');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',2010,'ELC',0.72,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/1.3889');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RHE',1990,'RH',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RHE',2000,'RH',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RHE',2010,'RH',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',1970,'RH',0.7,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',1980,'RH',0.7,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',1990,'RH',0.7,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',2000,'RH',0.7,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',2010,'RH',0.7,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',1980,'RL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',1990,'RL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',2000,'RL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',2010,'RL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',1990,'DSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2000,'DSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2010,'DSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',1990,'GSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2000,'GSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2010,'GSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',1970,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',1980,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',1990,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',2000,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',2010,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','TXE',1990,'TX',0.827,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','TXE',2000,'TX',0.827,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','TXE',2010,'TX',0.827,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',1970,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',1980,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',1990,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',2000,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-INSERT INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',2010,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
-CREATE TABLE efficiency_variable
-(
-    region      TEXT,
-    season TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_season (season),
-    tod         TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_of_day (tod),
-    input_comm  TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    output_comm TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    efficiency  REAL,
-    notes       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, season, tod, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm),
-    CHECK (efficiency > 0)
-);
-CREATE TABLE emission_activity
-(
-    region      TEXT,
-    emis_comm   TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    input_comm  TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    output_comm TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    activity    REAL,
-    units       TEXT,
-    notes       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, emis_comm, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm)
-);
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPDSL1',1990,'DSL',0.075,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPGSL1',1990,'GSL',0.075,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPHCO1',1990,'HCO',8.9e-02,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPOIL1',1990,'OIL',0.075,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',1970,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',1980,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',1990,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',2000,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',2010,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',1970,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',1980,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',1990,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',2000,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-INSERT INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',2010,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
-CREATE TABLE emission_embodied
-(
-    region      TEXT,
-    emis_comm   TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    value       REAL,
-    units       TEXT,
-    notes       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, emis_comm, tech, vintage)
-);
-CREATE TABLE emission_end_of_life
-(
-    region      TEXT,
-    emis_comm   TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    value       REAL,
-    units       TEXT,
-    notes       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, emis_comm, tech, vintage)
-);
-CREATE TABLE end_of_life_output
-(
-    region      TEXT,
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    output_comm   TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    value       REAL,
-    units       TEXT,
-    notes       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage, output_comm)
-);
-CREATE TABLE existing_capacity
-(
-    region   TEXT,
-    tech     TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage  INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    capacity REAL,
-    units    TEXT,
-    notes    TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage)
-);
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E01',1960,0.175,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E01',1970,0.175,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E01',1980,0.15,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E31',1980,0.1,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E51',1980,0.5,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E70',1960,0.05,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E70',1970,0.05,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E70',1980,0.2,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','RHO',1970,12.5,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','RHO',1980,12.5,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','RL1',1980,5.6,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1970,0.4,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1980,0.2,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1970,3.1,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1980,1.5,'GW','');
-CREATE TABLE lifetime_process
-(
-    region   TEXT,
-    tech     TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage  INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    lifetime REAL,
-    units    TEXT,
-    notes    TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage)
-);
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_process" VALUES('utopia','RL1',1980,20.0,'year','#forexistingcap');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_process" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1970,30.0,'year','#forexistingcap');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_process" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1980,30.0,'year','#forexistingcap');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_process" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1970,30.0,'year','#forexistingcap');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_process" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1980,30.0,'year','#forexistingcap');
-CREATE TABLE lifetime_survival_curve
-(
-    region  TEXT    NOT NULL,
-    period  INTEGER NOT NULL,
-    tech    TEXT    NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage INTEGER NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    fraction  REAL,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, vintage)
-);
-CREATE TABLE lifetime_tech
-(
-    region   TEXT,
-    tech     TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    lifetime REAL,
-    units    TEXT,
-    notes    TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech)
-);
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','E01',40.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','E21',40.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','E31',100.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','E51',100.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','E70',40.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','RHE',30.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','RHO',30.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','RL1',10.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','SRE',50.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','TXD',15.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','TXE',15.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','TXG',15.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPDSL1',1000.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPGSL1',1000.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPHCO1',1000.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPOIL1',1000.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPURN1',1000.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPHYD',1000.0,'year','');
-INSERT INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPFEQ',1000.0,'year','');
-CREATE TABLE limit_activity
-(
-    region  TEXT,
-    period  INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    activity REAL,
-    units   TEXT,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_activity_share
-(
-    region         TEXT,
-    period         INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    sub_group      TEXT,
-    super_group    TEXT,
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    share REAL,
-    notes          TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, sub_group, super_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_annual_capacity_factor
-(
-    region      TEXT,
-    tech_or_group        TEXT,
-    vintage      INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    output_comm TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    factor      REAL,
-    notes       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, vintage, output_comm, operator),
-    CHECK (factor >= 0 AND factor <= 1)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_capacity
-(
-    region  TEXT,
-    period  INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    capacity REAL,
-    units   TEXT,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-INSERT INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31','ge',0.13,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31','ge',0.13,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31','ge',0.13,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE','ge',0.1,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31','le',0.13,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31','le',0.17,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31','le',2.1e-01,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHE','le',0.0,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD','le',0.6,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD','le',1.76,'GW','');
-INSERT INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXD','le',4.76,'GW','');
-CREATE TABLE limit_capacity_share
-(
-    region         TEXT,
-    period         INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    sub_group      TEXT,
-    super_group    TEXT,
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    share REAL,
-    notes          TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, sub_group, super_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_degrowth_capacity
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_degrowth_new_capacity
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_emission
-(
-    region    TEXT,
-    period    INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    emis_comm TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    value     REAL,
-    units     TEXT,
-    notes     TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, emis_comm, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_growth_capacity
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_growth_new_capacity
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_growth_new_capacity_delta
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_new_capacity
-(
-    region  TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    vintage  INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    new_cap REAL,
-    units   TEXT,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, vintage, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_new_capacity_share
-(
-    region         TEXT,
-    sub_group      TEXT,
-    super_group    TEXT,
-    vintage         INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    share REAL,
-    notes          TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, sub_group, super_group, vintage, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_resource
-(
-    region  TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    cum_act REAL,
-    units   TEXT,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_seasonal_capacity_factor
-(
-	region  TEXT
-        REFERENCES region (region),
-	season TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_season (season),
-	tech_or_group    TEXT,
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-	factor	REAL,
-	notes	TEXT,
-	PRIMARY KEY(region, season, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_storage_level_fraction
-(
-    region   TEXT,
-    season TEXT,
-    tod      TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_of_day (tod),
-    tech     TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    fraction REAL,
-    notes    TEXT,
-    CHECK (fraction >= 0 AND fraction <= 1),
-    PRIMARY KEY(region, season, tod, tech, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_tech_input_split
-(
-    region         TEXT,
-    period         INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    input_comm     TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech           TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    proportion REAL,
-    notes          TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, input_comm, tech, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_tech_input_split_annual
-(
-    region         TEXT,
-    period         INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    input_comm     TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech           TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    proportion REAL,
-    notes          TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, input_comm, tech, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE limit_tech_output_split
-(
-    region         TEXT,
-    period         INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech           TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    output_comm    TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    proportion REAL,
-    notes          TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, output_comm, operator)
-);
-INSERT INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE','DSL','ge',0.7,'');
-INSERT INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE','DSL','ge',0.7,'');
-INSERT INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE','DSL','ge',0.7,'');
-INSERT INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE','GSL','ge',0.3,'');
-INSERT INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE','GSL','ge',0.3,'');
-INSERT INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE','GSL','ge',0.3,'');
-CREATE TABLE limit_tech_output_split_annual
-(
-    region         TEXT,
-    period         INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech           TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    output_comm    TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    proportion REAL,
-    notes          TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, output_comm, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE linked_tech
-(
-    primary_region TEXT,
-    primary_tech   TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    emis_comm      TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    driven_tech    TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    notes          TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (primary_region, primary_tech, emis_comm)
-);
-CREATE TABLE loan_lifetime_process
-(
-    region   TEXT,
-    tech     TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage  INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    lifetime REAL,
-    units    TEXT,
-    notes    TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage)
-);
-CREATE TABLE loan_rate
-(
-    region  TEXT,
-    tech    TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    rate    REAL,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage)
-);
-CREATE TABLE metadata
-(
-    element TEXT,
-    value   INT,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (element)
-);
-INSERT INTO "metadata" VALUES('DB_MAJOR',4,'');
-INSERT INTO "metadata" VALUES('DB_MINOR',0,'');
-CREATE TABLE metadata_real
-(
-    element TEXT,
-    value   REAL,
-    notes   TEXT,
-
-    PRIMARY KEY (element)
-);
-INSERT INTO "metadata_real" VALUES('default_loan_rate',0.05,'Default Loan Rate if not specified in loan_rate table');
-INSERT INTO "metadata_real" VALUES('global_discount_rate',0.05,'');
-CREATE TABLE myopic_efficiency
-(
-    base_year   integer,
-    region      text,
-    input_comm  TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    output_comm TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    efficiency  real,
-    lifetime    integer,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm)
-);
-CREATE TABLE operator
-(
-	operator TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-	notes TEXT
-);
-INSERT INTO "operator" VALUES('e','equal to');
-INSERT INTO "operator" VALUES('le','less than or equal to');
-INSERT INTO "operator" VALUES('ge','greater than or equal to');
-CREATE TABLE output_built_capacity
-(
-    scenario TEXT,
-    region   TEXT,
-    sector   TEXT
-        REFERENCES sector_label (sector),
-    tech     TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage  INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    capacity REAL,
-    units    TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, tech, vintage)
-);
-CREATE TABLE output_cost
-(
-    scenario TEXT,
-    region   TEXT,
-    sector   TEXT REFERENCES sector_label (sector),
-    period   INTEGER REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech     TEXT REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage  INTEGER REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    d_invest REAL,
-    d_fixed  REAL,
-    d_var    REAL,
-    d_emiss  REAL,
-    invest   REAL,
-    fixed    REAL,
-    var      REAL,
-    emiss    REAL,
-    units    TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (scenario, region, period, tech, vintage),
-    FOREIGN KEY (vintage) REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    FOREIGN KEY (tech) REFERENCES technology (tech)
-);
-CREATE TABLE output_curtailment
-(
-    scenario    TEXT,
-    region      TEXT,
-    sector      TEXT,
-    period      INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    season      TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_season (season),
-    tod         TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_of_day (tod),
-    input_comm  TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    output_comm TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    curtailment REAL,
-    units       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, season, tod, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm)
-);
-CREATE TABLE output_dual_variable
-(
-    scenario        TEXT,
-    constraint_name TEXT,
-    dual            REAL,
-    PRIMARY KEY (constraint_name, scenario)
-);
-CREATE TABLE output_emission
-(
-    scenario  TEXT,
-    region    TEXT,
-    sector    TEXT
-        REFERENCES sector_label (sector),
-    period    INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    emis_comm TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech      TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage   INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    emission  REAL,
-    units     TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, emis_comm, tech, vintage)
-);
-CREATE TABLE output_flow_in
-(
-    scenario    TEXT,
-    region      TEXT,
-    sector      TEXT
-        REFERENCES sector_label (sector),
-    period      INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    season TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_season (season),
-    tod         TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_of_day (tod),
-    input_comm  TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    output_comm TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    flow        REAL,
-    units       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, season, tod, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm)
-);
-CREATE TABLE output_flow_out
-(
-    scenario    TEXT,
-    region      TEXT,
-    sector      TEXT
-        REFERENCES sector_label (sector),
-    period      INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    season TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_season (season),
-    tod         TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_of_day (tod),
-    input_comm  TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    output_comm TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    flow        REAL,
-    units       TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, season, tod, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm)
-);
-CREATE TABLE output_flow_out_summary
-(
-    scenario    TEXT,
-    region      TEXT,
-    sector      TEXT
-        REFERENCES sector_label (sector),
-    period      INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    input_comm  TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    tech        TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage     INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    output_comm TEXT
-        REFERENCES commodity (name),
-    flow        REAL,
-    PRIMARY KEY (scenario, region, period, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm)
-);
-CREATE TABLE output_net_capacity
-(
-    scenario TEXT,
-    region   TEXT,
-    sector   TEXT
-        REFERENCES sector_label (sector),
-    period   INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech     TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage  INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    capacity REAL,
-    units    TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, tech, vintage)
-);
-CREATE TABLE output_objective
-(
-    scenario          TEXT,
-    objective_name    TEXT,
-    total_system_cost REAL
-);
-CREATE TABLE output_retired_capacity
-(
-    scenario TEXT,
-    region   TEXT,
-    sector   TEXT
-        REFERENCES sector_label (sector),
-    period   INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech     TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage  INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    cap_eol REAL,
-    cap_early REAL,
-    units     TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, tech, vintage)
-);
-CREATE TABLE output_storage_level
-(
-    scenario TEXT,
-    region TEXT,
-    sector TEXT
-        REFERENCES sector_label (sector),
-    period INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    season TEXT,
-    tod TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_of_day (tod),
-    tech TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage INTEGER
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    level REAL,
-    units TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (scenario, region, period, season, tod, tech, vintage)
-);
-CREATE TABLE planning_reserve_margin
-(
-    region TEXT
-        PRIMARY KEY
-        REFERENCES region (region),
-    margin REAL,
-    notes TEXT
-);
-CREATE TABLE ramp_down_hourly
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech   TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    rate   REAL,
-    notes TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech)
-);
-CREATE TABLE ramp_up_hourly
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech   TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    rate   REAL,
-    notes TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech)
-);
-CREATE TABLE region
-(
-    region TEXT
-        PRIMARY KEY,
-    notes  TEXT
-);
-INSERT INTO "region" VALUES('utopia',NULL);
-CREATE TABLE reserve_capacity_derate
-(
-    region  TEXT,
-    season  TEXT
-    	REFERENCES time_season (season),
-    tech    TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    vintage INTEGER,
-    factor  REAL,
-    notes   TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, season, tech, vintage),
-    CHECK (factor >= 0 AND factor <= 1)
-);
-CREATE TABLE rps_requirement
-(
-    region      TEXT    NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES region (region),
-    period      INTEGER NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech_group  TEXT    NOT NULL
-        REFERENCES tech_group (group_name),
-    requirement REAL    NOT NULL,
-    notes       TEXT
-);
-CREATE TABLE sector_label
-(
-    sector TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-    notes  TEXT
-);
-INSERT INTO "sector_label" VALUES('supply',NULL);
-INSERT INTO "sector_label" VALUES('electric',NULL);
-INSERT INTO "sector_label" VALUES('transport',NULL);
-INSERT INTO "sector_label" VALUES('commercial',NULL);
-INSERT INTO "sector_label" VALUES('residential',NULL);
-INSERT INTO "sector_label" VALUES('industrial',NULL);
-CREATE TABLE storage_duration
-(
-    region   TEXT,
-    tech     TEXT,
-    duration REAL,
-    notes    TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech)
-);
-CREATE TABLE tech_group
-(
-    group_name TEXT
-        PRIMARY KEY,
-    notes      TEXT
-);
-CREATE TABLE tech_group_member
-(
-    group_name TEXT
-        REFERENCES tech_group (group_name),
-    tech       TEXT
-        REFERENCES technology (tech),
-    PRIMARY KEY (group_name, tech)
-);
-CREATE TABLE technology
-(
-    tech         TEXT    NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
-    flag         TEXT    NOT NULL,
-    sector       TEXT,
-    category     TEXT,
-    sub_category TEXT,
-    unlim_cap    INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    annual       INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    reserve      INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    curtail      INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    retire       INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    flex         INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    exchange     INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seas_stor    INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    description  TEXT,
-    FOREIGN KEY (flag) REFERENCES technology_type (label)
-);
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPDSL1','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported diesel');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPGSL1','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported gasoline');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPHCO1','p','supply','coal','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported coal');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPOIL1','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported crude oil');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPURN1','p','supply','nuclear','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported uranium');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPFEQ','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported fossil equivalent');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPHYD','p','supply','hydro','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported water -- doesnt exist in Utopia');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('E01','pb','electric','coal','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' coal power plant');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('E21','pb','electric','nuclear','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' nuclear power plant');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('E31','pb','electric','hydro','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' hydro power');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('E51','ps','electric','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' electric storage');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('E70','p','electric','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' diesel power plant');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('RHE','p','residential','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' electric residential heating');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('RHO','p','residential','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' diesel residential heating');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('RL1','p','residential','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' residential lighting');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('SRE','p','supply','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' crude oil processor');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('TXD','p','transport','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' diesel powered vehicles');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('TXE','p','transport','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' electric powered vehicles');
-INSERT INTO "technology" VALUES('TXG','p','transport','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' gasoline powered vehicles');
-CREATE TABLE technology_type
-(
-    label       TEXT
-        PRIMARY KEY,
-    description TEXT
-);
-INSERT INTO "technology_type" VALUES('p','production technology');
-INSERT INTO "technology_type" VALUES('pb','baseload production technology');
-INSERT INTO "technology_type" VALUES('ps','storage production technology');
-CREATE TABLE time_of_day
-(
-    sequence INTEGER UNIQUE,
-    tod      TEXT
-        PRIMARY KEY,
-    hours    REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
-    notes    TEXT,
-    CHECK (hours > 0)
-);
-INSERT INTO "time_of_day" (sequence, tod, hours) VALUES(1,'day',16);
-INSERT INTO "time_of_day" (sequence, tod, hours) VALUES(2,'night',8);
-CREATE TABLE time_period
-(
-    sequence INTEGER UNIQUE,
-    period   INTEGER
-        PRIMARY KEY,
-    flag     TEXT
-        REFERENCES time_period_type (label)
-);
-INSERT INTO "time_period" VALUES(1,1960,'e');
-INSERT INTO "time_period" VALUES(2,1970,'e');
-INSERT INTO "time_period" VALUES(3,1980,'e');
-INSERT INTO "time_period" VALUES(4,1990,'f');
-INSERT INTO "time_period" VALUES(5,2000,'f');
-INSERT INTO "time_period" VALUES(6,2010,'f');
-INSERT INTO "time_period" VALUES(7,2020,'f');
-CREATE TABLE time_period_type
-(
-    label       TEXT
-        PRIMARY KEY,
-    description TEXT
-);
-INSERT INTO "time_period_type" VALUES('e','existing vintages');
-INSERT INTO "time_period_type" VALUES('f','future');
-CREATE TABLE time_season
-(
-    sequence INTEGER UNIQUE,
-    season TEXT,
-    segment_fraction REAL NOT NULL,
-    notes TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (season),
-    CHECK (segment_fraction >= 0 AND segment_fraction <= 1)
-);
-INSERT INTO "time_season" VALUES(0,'inter',0.25,NULL);
-INSERT INTO "time_season" VALUES(1,'summer',0.25,NULL);
-INSERT INTO "time_season" VALUES(2,'winter',0.5,NULL);
-CREATE TABLE time_season_sequential
-(
-    sequence INTEGER UNIQUE,
-    seas_seq TEXT,
-    season TEXT REFERENCES time_season(season),
-    segment_fraction REAL NOT NULL,
-    notes TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (seas_seq),
-    CHECK (segment_fraction >= 0 AND segment_fraction <= 1)
-);
-CREATE INDEX region_tech_vintage ON myopic_efficiency (region, tech, vintage);
+BEGIN TRANSACTION;
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E31',2000,0.2753,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_process" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E31',2010,0.2756,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E01',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E01',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E01',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E01',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E01',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E01',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E21',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E21',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E21',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E21',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E21',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E21',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E31',0.275,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E31',0.275,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E31',0.275,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E31',0.275,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E31',0.275,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E31',0.275,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E51',0.17,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E51',0.17,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E51',0.17,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E51',0.17,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E51',0.17,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E51',0.17,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','day','E70',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','inter','night','E70',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','day','E70',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','winter','night','E70',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','day','E70',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_factor_tech" VALUES('utopia','summer','night','E70',0.8,'');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','E01',31.54,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','E21',31.54,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','E31',31.54,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','E51',31.54,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','E70',31.54,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','RHE',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','RHO',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','RL1',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','SRE',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','TXE',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "capacity_to_activity" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1.0,'PJ / (GW * year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('ethos','s','# dummy commodity to supply inputs','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('DSL','p','# diesel','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('ELC','p','# electricity','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('FEQ','p','# fossil equivalent','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('GSL','p','# gasoline','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('HCO','p','# coal','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('HYD','p','# water','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('OIL','p','# crude oil','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('URN','p','# uranium','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('co2','e','#CO2 emissions','Mt');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('nox','e','#NOX emissions','Mt');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('RH','d','# residential heating','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('RL','d','# residential lighting','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "commodity" VALUES('TX','d','# transportation','PJ');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1960,40.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1970,40.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1980,40.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1990,40.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1970,70.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1980,70.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1990,70.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',2000,70.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1980,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1990,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2000,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2010,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E21',1990,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',1990,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',1990,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',2000,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2000,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2010,500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31',1980,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31',1990,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31',1980,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31',1990,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31',2000,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',1980,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',1990,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',2000,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',2010,75.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E51',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E51',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E51',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E51',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E51',2000,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',2000,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',2010,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1960,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1970,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1970,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',2000,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1980,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1990,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2000,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2010,30.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHO',1970,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHO',1980,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHO',1990,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RHO',1980,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RHO',1990,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RHO',2000,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RHO',1990,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RHO',2000,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RHO',2010,1.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RL1',1980,9.46,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RL1',1990,9.46,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RL1',2000,9.46,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RL1',2010,9.46,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD',1970,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD',1980,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD',1990,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD',1980,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD',1990,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD',2000,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXD',2000,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXD',2010,52.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXE',1990,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXE',1990,90.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXE',2000,90.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXE',2000,80.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXE',2010,80.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXG',1970,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXG',1980,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXG',1990,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXG',1980,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXG',1990,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXG',2000,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXG',2000,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_fixed" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXG',2010,48.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW / year)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E01',1990,2000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E01',2000,1300.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E01',2010,1200.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E21',1990,5000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E21',2000,5000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E21',2010,5000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E31',1990,3000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E31',2000,3000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E31',2010,3000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E51',1990,900.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E51',2000,900.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E51',2010,900.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E70',1990,1000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E70',2000,1000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','E70',2010,1000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHE',1990,90.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHE',2000,90.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHE',2010,90.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHO',1990,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHO',2000,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','RHO',2010,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','SRE',1990,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','SRE',2000,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','SRE',2010,100.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1990,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXD',2000,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXD',2010,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXE',1990,2000.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXE',2000,1750.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXE',2010,1500.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1990,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXG',2000,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_invest" VALUES('utopia','TXG',2010,1044.0,'Mdollar / (PJ^2 / GW)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPDSL1',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPDSL1',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPDSL1',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPGSL1',1990,15.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPGSL1',1990,15.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPGSL1',1990,15.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPHCO1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPHCO1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPHCO1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPOIL1',1990,8.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPOIL1',1990,8.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPOIL1',1990,8.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPURN1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPURN1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPURN1',1990,2.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1960,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1970,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1980,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1990,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1970,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1980,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1990,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',2000,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1980,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1990,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2000,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2010,0.3,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E21',1990,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',1990,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',1990,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',2000,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2000,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2010,1.5,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1960,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1970,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1980,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1990,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1970,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1980,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1990,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',2000,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1980,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1990,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2000,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2010,0.4,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE',2000,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE',1990,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE',2000,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "cost_variable" VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE',2010,10.0,'Mdollar / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RH',25.2,'PJ','');
+REPLACE INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RH',37.8,'PJ','');
+REPLACE INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RH',56.7,'PJ','');
+REPLACE INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RL',5.6,'PJ','');
+REPLACE INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2000,'RL',8.4,'PJ','');
+REPLACE INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2010,'RL',12.6,'PJ','');
+REPLACE INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TX',5.2,'PJ','');
+REPLACE INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TX',7.8,'PJ','');
+REPLACE INTO "demand" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TX',11.69,'PJ','');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','day','RH',0.12,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','night','RH',0.06,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','day','RH',0.5467,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','night','RH',0.2733,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','day','RL',0.15,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','night','RL',0.05,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','day','RL',0.15,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','night','RL',0.05,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','day','RL',0.5,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','night','RL',0.1,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','RH',0.12,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','RH',0.06,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','RH',0.5467,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','RH',0.2733,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','RL',0.15,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','RL',0.05,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','day','RL',0.15,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','night','RL',0.05,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','RL',0.5,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','RL',0.1,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','RH',0.12,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','RH',0.06,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','RH',0.5467,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','RH',0.2733,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','RL',0.15,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','RL',0.05,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','day','RL',0.15,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','night','RL',0.05,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','RL',0.5,'');
+REPLACE INTO "demand_specific_distribution" VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','RL',0.1,'');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPDSL1',1990,'DSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPGSL1',1990,'GSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPHCO1',1990,'HCO',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPOIL1',1990,'OIL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPURN1',1990,'URN',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPFEQ',1990,'FEQ',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPHYD',1990,'HYD',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1960,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1970,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1980,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1990,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',2000,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',2010,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','FEQ','E21',1990,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','FEQ','E21',2000,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','FEQ','E21',2010,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','URN','E21',1990,'ELC',0.4,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/2.5');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','URN','E21',2000,'ELC',0.4,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/2.5');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','URN','E21',2010,'ELC',0.4,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/2.5');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',1980,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',1990,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',2000,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',2010,'ELC',0.32,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.125');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1960,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1970,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1980,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1990,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',2000,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',2010,'ELC',0.294,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/3.4');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',1980,'ELC',0.72,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/1.3889');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',1990,'ELC',0.72,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/1.3889');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',2000,'ELC',0.72,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/1.3889');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',2010,'ELC',0.72,'PJ / (PJ)','# 1/1.3889');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RHE',1990,'RH',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RHE',2000,'RH',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RHE',2010,'RH',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',1970,'RH',0.7,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',1980,'RH',0.7,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',1990,'RH',0.7,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',2000,'RH',0.7,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',2010,'RH',0.7,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',1980,'RL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',1990,'RL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',2000,'RL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',2010,'RL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',1990,'DSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2000,'DSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2010,'DSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',1990,'GSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2000,'GSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2010,'GSL',1.0,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',1970,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',1980,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',1990,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',2000,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',2010,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','TXE',1990,'TX',0.827,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','TXE',2000,'TX',0.827,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','ELC','TXE',2010,'TX',0.827,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',1970,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',1980,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',1990,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',2000,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "efficiency" VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',2010,'TX',0.231,'PJ / (PJ)','# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPDSL1',1990,'DSL',0.075,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPGSL1',1990,'GSL',0.075,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPHCO1',1990,'HCO',8.9e-02,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPOIL1',1990,'OIL',0.075,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',1970,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',1980,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',1990,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',2000,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',2010,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',1970,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',1980,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',1990,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',2000,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "emission_activity" VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',2010,'TX',1.0,'Mt / (PJ)','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E01',1960,0.175,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E01',1970,0.175,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E01',1980,0.15,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E31',1980,0.1,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E51',1980,0.5,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E70',1960,0.05,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E70',1970,0.05,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','E70',1980,0.2,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','RHO',1970,12.5,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','RHO',1980,12.5,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','RL1',1980,5.6,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1970,0.4,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1980,0.2,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1970,3.1,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "existing_capacity" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1980,1.5,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_process" VALUES('utopia','RL1',1980,20.0,'year','#forexistingcap');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_process" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1970,30.0,'year','#forexistingcap');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_process" VALUES('utopia','TXD',1980,30.0,'year','#forexistingcap');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_process" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1970,30.0,'year','#forexistingcap');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_process" VALUES('utopia','TXG',1980,30.0,'year','#forexistingcap');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','E01',40.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','E21',40.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','E31',100.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','E51',100.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','E70',40.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','RHE',30.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','RHO',30.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','RL1',10.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','SRE',50.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','TXD',15.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','TXE',15.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','TXG',15.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPDSL1',1000.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPGSL1',1000.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPHCO1',1000.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPOIL1',1000.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPURN1',1000.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPHYD',1000.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "lifetime_tech" VALUES('utopia','IMPFEQ',1000.0,'year','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31','ge',0.13,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31','ge',0.13,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31','ge',0.13,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE','ge',0.1,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31','le',0.13,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31','le',0.17,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31','le',2.1e-01,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHE','le',0.0,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD','le',0.6,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD','le',1.76,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_capacity" VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXD','le',4.76,'GW','');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE','DSL','ge',0.7,'');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE','DSL','ge',0.7,'');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE','DSL','ge',0.7,'');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE','GSL','ge',0.3,'');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE','GSL','ge',0.3,'');
+REPLACE INTO "limit_tech_output_split" VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE','GSL','ge',0.3,'');
+REPLACE INTO "metadata_real" VALUES('default_loan_rate',0.05,'Default Loan Rate if not specified in loan_rate table');
+REPLACE INTO "metadata_real" VALUES('global_discount_rate',0.05,'');
+REPLACE INTO "region" VALUES('utopia',NULL);
+REPLACE INTO "sector_label" VALUES('supply',NULL);
+REPLACE INTO "sector_label" VALUES('electric',NULL);
+REPLACE INTO "sector_label" VALUES('transport',NULL);
+REPLACE INTO "sector_label" VALUES('commercial',NULL);
+REPLACE INTO "sector_label" VALUES('residential',NULL);
+REPLACE INTO "sector_label" VALUES('industrial',NULL);
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPDSL1','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported diesel');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPGSL1','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported gasoline');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPHCO1','p','supply','coal','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported coal');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPOIL1','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported crude oil');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPURN1','p','supply','nuclear','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported uranium');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPFEQ','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported fossil equivalent');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('IMPHYD','p','supply','hydro','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported water -- doesnt exist in Utopia');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('E01','pb','electric','coal','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' coal power plant');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('E21','pb','electric','nuclear','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' nuclear power plant');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('E31','pb','electric','hydro','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' hydro power');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('E51','ps','electric','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' electric storage');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('E70','p','electric','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' diesel power plant');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('RHE','p','residential','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' electric residential heating');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('RHO','p','residential','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' diesel residential heating');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('RL1','p','residential','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' residential lighting');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('SRE','p','supply','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' crude oil processor');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('TXD','p','transport','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' diesel powered vehicles');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('TXE','p','transport','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' electric powered vehicles');
+REPLACE INTO "technology" VALUES('TXG','p','transport','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' gasoline powered vehicles');
+REPLACE INTO "time_of_day" (sequence, tod, hours) VALUES(1,'day',16);
+REPLACE INTO "time_of_day" (sequence, tod, hours) VALUES(2,'night',8);
+REPLACE INTO "time_period" VALUES(1,1960,'e');
+REPLACE INTO "time_period" VALUES(2,1970,'e');
+REPLACE INTO "time_period" VALUES(3,1980,'e');
+REPLACE INTO "time_period" VALUES(4,1990,'f');
+REPLACE INTO "time_period" VALUES(5,2000,'f');
+REPLACE INTO "time_period" VALUES(6,2010,'f');
+REPLACE INTO "time_period" VALUES(7,2020,'f');
+REPLACE INTO "time_season" VALUES(0,'inter',0.25,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO "time_season" VALUES(1,'summer',0.25,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO "time_season" VALUES(2,'winter',0.5,NULL);
 COMMIT;
diff --git a/tests/test_cli.py b/tests/test_cli.py
index 19144fd4..5ba1fa1e 100644
--- a/tests/test_cli.py
+++ b/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 # Path to the configuration file template we will use for tests.
 TESTING_CONFIGS_DIR = Path(__file__).parent / 'testing_configs'
-UTOPIA_SQL_FIXTURE = Path(__file__).parent.parent / 'temoa' / 'tutorial_assets' / 'utopia.sql'
+UTOPIA_SQL_FIXTURE = Path(__file__).parent / 'testing_data' / 'utopia_v3.sql'
 UTOPIA_CONFIG_TEMPLATE = TESTING_CONFIGS_DIR / 'config_utopia.toml'
 
 
diff --git a/tests/testing_data/utopia_v3.sql b/tests/testing_data/utopia_v3.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c480d93b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testing_data/utopia_v3.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,1558 @@
+PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF;
+BEGIN TRANSACTION;
+CREATE TABLE MetaData
+(
+    element TEXT,
+    value   INT,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (element)
+);
+INSERT INTO MetaData VALUES('DB_MAJOR',3,'DB major version number');
+INSERT INTO MetaData VALUES('DB_MINOR',1,'DB minor version number');
+INSERT INTO MetaData VALUES ('days_per_period', 365, 'count of days in each period');
+CREATE TABLE MetaDataReal
+(
+    element TEXT,
+    value   REAL,
+    notes   TEXT,
+
+    PRIMARY KEY (element)
+);
+INSERT INTO MetaDataReal VALUES('default_loan_rate',0.05000000000000000277,'Default Loan Rate if not specified in LoanRate table');
+INSERT INTO MetaDataReal VALUES('global_discount_rate',0.05000000000000000277,'');
+CREATE TABLE OutputDualVariable
+(
+    scenario        TEXT,
+    constraint_name TEXT,
+    dual            REAL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (constraint_name, scenario)
+);
+CREATE TABLE OutputObjective
+(
+    scenario          TEXT,
+    objective_name    TEXT,
+    total_system_cost REAL
+);
+CREATE TABLE SeasonLabel
+(
+    season TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+    notes  TEXT
+);
+INSERT INTO SeasonLabel VALUES('inter',NULL);
+INSERT INTO SeasonLabel VALUES('summer',NULL);
+INSERT INTO SeasonLabel VALUES('winter',NULL);
+CREATE TABLE SectorLabel
+(
+    sector TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+    notes  TEXT
+);
+INSERT INTO SectorLabel VALUES('supply',NULL);
+INSERT INTO SectorLabel VALUES('electric',NULL);
+INSERT INTO SectorLabel VALUES('transport',NULL);
+INSERT INTO SectorLabel VALUES('commercial',NULL);
+INSERT INTO SectorLabel VALUES('residential',NULL);
+INSERT INTO SectorLabel VALUES('industrial',NULL);
+CREATE TABLE CapacityCredit
+(
+    region  TEXT,
+    period  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech    TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage INTEGER,
+    credit  REAL,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, vintage),
+    CHECK (credit >= 0 AND credit <= 1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE CapacityFactorProcess
+(
+    region  TEXT,
+    period  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    tod     TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimeOfDay (tod),
+    tech    TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage INTEGER,
+    factor  REAL,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, season, tod, tech, vintage),
+    CHECK (factor >= 0 AND factor <= 1)
+);
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','day','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','night','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','day','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','night','E31',2000,0.2752999999999999892,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','E31',2010,0.2756000000000000116,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','E31',2010,0.2756000000000000116,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','E31',2010,0.2756000000000000116,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','E31',2010,0.2756000000000000116,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','day','E31',2010,0.2756000000000000116,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorProcess VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','night','E31',2010,0.2756000000000000116,'');
+CREATE TABLE CapacityFactorTech
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    period INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    tod    TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimeOfDay (tod),
+    tech   TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    factor REAL,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, season, tod, tech),
+    CHECK (factor >= 0 AND factor <= 1)
+);
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','day','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','night','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','day','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','night','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','day','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','night','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','day','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','night','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','day','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','night','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','day','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','night','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','day','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','night','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','day','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','night','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','day','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','night','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','day','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','night','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','day','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','night','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','day','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','night','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','day','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','night','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','day','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','night','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','day','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','night','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','day','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','night','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','day','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','night','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','day','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','night','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','day','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','night','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','day','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','night','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','day','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','night','E01',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','day','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','night','E21',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','day','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','night','E31',0.2750000000000000222,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','day','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','night','E51',0.1700000000000000122,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','day','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityFactorTech VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','night','E70',0.8000000000000000444,'');
+CREATE TABLE CapacityToActivity
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech   TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    c2a    REAL,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech)
+);
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','E01',31.53999999999999915,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','E21',31.53999999999999915,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','E31',31.53999999999999915,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','E51',31.53999999999999915,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','E70',31.53999999999999915,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','RHE',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','RHO',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','RL1',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','SRE',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','TXD',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','TXE',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO CapacityToActivity VALUES('utopia','TXG',1.0,'');
+CREATE TABLE Commodity
+(
+    name        TEXT
+        PRIMARY KEY,
+    flag        TEXT
+        REFERENCES CommodityType (label),
+    description TEXT
+);
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('ethos','s','# dummy commodity to supply inputs (makes graph easier to read)');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('DSL','p','# diesel');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('ELC','p','# electricity');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('FEQ','p','# fossil equivalent');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('GSL','p','# gasoline');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('HCO','p','# coal');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('HYD','p','# water');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('OIL','p','# crude oil');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('URN','p','# uranium');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('co2','e','#CO2 emissions');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('nox','e','#NOX emissions');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('RH','d','# residential heating');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('RL','d','# residential lighting');
+INSERT INTO Commodity VALUES('TX','d','# transportation');
+CREATE TABLE CommodityType
+(
+    label       TEXT
+        PRIMARY KEY,
+    description TEXT
+);
+INSERT INTO CommodityType VALUES('w','waste commodity');
+INSERT INTO CommodityType VALUES('wa','waste annual commodity');
+INSERT INTO CommodityType VALUES('wp','waste physical commodity');
+INSERT INTO CommodityType VALUES('a','annual commodity');
+INSERT INTO CommodityType VALUES('s','source commodity');
+INSERT INTO CommodityType VALUES('p','physical commodity');
+INSERT INTO CommodityType VALUES('e','emissions commodity');
+INSERT INTO CommodityType VALUES('d','demand commodity');
+CREATE TABLE ConstructionInput
+(
+    region      TEXT,
+    input_comm   TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech        TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage     INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    value       REAL,
+    units       TEXT,
+    notes       TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, input_comm, tech, vintage)
+);
+CREATE TABLE CostEmission
+(
+    region    TEXT,
+    period    INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    emis_comm TEXT NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    cost      REAL NOT NULL,
+    units     TEXT,
+    notes     TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, emis_comm)
+);
+CREATE TABLE CostFixed
+(
+    region  TEXT    NOT NULL,
+    period  INTEGER NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech    TEXT    NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage INTEGER NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    cost    REAL,
+    units   TEXT,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, vintage)
+);
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1960,40.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1970,40.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1980,40.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1990,40.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1970,70.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1980,70.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1990,70.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',2000,70.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1980,100.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1990,100.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2000,100.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2010,100.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E21',1990,500.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',1990,500.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',1990,500.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',2000,500.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2000,500.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2010,500.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31',1980,75.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31',1990,75.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31',1980,75.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31',1990,75.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31',2000,75.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',1980,75.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',1990,75.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',2000,75.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31',2010,75.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E51',1980,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E51',1990,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E51',1980,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E51',1990,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E51',2000,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',1980,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',1990,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',2000,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E51',2010,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1960,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1970,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1980,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1990,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1970,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1980,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1990,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',2000,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1980,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1990,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2000,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2010,30.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHO',1970,1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHO',1980,1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHO',1990,1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'RHO',1980,1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'RHO',1990,1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'RHO',2000,1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'RHO',1990,1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'RHO',2000,1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'RHO',2010,1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'RL1',1980,9.46000000000000086,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'RL1',1990,9.46000000000000086,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'RL1',2000,9.46000000000000086,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'RL1',2010,9.46000000000000086,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD',1970,52.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD',1980,52.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD',1990,52.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD',1980,52.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD',1990,52.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD',2000,52.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXD',2000,52.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXD',2010,52.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXE',1990,100.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXE',1990,90.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXE',2000,90.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXE',2000,80.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXE',2010,80.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXG',1970,48.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXG',1980,48.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXG',1990,48.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXG',1980,48.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXG',1990,48.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXG',2000,48.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXG',2000,48.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostFixed VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXG',2010,48.0,'','');
+CREATE TABLE CostInvest
+(
+    region  TEXT,
+    tech    TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    cost    REAL,
+    units   TEXT,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage)
+);
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E01',1990,2000.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E01',2000,1300.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E01',2010,1200.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E21',1990,5000.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E21',2000,5000.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E21',2010,5000.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E31',1990,3000.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E31',2000,3000.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E31',2010,3000.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E51',1990,900.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E51',2000,900.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E51',2010,900.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E70',1990,1000.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E70',2000,1000.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','E70',2010,1000.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','RHE',1990,90.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','RHE',2000,90.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','RHE',2010,90.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','RHO',1990,100.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','RHO',2000,100.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','RHO',2010,100.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','SRE',1990,100.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','SRE',2000,100.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','SRE',2010,100.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','TXD',1990,1044.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','TXD',2000,1044.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','TXD',2010,1044.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','TXE',1990,2000.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','TXE',2000,1750.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','TXE',2010,1500.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','TXG',1990,1044.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','TXG',2000,1044.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostInvest VALUES('utopia','TXG',2010,1044.0,'','');
+CREATE TABLE CostVariable
+(
+    region  TEXT    NOT NULL,
+    period  INTEGER NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech    TEXT    NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage INTEGER NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    cost    REAL,
+    units   TEXT,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, vintage)
+);
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPDSL1',1990,10.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPDSL1',1990,10.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPDSL1',1990,10.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPGSL1',1990,15.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPGSL1',1990,15.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPGSL1',1990,15.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPHCO1',1990,2.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPHCO1',1990,2.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPHCO1',1990,2.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPOIL1',1990,8.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPOIL1',1990,8.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPOIL1',1990,8.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'IMPURN1',1990,2.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'IMPURN1',1990,2.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'IMPURN1',1990,2.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1960,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1970,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1980,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'E01',1990,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1970,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1980,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',1990,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'E01',2000,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1980,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',1990,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2000,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'E01',2010,0.2999999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'E21',1990,1.5,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',1990,1.5,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',1990,1.5,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'E21',2000,1.5,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2000,1.5,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'E21',2010,1.5,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1960,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1970,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1980,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'E70',1990,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1970,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1980,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',1990,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'E70',2000,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1980,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',1990,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2000,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'E70',2010,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE',1990,10.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE',1990,10.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE',2000,10.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE',1990,10.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE',2000,10.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO CostVariable VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE',2010,10.0,'','');
+CREATE TABLE Demand
+(
+    region    TEXT,
+    period    INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    commodity TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    demand    REAL,
+    units     TEXT,
+    notes     TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, commodity)
+);
+INSERT INTO Demand VALUES('utopia',1990,'RH',25.19999999999999929,'','');
+INSERT INTO Demand VALUES('utopia',2000,'RH',37.79999999999999715,'','');
+INSERT INTO Demand VALUES('utopia',2010,'RH',56.69999999999999574,'','');
+INSERT INTO Demand VALUES('utopia',1990,'RL',5.599999999999999645,'','');
+INSERT INTO Demand VALUES('utopia',2000,'RL',8.400000000000000355,'','');
+INSERT INTO Demand VALUES('utopia',2010,'RL',12.59999999999999965,'','');
+INSERT INTO Demand VALUES('utopia',1990,'TX',5.200000000000000177,'','');
+INSERT INTO Demand VALUES('utopia',2000,'TX',7.799999999999999823,'','');
+INSERT INTO Demand VALUES('utopia',2010,'TX',11.68999999999999951,'','');
+CREATE TABLE DemandSpecificDistribution
+(
+    region      TEXT,
+    period      INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    tod         TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimeOfDay (tod),
+    demand_name TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    dsd         REAL,
+    notes       TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, season, tod, demand_name),
+    CHECK (dsd >= 0 AND dsd <= 1)
+);
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','day','RH',0.1199999999999999956,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','night','RH',0.05999999999999999778,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','day','RH',0.5466999999999999638,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','night','RH',0.2732999999999999874,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','day','RL',0.1499999999999999945,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',1990,'inter','night','RL',0.05000000000000000277,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','day','RL',0.1499999999999999945,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',1990,'summer','night','RL',0.05000000000000000277,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','day','RL',0.5,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',1990,'winter','night','RL',0.1000000000000000055,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','RH',0.1199999999999999956,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','RH',0.05999999999999999778,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','RH',0.5466999999999999638,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','RH',0.2732999999999999874,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','day','RL',0.1499999999999999945,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2000,'inter','night','RL',0.05000000000000000277,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','day','RL',0.1499999999999999945,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2000,'summer','night','RL',0.05000000000000000277,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','day','RL',0.5,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2000,'winter','night','RL',0.1000000000000000055,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','RH',0.1199999999999999956,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','RH',0.05999999999999999778,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','RH',0.5466999999999999638,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','RH',0.2732999999999999874,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','day','RL',0.1499999999999999945,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2010,'inter','night','RL',0.05000000000000000277,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','day','RL',0.1499999999999999945,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2010,'summer','night','RL',0.05000000000000000277,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','day','RL',0.5,'');
+INSERT INTO DemandSpecificDistribution VALUES('utopia',2010,'winter','night','RL',0.1000000000000000055,'');
+CREATE TABLE EndOfLifeOutput
+(
+    region      TEXT,
+    tech        TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage     INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    output_comm   TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    value       REAL,
+    units       TEXT,
+    notes       TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage, output_comm)
+);
+CREATE TABLE Efficiency
+(
+    region      TEXT,
+    input_comm  TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech        TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage     INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    output_comm TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    efficiency  REAL,
+    notes       TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm),
+    CHECK (efficiency > 0)
+);
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPDSL1',1990,'DSL',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPGSL1',1990,'GSL',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPHCO1',1990,'HCO',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPOIL1',1990,'OIL',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPURN1',1990,'URN',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPFEQ',1990,'FEQ',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ethos','IMPHYD',1990,'HYD',1.0,'');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1960,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1970,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1980,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',1990,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',2000,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','HCO','E01',2010,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','FEQ','E21',1990,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','FEQ','E21',2000,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','FEQ','E21',2010,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','URN','E21',1990,'ELC',0.4000000000000000222,'# 1/2.5');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','URN','E21',2000,'ELC',0.4000000000000000222,'# 1/2.5');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','URN','E21',2010,'ELC',0.4000000000000000222,'# 1/2.5');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',1980,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',1990,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',2000,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','HYD','E31',2010,'ELC',0.3200000000000000066,'# 1/3.125');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1960,'ELC',0.2939999999999999836,'# 1/3.4');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1970,'ELC',0.2939999999999999836,'# 1/3.4');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1980,'ELC',0.2939999999999999836,'# 1/3.4');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',1990,'ELC',0.2939999999999999836,'# 1/3.4');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',2000,'ELC',0.2939999999999999836,'# 1/3.4');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','E70',2010,'ELC',0.2939999999999999836,'# 1/3.4');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',1980,'ELC',0.7199999999999999734,'# 1/1.3889');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',1990,'ELC',0.7199999999999999734,'# 1/1.3889');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',2000,'ELC',0.7199999999999999734,'# 1/1.3889');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','E51',2010,'ELC',0.7199999999999999734,'# 1/1.3889');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','RHE',1990,'RH',1.0,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','RHE',2000,'RH',1.0,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','RHE',2010,'RH',1.0,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',1970,'RH',0.6999999999999999556,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',1980,'RH',0.6999999999999999556,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',1990,'RH',0.6999999999999999556,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',2000,'RH',0.6999999999999999556,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','RHO',2010,'RH',0.6999999999999999556,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',1980,'RL',1.0,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',1990,'RL',1.0,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',2000,'RL',1.0,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','RL1',2010,'RL',1.0,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',1990,'DSL',1.0,'# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2000,'DSL',1.0,'# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2010,'DSL',1.0,'# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',1990,'GSL',1.0,'# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2000,'GSL',1.0,'# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','OIL','SRE',2010,'GSL',1.0,'# direct translation from PRC_INP2, PRC_OUT');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',1970,'TX',0.2310000000000000108,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',1980,'TX',0.2310000000000000108,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',1990,'TX',0.2310000000000000108,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',2000,'TX',0.2310000000000000108,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','DSL','TXD',2010,'TX',0.2310000000000000108,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','TXE',1990,'TX',0.8269999999999999574,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','TXE',2000,'TX',0.8269999999999999574,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','ELC','TXE',2010,'TX',0.8269999999999999574,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',1970,'TX',0.2310000000000000108,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',1980,'TX',0.2310000000000000108,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',1990,'TX',0.2310000000000000108,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',2000,'TX',0.2310000000000000108,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+INSERT INTO Efficiency VALUES('utopia','GSL','TXG',2010,'TX',0.2310000000000000108,'# direct translation from DMD_EFF');
+CREATE TABLE EfficiencyVariable
+(
+    region      TEXT,
+    period      INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    tod         TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimeOfDay (tod),
+    input_comm  TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech        TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage     INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    output_comm TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    efficiency  REAL,
+    notes       TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, season, tod, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm),
+    CHECK (efficiency > 0)
+);
+CREATE TABLE EmissionActivity
+(
+    region      TEXT,
+    emis_comm   TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    input_comm  TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech        TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage     INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    output_comm TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    activity    REAL,
+    units       TEXT,
+    notes       TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, emis_comm, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm)
+);
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPDSL1',1990,'DSL',0.07499999999999999723,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPGSL1',1990,'GSL',0.07499999999999999723,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPHCO1',1990,'HCO',0.0889999999999999819,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','co2','ethos','IMPOIL1',1990,'OIL',0.07499999999999999723,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',1970,'TX',1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',1980,'TX',1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',1990,'TX',1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',2000,'TX',1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','nox','DSL','TXD',2010,'TX',1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',1970,'TX',1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',1980,'TX',1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',1990,'TX',1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',2000,'TX',1.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO EmissionActivity VALUES('utopia','nox','GSL','TXG',2010,'TX',1.0,'','');
+CREATE TABLE EmissionEmbodied
+(
+    region      TEXT,
+    emis_comm   TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech        TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage     INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    value       REAL,
+    units       TEXT,
+    notes       TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, emis_comm,  tech, vintage)
+);
+CREATE TABLE EmissionEndOfLife
+(
+    region      TEXT,
+    emis_comm   TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech        TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage     INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    value       REAL,
+    units       TEXT,
+    notes       TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, emis_comm,  tech, vintage)
+);
+CREATE TABLE ExistingCapacity
+(
+    region   TEXT,
+    tech     TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    capacity REAL,
+    units    TEXT,
+    notes    TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage)
+);
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','E01',1960,0.1749999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','E01',1970,0.1749999999999999889,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','E01',1980,0.1499999999999999945,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','E31',1980,0.1000000000000000055,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','E51',1980,0.5,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','E70',1960,0.05000000000000000277,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','E70',1970,0.05000000000000000277,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','E70',1980,0.2000000000000000111,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','RHO',1970,12.5,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','RHO',1980,12.5,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','RL1',1980,5.599999999999999645,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','TXD',1970,0.4000000000000000222,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','TXD',1980,0.2000000000000000111,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','TXG',1970,3.100000000000000088,'','');
+INSERT INTO ExistingCapacity VALUES('utopia','TXG',1980,1.5,'','');
+CREATE TABLE TechGroup
+(
+    group_name TEXT
+        PRIMARY KEY,
+    notes      TEXT
+);
+CREATE TABLE LoanLifetimeProcess
+(
+    region   TEXT,
+    tech     TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    lifetime REAL,
+    notes    TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LoanRate
+(
+    region  TEXT,
+    tech    TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    rate    REAL,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LifetimeProcess
+(
+    region   TEXT,
+    tech     TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    lifetime REAL,
+    notes    TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage)
+);
+INSERT INTO LifetimeProcess VALUES('utopia','RL1',1980,20.0,'#forexistingcap');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeProcess VALUES('utopia','TXD',1970,30.0,'#forexistingcap');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeProcess VALUES('utopia','TXD',1980,30.0,'#forexistingcap');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeProcess VALUES('utopia','TXG',1970,30.0,'#forexistingcap');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeProcess VALUES('utopia','TXG',1980,30.0,'#forexistingcap');
+CREATE TABLE LifetimeTech
+(
+    region   TEXT,
+    tech     TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    lifetime REAL,
+    notes    TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech)
+);
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','E01',40.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','E21',40.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','E31',100.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','E51',100.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','E70',40.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','RHE',30.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','RHO',30.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','RL1',10.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','SRE',50.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','TXD',15.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','TXE',15.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','TXG',15.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','IMPDSL1',1000.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','IMPGSL1',1000.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','IMPHCO1',1000.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','IMPOIL1',1000.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','IMPURN1',1000.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','IMPHYD',1000.0,'');
+INSERT INTO LifetimeTech VALUES('utopia','IMPFEQ',1000.0,'');
+CREATE TABLE Operator
+(
+	operator TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+	notes TEXT
+);
+INSERT INTO Operator VALUES('e','equal to');
+INSERT INTO Operator VALUES('le','less than or equal to');
+INSERT INTO Operator VALUES('ge','greater than or equal to');
+CREATE TABLE LimitGrowthCapacity
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitDegrowthCapacity
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitGrowthNewCapacity
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitDegrowthNewCapacity
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitGrowthNewCapacityDelta
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitDegrowthNewCapacityDelta
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitStorageLevelFraction
+(
+    region   TEXT,
+    period   INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    tod      TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimeOfDay (tod),
+    tech     TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    fraction REAL,
+    notes    TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY(region, period, season, tod, tech, vintage, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitActivity
+(
+    region  TEXT,
+    period  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    activity REAL,
+    units   TEXT,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitActivityShare
+(
+    region         TEXT,
+    period         INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    sub_group      TEXT,
+    super_group    TEXT,
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    share REAL,
+    notes          TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, sub_group, super_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitAnnualCapacityFactor
+(
+    region      TEXT,
+    tech        TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage     INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    output_comm TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    factor      REAL,
+    notes       TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech, vintage, operator),
+    CHECK (factor >= 0 AND factor <= 1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitCapacity
+(
+    region  TEXT,
+    period  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    capacity REAL,
+    units   TEXT,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+INSERT INTO LimitCapacity VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31','ge',0.1300000000000000044,'','');
+INSERT INTO LimitCapacity VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31','ge',0.1300000000000000044,'','');
+INSERT INTO LimitCapacity VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31','ge',0.1300000000000000044,'','');
+INSERT INTO LimitCapacity VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE','ge',0.1000000000000000055,'','');
+INSERT INTO LimitCapacity VALUES('utopia',1990,'E31','le',0.1300000000000000044,'','');
+INSERT INTO LimitCapacity VALUES('utopia',2000,'E31','le',0.1700000000000000122,'','');
+INSERT INTO LimitCapacity VALUES('utopia',2010,'E31','le',0.21000000000000002,'','');
+INSERT INTO LimitCapacity VALUES('utopia',1990,'RHE','le',0.0,'','');
+INSERT INTO LimitCapacity VALUES('utopia',1990,'TXD','le',0.5999999999999999778,'','');
+INSERT INTO LimitCapacity VALUES('utopia',2000,'TXD','le',1.760000000000000008,'','');
+INSERT INTO LimitCapacity VALUES('utopia',2010,'TXD','le',4.759999999999999787,'','');
+CREATE TABLE LimitCapacityShare
+(
+    region         TEXT,
+    period         INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    sub_group      TEXT,
+    super_group    TEXT,
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    share REAL,
+    notes          TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, sub_group, super_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitNewCapacity
+(
+    region  TEXT,
+    period  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    new_cap REAL,
+    units   TEXT,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitNewCapacityShare
+(
+    region         TEXT,
+    period         INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    sub_group      TEXT,
+    super_group    TEXT,
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    share REAL,
+    notes          TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, sub_group, super_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitResource
+(
+    region  TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    cum_act REAL,
+    units   TEXT,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitSeasonalCapacityFactor
+(
+	region  TEXT
+        REFERENCES Region (region),
+	period	INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+	season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+	tech    TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+	factor	REAL,
+	notes	TEXT,
+	PRIMARY KEY(region, period, season, tech, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitTechInputSplit
+(
+    region         TEXT,
+    period         INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    input_comm     TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech           TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    proportion REAL,
+    notes          TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, input_comm, tech, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitTechInputSplitAnnual
+(
+    region         TEXT,
+    period         INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    input_comm     TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech           TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    proportion REAL,
+    notes          TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, input_comm, tech, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitTechOutputSplit
+(
+    region         TEXT,
+    period         INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech           TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    output_comm    TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    proportion REAL,
+    notes          TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, output_comm, operator)
+);
+INSERT INTO LimitTechOutputSplit VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE','DSL','ge',0.6999999999999999556,'');
+INSERT INTO LimitTechOutputSplit VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE','DSL','ge',0.6999999999999999556,'');
+INSERT INTO LimitTechOutputSplit VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE','DSL','ge',0.6999999999999999556,'');
+INSERT INTO LimitTechOutputSplit VALUES('utopia',1990,'SRE','GSL','ge',0.2999999999999999889,'');
+INSERT INTO LimitTechOutputSplit VALUES('utopia',2000,'SRE','GSL','ge',0.2999999999999999889,'');
+INSERT INTO LimitTechOutputSplit VALUES('utopia',2010,'SRE','GSL','ge',0.2999999999999999889,'');
+CREATE TABLE LimitTechOutputSplitAnnual
+(
+    region         TEXT,
+    period         INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech           TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    output_comm    TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    proportion REAL,
+    notes          TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, output_comm, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LimitEmission
+(
+    region    TEXT,
+    period    INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    emis_comm TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    operator	TEXT  NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES Operator (operator),
+    value     REAL,
+    units     TEXT,
+    notes     TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, emis_comm, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LinkedTech
+(
+    primary_region TEXT,
+    primary_tech   TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    emis_comm      TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    driven_tech    TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    notes          TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (primary_region, primary_tech, emis_comm)
+);
+CREATE TABLE OutputCurtailment
+(
+    scenario    TEXT,
+    region      TEXT,
+    sector      TEXT,
+    period      INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    season      TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tod         TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimeOfDay (tod),
+    input_comm  TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech        TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage     INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    output_comm TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    curtailment REAL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, season, tod, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm)
+);
+CREATE TABLE OutputNetCapacity
+(
+    scenario TEXT,
+    region   TEXT,
+    sector   TEXT
+        REFERENCES SectorLabel (sector),
+    period   INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech     TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    capacity REAL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, tech, vintage)
+);
+CREATE TABLE OutputBuiltCapacity
+(
+    scenario TEXT,
+    region   TEXT,
+    sector   TEXT
+        REFERENCES SectorLabel (sector),
+    tech     TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    capacity REAL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, tech, vintage)
+);
+CREATE TABLE OutputRetiredCapacity
+(
+    scenario TEXT,
+    region   TEXT,
+    sector   TEXT
+        REFERENCES SectorLabel (sector),
+    period   INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech     TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    cap_eol REAL,
+    cap_early REAL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, tech, vintage)
+);
+CREATE TABLE OutputFlowIn
+(
+    scenario    TEXT,
+    region      TEXT,
+    sector      TEXT
+        REFERENCES SectorLabel (sector),
+    period      INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    tod         TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimeOfDay (tod),
+    input_comm  TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech        TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage     INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    output_comm TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    flow        REAL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, season, tod, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm)
+);
+CREATE TABLE OutputFlowOut
+(
+    scenario    TEXT,
+    region      TEXT,
+    sector      TEXT
+        REFERENCES SectorLabel (sector),
+    period      INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    tod         TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimeOfDay (tod),
+    input_comm  TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech        TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage     INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    output_comm TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    flow        REAL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, season, tod, input_comm, tech, vintage, output_comm)
+);
+CREATE TABLE OutputStorageLevel
+(
+    scenario TEXT,
+    region TEXT,
+    sector TEXT
+        REFERENCES SectorLabel (sector),
+    period INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    tod TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimeOfDay (tod),
+    tech TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    level REAL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (scenario, region, period, season, tod, tech, vintage)
+);
+CREATE TABLE PlanningReserveMargin
+(
+    region TEXT
+        PRIMARY KEY
+        REFERENCES Region (region),
+    margin REAL,
+    notes TEXT
+);
+CREATE TABLE RampDownHourly
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech   TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    rate   REAL,
+    notes TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech)
+);
+CREATE TABLE RampUpHourly
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech   TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    rate   REAL,
+    notes TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech)
+);
+CREATE TABLE Region
+(
+    region TEXT
+        PRIMARY KEY,
+    notes  TEXT
+);
+INSERT INTO Region VALUES('utopia',NULL);
+CREATE TABLE ReserveCapacityDerate
+(
+    region  TEXT,
+    period  INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    season  TEXT
+    	REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    tech    TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage INTEGER,
+    factor  REAL,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, season, tech, vintage),
+    CHECK (factor >= 0 AND factor <= 1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE TimeSegmentFraction
+(
+    period INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    tod     TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimeOfDay (tod),
+    segfrac REAL,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (period, season, tod),
+    CHECK (segfrac >= 0 AND segfrac <= 1)
+);
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(1990,'inter','day',0.166699999999999987,'# I-D');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(1990,'inter','night',0.08329999999999999905,'# I-N');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(1990,'summer','day',0.166699999999999987,'# S-D');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(1990,'summer','night',0.08329999999999999905,'# S-N');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(1990,'winter','day',0.3332999999999999852,'# W-D');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(1990,'winter','night',0.166699999999999987,'# W-N');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2000,'inter','day',0.166699999999999987,'# I-D');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2000,'inter','night',0.08329999999999999905,'# I-N');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2000,'summer','day',0.166699999999999987,'# S-D');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2000,'summer','night',0.08329999999999999905,'# S-N');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2000,'winter','day',0.3332999999999999852,'# W-D');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2000,'winter','night',0.166699999999999987,'# W-N');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2010,'inter','day',0.166699999999999987,'# I-D');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2010,'inter','night',0.08329999999999999905,'# I-N');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2010,'summer','day',0.166699999999999987,'# S-D');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2010,'summer','night',0.08329999999999999905,'# S-N');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2010,'winter','day',0.3332999999999999852,'# W-D');
+INSERT INTO TimeSegmentFraction VALUES(2010,'winter','night',0.166699999999999987,'# W-N');
+CREATE TABLE StorageDuration
+(
+    region   TEXT,
+    tech     TEXT,
+    duration REAL,
+    notes    TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech)
+);
+CREATE TABLE LifetimeSurvivalCurve
+(
+    region  TEXT    NOT NULL,
+    period  INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    tech    TEXT    NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage INTEGER NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    fraction  REAL,
+    notes   TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech, vintage)
+);
+CREATE TABLE TechnologyType
+(
+    label       TEXT
+        PRIMARY KEY,
+    description TEXT
+);
+INSERT INTO TechnologyType VALUES('p','production technology');
+INSERT INTO TechnologyType VALUES('pb','baseload production technology');
+INSERT INTO TechnologyType VALUES('ps','storage production technology');
+CREATE TABLE TimeOfDay
+(
+    sequence INTEGER UNIQUE,
+    tod      TEXT
+        PRIMARY KEY
+);
+INSERT INTO TimeOfDay VALUES(1,'day');
+INSERT INTO TimeOfDay VALUES(2,'night');
+CREATE TABLE TimePeriod
+(
+    sequence INTEGER UNIQUE,
+    period   INTEGER
+        PRIMARY KEY,
+    flag     TEXT
+        REFERENCES TimePeriodType (label)
+);
+INSERT INTO TimePeriod VALUES(1,1960,'e');
+INSERT INTO TimePeriod VALUES(2,1970,'e');
+INSERT INTO TimePeriod VALUES(3,1980,'e');
+INSERT INTO TimePeriod VALUES(4,1990,'f');
+INSERT INTO TimePeriod VALUES(5,2000,'f');
+INSERT INTO TimePeriod VALUES(6,2010,'f');
+INSERT INTO TimePeriod VALUES(7,2020,'f');
+CREATE TABLE TimeSeason
+(
+    period INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    sequence INTEGER,
+    season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    notes TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (period, sequence, season)
+);
+INSERT INTO TimeSeason VALUES(1990,1,'inter',NULL);
+INSERT INTO TimeSeason VALUES(1990,2,'summer',NULL);
+INSERT INTO TimeSeason VALUES(1990,3,'winter',NULL);
+INSERT INTO TimeSeason VALUES(2000,1,'inter',NULL);
+INSERT INTO TimeSeason VALUES(2000,2,'summer',NULL);
+INSERT INTO TimeSeason VALUES(2000,3,'winter',NULL);
+INSERT INTO TimeSeason VALUES(2010,1,'inter',NULL);
+INSERT INTO TimeSeason VALUES(2010,2,'summer',NULL);
+INSERT INTO TimeSeason VALUES(2010,3,'winter',NULL);
+CREATE TABLE TimeSeasonSequential
+(
+    period INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    sequence INTEGER,
+    seas_seq TEXT,
+    season TEXT
+        REFERENCES SeasonLabel (season),
+    num_days REAL NOT NULL,
+    notes TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (period, sequence, seas_seq, season),
+    CHECK (num_days > 0)
+);
+CREATE TABLE TimePeriodType
+(
+    label       TEXT
+        PRIMARY KEY,
+    description TEXT
+);
+INSERT INTO TimePeriodType VALUES('e','existing vintages');
+INSERT INTO TimePeriodType VALUES('f','future');
+CREATE TABLE OutputEmission
+(
+    scenario  TEXT,
+    region    TEXT,
+    sector    TEXT
+        REFERENCES SectorLabel (sector),
+    period    INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    emis_comm TEXT
+        REFERENCES Commodity (name),
+    tech      TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage   INTEGER
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    emission  REAL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, scenario, period, emis_comm, tech, vintage)
+);
+CREATE TABLE RPSRequirement
+(
+    region      TEXT    NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES Region (region),
+    period      INTEGER NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech_group  TEXT    NOT NULL
+        REFERENCES TechGroup (group_name),
+    requirement REAL    NOT NULL,
+    notes       TEXT
+);
+CREATE TABLE TechGroupMember
+(
+    group_name TEXT
+        REFERENCES TechGroup (group_name),
+    tech       TEXT
+        REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    PRIMARY KEY (group_name, tech)
+);
+CREATE TABLE Technology
+(
+    tech         TEXT    NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
+    flag         TEXT    NOT NULL,
+    sector       TEXT,
+    category     TEXT,
+    sub_category TEXT,
+    unlim_cap    INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    annual       INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    reserve      INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    curtail      INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    retire       INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    flex         INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    exchange     INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seas_stor    INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    description  TEXT,
+    FOREIGN KEY (flag) REFERENCES TechnologyType (label)
+);
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('IMPDSL1','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported diesel');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('IMPGSL1','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported gasoline');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('IMPHCO1','p','supply','coal','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported coal');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('IMPOIL1','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported crude oil');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('IMPURN1','p','supply','nuclear','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported uranium');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('IMPFEQ','p','supply','petroleum','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported fossil equivalent');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('IMPHYD','p','supply','hydro','',1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' imported water -- doesnt exist in Utopia');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('E01','pb','electric','coal','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' coal power plant');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('E21','pb','electric','nuclear','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' nuclear power plant');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('E31','pb','electric','hydro','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' hydro power');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('E51','ps','electric','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' electric storage');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('E70','p','electric','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' diesel power plant');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('RHE','p','residential','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' electric residential heating');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('RHO','p','residential','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' diesel residential heating');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('RL1','p','residential','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' residential lighting');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('SRE','p','supply','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' crude oil processor');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('TXD','p','transport','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' diesel powered vehicles');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('TXE','p','transport','electric','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' electric powered vehicles');
+INSERT INTO Technology VALUES('TXG','p','transport','petroleum','',0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,' gasoline powered vehicles');
+CREATE TABLE OutputCost
+(
+    scenario TEXT,
+    region   TEXT,
+    sector   TEXT REFERENCES SectorLabel (sector),
+    period   INTEGER REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    tech     TEXT REFERENCES Technology (tech),
+    vintage  INTEGER REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    d_invest REAL,
+    d_fixed  REAL,
+    d_var    REAL,
+    d_emiss  REAL,
+    invest   REAL,
+    fixed    REAL,
+    var      REAL,
+    emiss    REAL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (scenario, region, period, tech, vintage),
+    FOREIGN KEY (vintage) REFERENCES TimePeriod (period),
+    FOREIGN KEY (tech) REFERENCES Technology (tech)
+);
+COMMIT;

From ddaf3cffc3eaba9140d6bb565374aa874a17a30e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jun 2026 16:07:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 15/28] Create a framework for extending model components

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 docs/source/computational_implementation.rst  |   5 +
 docs/source/extensions.rst                    | 232 ++++++++++++++++++
 docs/source/index.rst                         |   1 +
 temoa/_internal/run_actions.py                |   3 +-
 temoa/_internal/temoa_sequencer.py            |   8 +-
 temoa/core/config.py                          |   6 +
 temoa/core/model.py                           |  13 +-
 temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py           |   8 +-
 temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py                |  29 ++-
 temoa/extensions/framework.py                 | 218 ++++++++++++++++
 temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py   |   2 +-
 .../method_of_morris/morris_evaluate.py       |   6 +-
 .../mga_sequencer.py                          |   5 +-
 temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_sequencer.py   |   1 +
 .../single_vector_mga/sv_mga_sequencer.py     |   1 +
 .../stochastics/scenario_creator.py           |   2 +-
 temoa/extensions/template/__init__.py         |  21 ++
 .../template/components/__init__.py           |   0
 .../template/components/example_limit.py      |  62 +++++
 temoa/extensions/template/core/__init__.py    |   0
 temoa/extensions/template/core/model.py       |  71 ++++++
 temoa/extensions/template/data_manifest.py    |  44 ++++
 temoa/extensions/template/extension.py        |  34 +++
 temoa/extensions/template/tables.sql          |  14 ++
 temoa/tutorial_assets/config_sample.toml      |   6 +
 tests/conftest.py                             |   8 +
 26 files changed, 785 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 docs/source/extensions.rst
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/framework.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/template/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/template/components/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/template/components/example_limit.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/template/core/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/template/core/model.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/template/data_manifest.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/template/extension.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/template/tables.sql

diff --git a/docs/source/computational_implementation.rst b/docs/source/computational_implementation.rst
index 023964f3..94345276 100644
--- a/docs/source/computational_implementation.rst
+++ b/docs/source/computational_implementation.rst
@@ -320,6 +320,11 @@ dimensionality of 3, and (following the :ref:`naming scheme
 :code:`region`, the second an element of :code:`time_optimize`,
 and third a demand commodity.
 
+.. seealso::
+   The same component pattern (index set, parameter, and constraint declared in a
+   ``model.py`` and implemented in component modules) can be packaged as an
+   optional, self-contained add-on. See :ref:`extensions` for the extension
+   framework and a copy-from template.
 
 
 
diff --git a/docs/source/extensions.rst b/docs/source/extensions.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e8e1a9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/source/extensions.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+.. _extensions:
+
+Extension Framework
+===================
+
+Temoa includes a lightweight framework for adding **optional model components**
+without modifying the core model. An extension can contribute its own database
+tables, Pyomo components (sets, parameters, and constraints), and data-loading
+rules. Extensions are declared once and then enabled per run through
+configuration.
+
+This page describes how the framework works and how to author a new extension.
+A ready-to-copy scaffold lives at ``temoa/extensions/template``.
+
+Overview
+--------
+
+Use an extension when you want to add modeling capability that is:
+
+* **Optional** -- only active when explicitly enabled.
+* **Self-contained** -- owns its own tables and model components.
+* **Non-invasive** -- adds to the core model rather than editing it.
+
+If a feature is fundamental to every Temoa run, it belongs in
+``temoa/components`` (a core component) instead of an extension.
+
+Each extension is described by a single :class:`ExtensionSpec` (declarative
+metadata plus hook functions). The spec is registered with the framework, after
+which users can enable the extension by id.
+
+Lifecycle
+---------
+
+When a run is configured with ``extensions = ["..."]``, the framework threads the
+enabled specs through configuration, model construction, and data loading:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+   config: extensions = ["my_ext"]
+        |
+        v
+   resolve_extension_specs()          validate ids -> ExtensionSpec list
+        |
+        v
+   TemoaModel(extensions=[...])
+        |
+        +--> apply_model_extension_hooks()
+        |        calls spec.register_model_components(model)
+        |        -> attaches Params / Sets / Constraints to the model
+        |
+        v
+   HybridLoader
+        +--> ensure_enabled_extension_tables_exist()   (offer to append schema)
+        +--> assert_disabled_extension_tables_are_empty()
+        +--> merge_regional_group_tables()
+        +--> build_manifest() -> appends spec.build_manifest_items(model)
+                 -> loads each owned table into its component
+
+The relevant code lives in :mod:`temoa.extensions.framework`,
+:mod:`temoa.core.model`, and :mod:`temoa.data_io.hybrid_loader`.
+
+``ExtensionSpec`` reference
+---------------------------
+
+.. list-table::
+   :header-rows: 1
+   :widths: 30 70
+
+   * - Field
+     - Purpose
+   * - ``extension_id``
+     - Unique, lowercase id. This is what users put in ``extensions = [...]``.
+   * - ``owned_tables``
+     - Tuple of database tables owned exclusively by this extension. Used by the
+       disabled/enabled table guards.
+   * - ``regional_group_tables``
+     - Map of ``table -> column`` for tables whose region column may hold a
+       regional *group* name. Merged into the loader's regional-group handling.
+   * - ``register_model_components``
+     - Hook ``Callable[[TemoaModel], None]`` that attaches model components.
+   * - ``build_manifest_items``
+     - Hook ``Callable[[TemoaModel], list[LoadItem]]`` describing how to load the
+       extension's data.
+   * - ``schema_sql_path``
+     - Path to a ``.sql`` file applied (with consent) when the extension is
+       enabled but its tables are missing.
+   * - ``fail_if_tables_populated_when_disabled``
+     - When ``True``, loading fails if the extension is disabled but its owned
+       tables contain data, preventing silently-ignored inputs.
+
+Recommended package layout
+--------------------------
+
+Mirror the structure of the core model (``temoa/core`` + ``temoa/components``) so
+extension code is organized the same way as the rest of the codebase:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+   temoa/extensions/<your_extension>/
+       __init__.py             # re-export the ExtensionSpec
+       extension.py            # the ExtensionSpec definition
+       data_manifest.py        # build_manifest_items()
+       tables.sql              # CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS for owned tables
+       core/
+           __init__.py
+           model.py            # typing subtype + register_model_components()
+       components/
+           __init__.py
+           <family>.py         # one module per constraint family
+
+Centralize the component *declarations* in ``core/model.py`` (just as
+``temoa/core/model.py`` does) and keep the index-set and constraint-rule logic in
+``components/`` modules (just as ``temoa/components`` does).
+
+.. _extensions-typing:
+
+The typing pattern
+------------------
+
+Core model components are declared as attribute assignments inside
+``TemoaModel.__init__`` (for example ``self.time_optimize = Set(...)``), which is
+why the type checker knows about them. An extension instead adds attributes from
+*outside* the class, so without help the type checker reports
+``"TemoaModel" has no attribute ...`` and provides no autocomplete.
+
+Three rules make typing carry over cleanly:
+
+1. **Declare a ``TYPE_CHECKING``-only subtype.** In ``core/model.py``, define a
+   subclass of ``TemoaModel`` that annotates every component the extension adds.
+   It inherits all core attributes, so component code sees both core and
+   extension members.
+
+   .. code-block:: python
+
+      if TYPE_CHECKING:
+          from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+
+          class ExampleModel(TemoaModel):
+              example_new_capacity_limit: Param
+              example_new_capacity_limit_constraint_rpt: Set
+              example_new_capacity_limit_constraint: Constraint
+
+2. **Annotate component functions with the subtype.** Index-set and
+   constraint-rule functions take ``model: ExampleModel``. This restores both
+   mypy coverage and editor autocomplete.
+
+3. **Keep spec hooks on the base type and ``cast`` internally.** Functions stored
+   on the ``ExtensionSpec`` (``register_model_components`` and
+   ``build_manifest_items``) must keep ``model: TemoaModel`` to match the hook
+   callable types. Narrowing the parameter is a contravariance error. ``cast``
+   once at the top:
+
+   .. code-block:: python
+
+      def register_model_components(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
+          m = cast('ExampleModel', model)
+          m.example_new_capacity_limit = Param(...)
+
+.. note::
+   Extension attribute names share the single ``TemoaModel`` namespace at
+   runtime. Keep them unique across extensions to avoid collisions.
+
+Adding a new extension
+----------------------
+
+#. **Copy the template.** Duplicate ``temoa/extensions/template`` to
+   ``temoa/extensions/<your_extension>/``.
+#. **Rename ids and tables.** Update ``extension_id``, ``owned_tables``,
+   ``regional_group_tables``, params, sets, and constraints to your domain.
+#. **Declare components.** Add annotations to the typing subtype in
+   ``core/model.py`` and create the components in ``register_model_components``.
+#. **Write the constraint logic.** Add index-set and rule functions under
+   ``components/`` and annotate them with your subtype.
+#. **Describe data loading.** Add one ``LoadItem`` per owned table in
+   ``data_manifest.py``.
+#. **Define the schema.** Add a ``CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS`` per owned table to
+   ``tables.sql``.
+#. **Register the spec.** Import your spec in
+   :func:`temoa.extensions.framework.get_known_extension_specs` and add it to the
+   ``specs`` list. (Until you do this, the extension is inert -- enabling it
+   raises an "Unknown extension id" error.)
+#. **Enable it.** Add the id to your configuration TOML:
+
+   .. code-block:: toml
+
+      extensions = ["<your_extension>"]
+
+Data loading and ``LoadItem``
+-----------------------------
+
+``build_manifest_items`` returns one :class:`temoa.data_io.loader_manifest.LoadItem`
+per database table the extension reads. Common fields:
+
+.. list-table::
+   :header-rows: 1
+   :widths: 30 70
+
+   * - Field
+     - Purpose
+   * - ``component``
+     - The Pyomo ``Set`` or ``Param`` to populate.
+   * - ``table``
+     - Source table name in the database.
+   * - ``columns``
+     - Columns to select; for a ``Param`` the final column is the value.
+   * - ``index_length``
+     - Number of leading columns that form the index.
+   * - ``validator_name`` / ``validation_map``
+     - Source-trace validation: a viable-set name on the loader and which index
+       columns it applies to.
+   * - ``is_table_required``
+     - Set ``False`` for optional extension inputs so a missing table is not an
+       error.
+
+Verification
+------------
+
+After authoring an extension, confirm:
+
+#. **Types** -- ``mypy temoa/extensions/<your_extension>`` reports no issues.
+#. **Imports** -- ``python -c "import temoa.extensions.<your_extension>.extension"``.
+#. **Wiring** -- a model built with the extension enabled attaches the expected
+   components, and the test suite passes.
+
+The template extension
+-----------------------
+
+``temoa/extensions/template`` is a complete, type-checked, but deliberately
+**unregistered** scaffold. Because it is not listed in
+``get_known_extension_specs``, it cannot be enabled until you register it, so it
+never affects normal runs. Copy the folder as the starting point for a new
+extension; every file carries ``# TEMPLATE:`` comments explaining what to change.
diff --git a/docs/source/index.rst b/docs/source/index.rst
index f9043f39..3d7f9e3b 100644
--- a/docs/source/index.rst
+++ b/docs/source/index.rst
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ Temoa Project Documentation
    myopic
    stochastics
    unit_checking
+   extensions
 
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1
diff --git a/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py b/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py
index d0299a1b..af2bc0dd 100644
--- a/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py
+++ b/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ def build_instance(
     silent: bool = False,
     keep_lp_file: bool = False,
     lp_path: Path | None = None,
+    extensions: Iterable[str] | None = None,
 ) -> TemoaModel:
     """
     Build a Temoa Instance from data
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ def build_instance(
     :param model_name: Optional name for this instance
     :return: a built TemoaModel
     """
-    model = TemoaModel()
+    model = TemoaModel(extensions=tuple(extensions or ()))
 
     model.dual = Suffix(direction=Suffix.IMPORT)
     # self.model.rc = Suffix(direction=Suffix.IMPORT)
diff --git a/temoa/_internal/temoa_sequencer.py b/temoa/_internal/temoa_sequencer.py
index 08ae1290..bd44044e 100644
--- a/temoa/_internal/temoa_sequencer.py
+++ b/temoa/_internal/temoa_sequencer.py
@@ -140,7 +140,11 @@ def build_model(self) -> TemoaModel:
                 tune_sqlite_connection(con, self.config)
                 hybrid_loader = HybridLoader(db_connection=con, config=self.config)
                 data_portal = hybrid_loader.load_data_portal(myopic_index=None)
-                instance = build_instance(data_portal, silent=self.config.silent)
+                instance = build_instance(
+                    data_portal,
+                    silent=self.config.silent,
+                    extensions=self.config.extensions,
+                )
 
             logger.info('Model build process complete.')
             return instance
@@ -220,6 +224,7 @@ def _run_check_mode(self) -> None:
                 silent=self.config.silent,
                 keep_lp_file=self.config.save_lp_file,
                 lp_path=self.config.output_path,
+                extensions=self.config.extensions,
             )
             if not self.config.price_check:
                 logger.warning('Price check is automatically enabled for CHECK mode.')
@@ -238,6 +243,7 @@ def _run_perfect_foresight(self) -> None:
                 silent=self.config.silent,
                 keep_lp_file=self.config.save_lp_file,
                 lp_path=self.config.output_path,
+                extensions=self.config.extensions,
             )
             if self.config.price_check:
                 price_checker(instance)
diff --git a/temoa/core/config.py b/temoa/core/config.py
index de3e3430..449024bd 100644
--- a/temoa/core/config.py
+++ b/temoa/core/config.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from temoa.core.modes import TemoaMode
+from temoa.extensions.framework import normalize_extension_ids, resolve_extension_specs
 
 logger = getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ def __init__(
         output_threshold_emission: float | None = None,
         output_threshold_cost: float | None = None,
         sqlite: dict[str, object] | None = None,
+        extensions: list[str] | tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
     ):
         if '-' in scenario:
             raise ValueError(
@@ -160,6 +162,9 @@ def __init__(
         self.output_threshold_emission = output_threshold_emission
         self.output_threshold_cost = output_threshold_cost
         self.sqlite_inputs = sqlite or {}
+        self.extensions = normalize_extension_ids(extensions)
+        # Validate extension ids eagerly so config failures happen before model build.
+        resolve_extension_specs(self.extensions)
 
         # SQLite performance settings
         # journal_mode: DELETE | TRUNCATE | PERSIST | MEMORY | WAL | OFF
@@ -326,6 +331,7 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
 
         msg += '{:>{}s}: {}\n'.format('Scenario', width, self.scenario)
         msg += '{:>{}s}: {}\n'.format('Scenario mode', width, self.scenario_mode.name)
+        msg += '{:>{}s}: {}\n'.format('Enabled extensions', width, ', '.join(self.extensions))
         msg += '{:>{}s}: {}\n'.format('Config file', width, self.config_file)
         msg += '{:>{}s}: {}\n'.format('Data source', width, self.input_database)
         msg += '{:>{}s}: {}\n'.format('Output database target', width, self.output_database)
diff --git a/temoa/core/model.py b/temoa/core/model.py
index 85f48ea3..29a801de 100755
--- a/temoa/core/model.py
+++ b/temoa/core/model.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 """
 
 import logging
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from pyomo.core import BuildCheck, Set, Var
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@
     technology,
     time,
 )
+from temoa.extensions.framework import apply_model_extension_hooks, resolve_extension_specs
 from temoa.model_checking.validators import (
     no_slash_or_pipe,
     region_check,
@@ -100,8 +102,15 @@ class TemoaModel(AbstractModel):
     # this is used in several places outside this class, and this provides no-build access to it
     default_lifetime_tech = 40
 
-    def __init__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> None:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args: object,
+        extensions: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        **kwargs: object,
+    ) -> None:
         AbstractModel.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.enabled_extensions = tuple(extensions or ())
+        self.extension_specs = resolve_extension_specs(self.enabled_extensions)
 
         ################################################
         #       Internally used Data Containers        #
@@ -1150,6 +1159,8 @@ def __init__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> None:
             rule=emissions.linked_emissions_tech_constraint,
         )
 
+        apply_model_extension_hooks(self, self.extension_specs)
+
         self.progress_marker_9 = BuildAction(['Finished Constraints'], rule=progress_check)
 
 
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
index 7a97e2ba..4f7334c4 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
@@ -16,11 +16,14 @@
 to add a new `LoadItem` to this manifest.
 """
 
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
 from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
 from temoa.data_io.loader_manifest import LoadItem
+from temoa.extensions.framework import append_extension_manifest_items, resolve_extension_specs
 
 
-def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
+def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> list[LoadItem]:
     """
     Builds the manifest of all data components to be loaded into the Pyomo model.
 
@@ -794,4 +797,5 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
             is_table_required=False,
         ),
     ]
-    return manifest
+    extension_specs = resolve_extension_specs(extension_ids)
+    return append_extension_manifest_items(model, manifest, extension_specs)
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
index f657ed68..1a70ccba 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
@@ -34,6 +34,12 @@
 from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
 from temoa.core.modes import TemoaMode
 from temoa.data_io.component_manifest import build_manifest
+from temoa.extensions.framework import (
+    assert_disabled_extension_tables_are_empty,
+    ensure_enabled_extension_tables_exist,
+    merge_regional_group_tables,
+    resolve_extension_specs,
+)
 from temoa.extensions.myopic.myopic_index import MyopicIndex
 from temoa.model_checking import element_checker, network_model_data
 from temoa.model_checking.commodity_network_manager import CommodityNetworkManager
@@ -49,7 +55,7 @@
 logger = getLogger(__name__)
 
 # A manifest of tables that may contain region groups, used by a custom loader.
-tables_with_regional_groups = {
+BASE_REGIONAL_GROUP_TABLES = {
     'limit_annual_capacity_factor': 'region',
     'limit_emission': 'region',
     'limit_seasonal_capacity_factor': 'region',
@@ -90,10 +96,21 @@ def __init__(self, db_connection: Connection, config: TemoaConfig) -> None:
         self.con = db_connection
         self.config = config
         self.myopic_index: MyopicIndex | None = None
+        self.extension_specs = resolve_extension_specs(self.config.extensions)
+        self.model = TemoaModel(extensions=self.config.extensions)
+        self.tables_with_regional_groups = merge_regional_group_tables(
+            BASE_REGIONAL_GROUP_TABLES, self.extension_specs
+        )
+        ensure_enabled_extension_tables_exist(
+            self.con,
+            self.extension_specs,
+            input_database=str(self.config.input_database),
+            silent=self.config.silent,
+        )
+        assert_disabled_extension_tables_are_empty(self.con, self.extension_specs)
 
         # Build the data loading manifest and a name-based map for quick lookup
-        model = TemoaModel()
-        self.manifest = build_manifest(model)
+        self.manifest = build_manifest(self.model, extension_ids=self.config.extensions)
         self.manifest_map = {item.component.name: item for item in self.manifest}
 
         # --- Data containers and filters populated during loading ---
@@ -205,7 +222,7 @@ def create_data_dict(self, myopic_index: MyopicIndex | None = None) -> dict[str,
 
         data: dict[str, object] = {}
         cur = self.con.cursor()
-        model = TemoaModel()
+        model = self.model
 
         # Load critical time sets first, as they index other components
         if myopic_index:
@@ -525,7 +542,7 @@ def _load_regional_global_indices(
         """
         Aggregates region and group names from the Region table and all Limit tables.
         """
-        model = TemoaModel()
+        model = self.model
         cur = self.con.cursor()
         regions_and_groups: set[str] = set()
 
@@ -534,7 +551,7 @@ def _load_regional_global_indices(
                 t[0] for t in cur.execute('SELECT region FROM main.region').fetchall()
             )
 
-        for table, field_name in tables_with_regional_groups.items():
+        for table, field_name in self.tables_with_regional_groups.items():
             if self.table_exists(table):
                 regions_and_groups.update(
                     t[0] for t in cur.execute(f'SELECT {field_name} FROM main.{table}').fetchall()
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/framework.py b/temoa/extensions/framework.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a655111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/framework.py
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from sqlite3 import Connection
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+
+    from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+    from temoa.data_io.loader_manifest import LoadItem
+
+ModelHook = Callable[['TemoaModel'], None]
+ManifestHook = Callable[['TemoaModel'], list['LoadItem']]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ExtensionSpec:
+    """Declarative metadata and hooks for an optional modeling extension."""
+
+    extension_id: str
+    owned_tables: tuple[str, ...] = ()
+    regional_group_tables: dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    register_model_components: ModelHook | None = None
+    build_manifest_items: ManifestHook | None = None
+    schema_sql_path: str | None = None
+    fail_if_tables_populated_when_disabled: bool = False
+
+
+def normalize_extension_ids(extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    """Normalize configured extension ids while preserving user-provided order."""
+    if not extension_ids:
+        return ()
+
+    normalized: list[str] = []
+    seen: set[str] = set()
+    for ext_id in extension_ids:
+        if not isinstance(ext_id, str):
+            raise ValueError(f'Extension ids must be strings. Received: {type(ext_id).__name__}')
+        cleaned = ext_id.strip().lower()
+        if not cleaned:
+            continue
+        if cleaned not in seen:
+            normalized.append(cleaned)
+            seen.add(cleaned)
+
+    return tuple(normalized)
+
+
+def get_known_extension_specs() -> dict[str, ExtensionSpec]:
+    """Return all extension specs known to this installation."""
+    from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.extension import GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION
+
+    # TEMPLATE: To activate a new extension copied from ``temoa/extensions/template``,
+    # import its spec here and add it to ``specs`` below, e.g.:
+    #   from temoa.extensions.<your_extension>.extension import <YOUR_EXTENSION>
+    #   specs = [GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION, <YOUR_EXTENSION>]
+    specs = [GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION]
+    return {spec.extension_id: spec for spec in specs}
+
+
+def resolve_extension_specs(extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None) -> tuple[ExtensionSpec, ...]:
+    """Validate enabled extension ids and return corresponding specs in user order."""
+    normalized_ids = normalize_extension_ids(extension_ids)
+    known = get_known_extension_specs()
+    unknown = [ext_id for ext_id in normalized_ids if ext_id not in known]
+    if unknown:
+        known_ids = ', '.join(sorted(known))
+        unknown_ids = ', '.join(sorted(unknown))
+        raise ValueError(
+            f'Unknown extension id(s): {unknown_ids}. Known extension ids: {known_ids}.'
+        )
+
+    return tuple(known[ext_id] for ext_id in normalized_ids)
+
+
+def apply_model_extension_hooks(model: TemoaModel, specs: Sequence[ExtensionSpec]) -> None:
+    """Attach extension-owned model components to a model instance."""
+    for spec in specs:
+        if spec.register_model_components is not None:
+            spec.register_model_components(model)
+
+
+def append_extension_manifest_items(
+    model: TemoaModel, manifest: list[LoadItem], specs: Sequence[ExtensionSpec]
+) -> list[LoadItem]:
+    """Append extension-specific manifest items to the base manifest."""
+    merged = list(manifest)
+    for spec in specs:
+        if spec.build_manifest_items is not None:
+            merged.extend(spec.build_manifest_items(model))
+    return merged
+
+
+def merge_regional_group_tables(
+    base_tables: Mapping[str, str], specs: Sequence[ExtensionSpec]
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Merge base regional-group table map with extension-contributed entries."""
+    merged = dict(base_tables)
+    for spec in specs:
+        for table_name, field_name in spec.regional_group_tables.items():
+            existing = merged.get(table_name)
+            if existing is not None and existing != field_name:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Regional-group table '{table_name}' has conflicting field mappings: "
+                    f"'{existing}' vs '{field_name}' from extension '{spec.extension_id}'."
+                )
+            merged[table_name] = field_name
+    return merged
+
+
+def assert_disabled_extension_tables_are_empty(
+    con: Connection, enabled_specs: Sequence[ExtensionSpec]
+) -> None:
+    """Fail if disabled extensions with strict guards own tables populated with data."""
+    enabled_ids = {spec.extension_id for spec in enabled_specs}
+    for spec in get_known_extension_specs().values():
+        if spec.extension_id in enabled_ids:
+            continue
+        if not spec.fail_if_tables_populated_when_disabled:
+            continue
+
+        populated: list[str] = []
+        for table in spec.owned_tables:
+            if _table_has_rows(con, table):
+                populated.append(table)
+
+        if populated:
+            table_list = ', '.join(sorted(populated))
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Extension '{spec.extension_id}' is not enabled, but extension-owned table(s) "
+                f'contain data: {table_list}. Enable the extension or remove those rows.'
+            )
+
+
+def ensure_enabled_extension_tables_exist(
+    con: Connection,
+    enabled_specs: Sequence[ExtensionSpec],
+    *,
+    input_database: str,
+    silent: bool,
+) -> None:
+    """Ensure enabled extensions have required tables, offering to append schema if missing."""
+    for spec in enabled_specs:
+        missing_tables = [table for table in spec.owned_tables if not _table_exists(con, table)]
+        if not missing_tables:
+            continue
+
+        missing_list = ', '.join(sorted(missing_tables))
+        if not spec.schema_sql_path:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Extension '{spec.extension_id}' is enabled, but required table(s) are missing: "
+                f'{missing_list}. No schema SQL path is registered for this extension.'
+            )
+
+        should_apply = False
+        if not silent:
+            prompt = (
+                f"Extension '{spec.extension_id}' is enabled but missing table(s): {missing_list}. "
+                f"Append schema from '{spec.schema_sql_path}' to input database '{input_database}' now? "
+                '[y/N]: '
+            )
+            response = input(prompt).strip().lower()
+            should_apply = response in {'y', 'yes'}
+
+        if not should_apply:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Extension '{spec.extension_id}' is enabled, but required table(s) are missing: "
+                f"{missing_list}. Re-run and accept the prompt, or append schema manually from "
+                f"'{spec.schema_sql_path}' to '{input_database}'."
+            )
+
+        _append_extension_schema(con, spec)
+        still_missing = [table for table in spec.owned_tables if not _table_exists(con, table)]
+        if still_missing:
+            still_missing_list = ', '.join(sorted(still_missing))
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Schema append for extension '{spec.extension_id}' completed but table(s) are still "
+                f'missing: {still_missing_list}.'
+            )
+
+
+def _table_has_rows(con: Connection, table_name: str) -> bool:
+    cur = con.cursor()
+    table_exists = cur.execute(
+        "SELECT 1 FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name = ?", (table_name,)
+    ).fetchone()
+    if not table_exists:
+        return False
+
+    query = f'SELECT 1 FROM main.{table_name} LIMIT 1'
+    return cur.execute(query).fetchone() is not None
+
+
+def _table_exists(con: Connection, table_name: str) -> bool:
+    cur = con.cursor()
+    exists = cur.execute(
+        "SELECT 1 FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name = ?", (table_name,)
+    ).fetchone()
+    return bool(exists)
+
+
+def _append_extension_schema(con: Connection, spec: ExtensionSpec) -> None:
+    if spec.schema_sql_path is None:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Extension '{spec.extension_id}' has no schema SQL path configured.")
+
+    schema_path = Path(spec.schema_sql_path)
+    if not schema_path.is_file():
+        raise FileNotFoundError(
+            f"Schema SQL file for extension '{spec.extension_id}' not found: {schema_path}"
+        )
+
+    sql = schema_path.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+    con.executescript(sql)
+    con.commit()
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py
index 77d770f1..4bb14ddc 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def evaluate(param_names: dict[int, list[Any]], param_values: Any,
                 raise ValueError(f'Unrecognized parameter: {names[0]}')
 
     dp = DataPortal(data_dict={None: data})
-    instance = run_actions.build_instance(loaded_portal=dp)
+    instance = run_actions.build_instance(loaded_portal=dp, extensions=config.extensions)
     mdl, res = run_actions.solve_instance(instance=instance, solver_name=config.solver_name)
     status = run_actions.check_solve_status(res)
     if not status:
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_evaluate.py b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_evaluate.py
index 21b03feb..1460b775 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_evaluate.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_evaluate.py
@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@ def evaluate(param_info: dict[int, list[Any]], mm_sample: Any, data: dict[str, A
     logger.debug('\n  '.join(log_entry))
 
     dp = DataPortal(data_dict={None: data})
-    instance = run_actions.build_instance(loaded_portal=dp, silent=True)
+    instance = run_actions.build_instance(
+        loaded_portal=dp,
+        silent=True,
+        extensions=config.extensions,
+    )
     mdl, res = run_actions.solve_instance(
         instance=instance, solver_name=config.solver_name, silent=True
     )
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/mga_sequencer.py b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/mga_sequencer.py
index 83b228fe..080d0697 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/mga_sequencer.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/mga_sequencer.py
@@ -164,7 +164,10 @@ def start(self) -> None:
         hybrid_loader = HybridLoader(db_connection=self.con, config=self.config)
         data_portal: DataPortal = hybrid_loader.load_data_portal(myopic_index=None)
         instance: TemoaModel = build_instance(
-            loaded_portal=data_portal, model_name=self.config.scenario, silent=self.config.silent
+            loaded_portal=data_portal,
+            model_name=self.config.scenario,
+            silent=self.config.silent,
+            extensions=self.config.extensions,
         )
         if self.config.price_check:
             good_prices = price_checker(instance)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_sequencer.py b/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_sequencer.py
index fbee15c4..e671c375 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_sequencer.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_sequencer.py
@@ -252,6 +252,7 @@ def start(self) -> None:
                 keep_lp_file=self.config.save_lp_file,
                 lp_path=self.config.output_path
                 / ''.join(('LP', str(idx.base_year))),  # base year folder
+                extensions=self.config.extensions,
             )
 
             # 8.  Run checks...
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/sv_mga_sequencer.py b/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/sv_mga_sequencer.py
index 8498390b..937aeb65 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/sv_mga_sequencer.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/sv_mga_sequencer.py
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ def start(self) -> None:
             silent=self.config.silent,
             keep_lp_file=self.config.save_lp_file,
             lp_path=lp_path,
+            extensions=self.config.extensions,
         )
         if self.config.price_check:
             good_prices = price_checker(instance)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py b/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py
index 757fa2a7..3dc0b659 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def scenario_creator(scenario_name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
 
     # 3. Build instance
     data_portal = HybridLoader.data_portal_from_data(data_dict)
-    instance = build_instance(data_portal, silent=True)
+    instance = build_instance(data_portal, silent=True, extensions=temoa_config.extensions)
 
     # 4. Attach root node (Stage 1)
     periods = sorted(instance.time_optimize)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/template/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/template/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb211977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/template/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""Template extension package.
+
+TEMPLATE: This is a copy-from scaffold for building a new optional Temoa
+modeling extension. It is intentionally NOT registered in
+``temoa.extensions.framework.get_known_extension_specs``, so it is inert:
+importing it works and it type-checks, but it cannot be enabled until you
+register it.
+
+To create a real extension:
+    1. Copy this whole folder to ``temoa/extensions/<your_extension>/``.
+    2. Rename the ``extension_id``, tables, params, and constraints.
+    3. Register the spec in ``get_known_extension_specs`` (see framework.py).
+    4. Add your tables to the database schema / ``tables.sql``.
+    5. Enable it via config: ``extensions = ["<your_extension>"]``.
+
+See ``docs/source/extensions.rst`` for the full guide.
+"""
+
+from temoa.extensions.template.extension import EXAMPLE_EXTENSION
+
+__all__ = ['EXAMPLE_EXTENSION']
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/template/components/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/template/components/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/template/components/example_limit.py b/temoa/extensions/template/components/example_limit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a00570bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/template/components/example_limit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+"""Example constraint family for the template extension.
+
+TEMPLATE: A component module holds the index-set function(s) and constraint
+rule(s) for a single family of constraints, mirroring the modules under
+``temoa/components``. Group related constraints together; create one module per
+family.
+
+This example caps the new capacity built in each period for a technology (or
+technology group) in a region. Replace it with your own logic.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from pyomo.environ import Constraint, quicksum, value
+
+import temoa.components.geography as geography
+import temoa.components.technology as technology
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.extensions.template.core.model import ExampleModel
+    from temoa.types import ExprLike, Period, Region, Technology
+
+
+def example_new_capacity_limit_indices(
+    model: ExampleModel,
+) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology]]:
+    """Build the sparse (region, period, tech-or-group) index for the constraint.
+
+    TEMPLATE: Annotate ``model`` with the extension subtype (``ExampleModel``) so
+    the extension-owned param ``example_new_capacity_limit`` and its
+    ``sparse_keys()`` method are visible to the type checker.
+    """
+    return {
+        (r, p, t)
+        for r, t in model.example_new_capacity_limit.sparse_keys()
+        for p in model.time_optimize
+    }
+
+
+def example_new_capacity_limit_constraint_rule(
+    model: ExampleModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology
+) -> ExprLike:
+    """Cap total new capacity built in period ``p`` for region/group ``r``/``t``."""
+    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+
+    limit = value(model.example_new_capacity_limit[r, t])
+
+    new_cap_rtv = model.v_new_capacity
+    new_cap = quicksum(
+        new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v]
+        for _r, _t, _v in new_cap_rtv.keys()
+        if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p
+    )
+
+    if isinstance(new_cap, (int, float)):
+        # No decision variables in this period/region/group: nothing to constrain.
+        return Constraint.Skip
+
+    return new_cap <= limit
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/template/core/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/template/core/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/template/core/model.py b/temoa/extensions/template/core/model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e66a9291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/template/core/model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+"""Type-checking model subtype and component registration for the template extension.
+
+TEMPLATE: This file plays the same role as ``temoa/core/model.py`` does for the
+core model: it declares the extension-owned model components (so the type
+checker knows about them) and attaches them to a live ``TemoaModel`` instance.
+
+Two things live here:
+    1. ``ExampleModel`` - a ``TYPE_CHECKING``-only subtype of ``TemoaModel`` that
+       declares every Param/Set/Constraint this extension adds. It exists purely
+       for static typing; nothing instantiates it.
+    2. ``register_model_components`` - the runtime hook that attaches those
+       components to the core model.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from pyomo.environ import Any, Constraint, Param, Set
+
+from temoa.extensions.template.components import example_limit
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+
+    class ExampleModel(TemoaModel):
+        """TemoaModel extended with template-extension components.
+
+        TEMPLATE: Declare one annotation per component you create in
+        ``register_model_components`` below. Inheriting from ``TemoaModel`` means
+        all core sets/params/vars (e.g. ``time_optimize``, ``v_new_capacity``)
+        are already visible to the type checker here and in your component
+        modules.
+        """
+
+        # Params (loaded from the database via data_manifest.py)
+        example_new_capacity_limit: Param
+
+        # Constraint index sets
+        example_new_capacity_limit_constraint_rpt: Set
+
+        # Constraints
+        example_new_capacity_limit_constraint: Constraint
+
+
+def register_model_components(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
+    """Attach template-extension components to the core Temoa model.
+
+    TEMPLATE: Keep the public signature as ``model: TemoaModel`` so this stays
+    assignable to ``ExtensionSpec.register_model_components`` (a
+    ``Callable[[TemoaModel], None]``). Narrowing the parameter to ``ExampleModel``
+    would be a contravariance error in mypy. Instead, ``cast`` once and operate on
+    the typed alias ``m`` below.
+    """
+    m = cast('ExampleModel', model)
+
+    # Param: a per-(region, tech-or-group) cap on cumulative new capacity.
+    m.example_new_capacity_limit = Param(
+        m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, within=Any
+    )
+
+    # Sparse index set for the constraint, built from the param's populated keys.
+    m.example_new_capacity_limit_constraint_rpt = Set(
+        dimen=3, initialize=example_limit.example_new_capacity_limit_indices
+    )
+
+    # The constraint itself.
+    m.example_new_capacity_limit_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.example_new_capacity_limit_constraint_rpt,
+        rule=example_limit.example_new_capacity_limit_constraint_rule,
+    )
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/template/data_manifest.py b/temoa/extensions/template/data_manifest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9c8ac02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/template/data_manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""Data-loading manifest for the template extension.
+
+TEMPLATE: ``build_manifest_items`` returns one ``LoadItem`` per database table
+this extension reads. The loader uses each item to query, validate, and populate
+the matching Pyomo component declared in core/model.py.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from temoa.data_io.loader_manifest import LoadItem
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+    from temoa.extensions.template.core.model import ExampleModel
+
+
+def build_manifest_items(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
+    """Return the LoadItems for the template extension.
+
+    TEMPLATE: As with ``register_model_components``, keep the public parameter
+    typed as ``TemoaModel`` (to match ``ExtensionSpec.build_manifest_items``) and
+    ``cast`` to the extension subtype so the extension-owned components type-check.
+    """
+    m = cast('ExampleModel', model)
+    return [
+        LoadItem(
+            # The Pyomo component to populate.
+            component=m.example_new_capacity_limit,
+            # Source table name.
+            table='example_new_capacity_limit',
+            # Columns to select; for a Param the final column is the value.
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'value'],
+            # Number of leading columns that form the index (here: region, tech).
+            index_length=2,
+            # Source-trace validator on the loader (filters to viable r/t pairs).
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            # Which index columns to validate (region=0, tech=1).
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            # Extension tables are optional inputs, so do not require the table.
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+    ]
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/template/extension.py b/temoa/extensions/template/extension.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c8509d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/template/extension.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+"""Declarative spec that wires the template extension into Temoa.
+
+TEMPLATE: ``ExtensionSpec`` is pure metadata plus hook functions. Temoa reads it
+to know which tables the extension owns, how to guard them, which model
+components to attach, and how to load the extension's data.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from temoa.extensions.framework import ExtensionSpec
+from temoa.extensions.template.core.model import register_model_components
+from temoa.extensions.template.data_manifest import build_manifest_items
+
+EXAMPLE_EXTENSION = ExtensionSpec(
+    # Unique, lowercase id. This is what users put in ``extensions = [...]``.
+    extension_id='template',
+    # Database tables owned exclusively by this extension.
+    owned_tables=('example_new_capacity_limit',),
+    # Tables whose ``region`` column may contain a regional group name. Maps
+    # table -> the column that holds the region/group. Merged into the loader's
+    # regional-group handling.
+    regional_group_tables={'example_new_capacity_limit': 'region'},
+    # Hook: attach model components to the core model (see core/model.py).
+    register_model_components=register_model_components,
+    # Hook: describe how to load this extension's data (see data_manifest.py).
+    build_manifest_items=build_manifest_items,
+    # Schema applied (with consent) when enabled but tables are missing.
+    schema_sql_path=str(Path(__file__).parents[0] / 'tables.sql'),
+    # If True, loading fails when this extension is DISABLED but its tables hold
+    # data, preventing silently-ignored inputs.
+    fail_if_tables_populated_when_disabled=True,
+)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/template/tables.sql b/temoa/extensions/template/tables.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc8e3a75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/template/tables.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+-- TEMPLATE: Schema for the template extension's owned tables.
+-- One CREATE TABLE per entry in ``owned_tables`` (see extension.py). Use
+-- ``IF NOT EXISTS`` so the schema can be appended to an existing database when
+-- the extension is enabled but its tables are missing.
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS example_new_capacity_limit
+(
+    region        TEXT,
+    tech_or_group TEXT,
+    value         REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    units         TEXT,
+    notes         TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group)
+);
diff --git a/temoa/tutorial_assets/config_sample.toml b/temoa/tutorial_assets/config_sample.toml
index 6b522212..df3d7b20 100644
--- a/temoa/tutorial_assets/config_sample.toml
+++ b/temoa/tutorial_assets/config_sample.toml
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ scenario = "zulu"
 #     [perfect_foresight, MGA, myopic, method_of_morris, build_only, check, monte_carlo]
 scenario_mode = "perfect_foresight"
 
+# Optional extensions list
+# Use this to enable modular model features that are not part of the base core model.
+# Example: extensions = ["unit_commitment", "growth_rates"]
+# Leave empty for default core-only behavior.
+extensions = []
+
 # Input database (Mandatory)
 input_database = "utopia.sqlite"
 
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 0e263b9c..5714aa84 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 from temoa._internal.temoa_sequencer import TemoaSequencer
 from temoa.core.config import TemoaConfig
 from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+from temoa.extensions.framework import get_known_extension_specs
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -57,6 +58,13 @@ def _build_test_db(
         # Force FK OFF again as schema file might turn it on at the end
         con.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF')
 
+        # 1b. Load extension-owned tables so data scripts can populate them.
+        # Extension tables are not part of the central schema, so apply each
+        # known extension's schema (CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS) here.
+        for spec in get_known_extension_specs().values():
+            if spec.schema_sql_path:
+                con.executescript(Path(spec.schema_sql_path).read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+
         # 2. Load data scripts
         for script_path in data_scripts:
             with open(script_path) as f:

From 8da58575e53d6e58605942ad48d5a6447edd3315 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2026 10:37:03 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 16/28] Move growth rate constraints to an extension

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 docs/source/extensions.rst                    |  14 +
 docs/source/extensions/growth_rates.rst       |  99 ++++
 docs/source/mathematical_formulation.rst      |  64 ---
 docs/source/param_desc_and_tables.rst         |  14 -
 temoa/components/limits.py                    | 445 ------------------
 temoa/core/model.py                           |  65 ---
 temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py           |  60 ---
 temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py                |   6 -
 temoa/db_schema/temoa_schema_v4.sql           |  72 ---
 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/__init__.py     |   3 +
 .../growth_rates/components/__init__.py       |   0
 .../components/growth_capacity.py             | 123 +++++
 .../components/growth_new_capacity.py         | 121 +++++
 .../components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py   | 148 ++++++
 .../extensions/growth_rates/core/__init__.py  |   0
 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/core/model.py   | 115 +++++
 .../extensions/growth_rates/data_manifest.py  |  76 +++
 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py    |  32 ++
 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/tables.sql      |  72 +++
 .../config_myopic_capacities.toml             |   1 +
 tests/testing_data/mediumville_sets.json      |   6 -
 tests/testing_data/test_system_sets.json      |   6 -
 tests/testing_data/utopia_sets.json           |   6 -
 23 files changed, 804 insertions(+), 744 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 docs/source/extensions/growth_rates.rst
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/core/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/core/model.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/data_manifest.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/tables.sql

diff --git a/docs/source/extensions.rst b/docs/source/extensions.rst
index 5e8e1a9c..32f72454 100644
--- a/docs/source/extensions.rst
+++ b/docs/source/extensions.rst
@@ -230,3 +230,17 @@ The template extension
 ``get_known_extension_specs``, it cannot be enabled until you register it, so it
 never affects normal runs. Copy the folder as the starting point for a new
 extension; every file carries ``# TEMPLATE:`` comments explaining what to change.
+
+.. _extension-catalog:
+
+Available extensions
+--------------------
+
+The extensions that ship with Temoa are documented on their own pages below.
+Each page describes the extension's parameters and constraints. This list grows
+as new extensions are added.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   extensions/growth_rates
diff --git a/docs/source/extensions/growth_rates.rst b/docs/source/extensions/growth_rates.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..261b1e74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/source/extensions/growth_rates.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+.. _extension-growth-rates:
+
+Growth Rate Limits
+==================================
+
+The **growth_rates** extension adds optional constraints that bound how quickly
+the capacity (or new capacity) of a technology or technology group may change
+between consecutive model periods. It is disabled by default and enabled per
+run through configuration:
+
+.. code-block:: toml
+
+   extensions = ["growth_rates"]
+
+Its parameters live in the extension-owned tables of the same name and are loaded
+only when the extension is enabled. See :ref:`extensions` for how the extension
+framework wires these components into the model.
+
+Parameters
+----------
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header: "Parameter", "Database Table", "Model Element", "Notes"
+   :widths: 15, 20, 25, 40
+
+   ":math:`\text{LGC}_{r,t}`", ":code:`limit_growth_capacity`", ":code:`limit_growth_capacity`", "capacity growth rate limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
+   ":math:`\text{LDGC}_{r,t}`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_capacity`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_capacity`", "capacity degrowth rate limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
+   ":math:`\text{LGNC}_{r,t}`", ":code:`limit_growth_new_capacity`", ":code:`limit_growth_new_capacity`", "new capacity growth rate limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
+   ":math:`\text{LDGNC}_{r,t}`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity`", "new capacity degrowth rate limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
+   ":math:`\mathrm{LGNC}_{\Delta,r,t}`", ":code:`limit_growth_new_capacity_delta`", ":code:`limit_growth_new_capacity_delta`", "new capacity growth acceleration limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
+   ":math:`\mathrm{LDGNC}_{\Delta,r,t}`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta`", "new capacity degrowth deceleration limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
+
+
+limit_growth_capacity
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`{LGC}_{r \in R, t \in T}`
+
+The :code:`limit_growth_capacity` parameter defines the maximum annual rate at
+which the total capacity of a technology (or group) can grow between periods.
+The :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name.
+
+
+limit_degrowth_capacity
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`{LDGC}_{r \in R, t \in T}`
+
+The :code:`limit_degrowth_capacity` parameter defines the maximum annual rate
+at which the total capacity of a technology (or group) can shrink between
+periods.  The :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name.
+
+
+limit_growth_new_capacity
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`{LGNC}_{r \in R, t \in T}`
+
+The :code:`limit_growth_new_capacity` parameter constrains the rate of increase
+in new capacity deployment between consecutive periods.
+
+
+limit_degrowth_new_capacity
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`{LDGNC}_{r \in R, t \in T}`
+
+The :code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity` parameter constrains the rate of decrease
+in new capacity deployment between consecutive periods.
+
+
+limit_growth_new_capacity_delta
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`\mathrm{LGNC}_{\Delta,r \in R, t \in T}`
+
+The :code:`limit_growth_new_capacity_delta` parameter constrains the acceleration
+of new capacity growth between periods. This essentially adds "inertia" to the
+growth of new capacity deployment.
+
+
+limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`\mathrm{LDGNC}_{\Delta,r \in R, t \in T}`
+
+The :code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta` parameter constrains the
+deceleration of new capacity degrowth between periods, essentially adding
+"inertia" to the degrowth of new capacity deployment.
+
+
+Constraints
+-----------
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.growth_rates.components.growth_capacity.limit_growth_capacity
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.growth_rates.components.growth_new_capacity.limit_growth_new_capacity
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.growth_rates.components.growth_new_capacity_delta.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta
diff --git a/docs/source/mathematical_formulation.rst b/docs/source/mathematical_formulation.rst
index cc4d3da1..86bd4b4f 100644
--- a/docs/source/mathematical_formulation.rst
+++ b/docs/source/mathematical_formulation.rst
@@ -711,35 +711,6 @@ controls the bound direction. The group columns accept either
 a single technology name or a technology group name.
 
 
-limit_degrowth_capacity
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-:math:`{LDGC}_{r \in R, t \in T}`
-
-The :code:`limit_degrowth_capacity` parameter defines the maximum annual rate
-at which the total capacity of a technology (or group) can shrink between
-periods.  The :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name.
-
-
-limit_degrowth_new_capacity
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-:math:`{LDGNC}_{r \in R, t \in T}`
-
-The :code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity` parameter constrains the rate of decrease
-in new capacity deployment between consecutive periods.
-
-
-limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-:math:`\mathrm{LDGNC}_{\Delta,r \in R, t \in T}`
-
-The :code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta` parameter constrains the
-deceleration of new capacity degrowth between periods, essentially adding
-"intertia" to the degrowth of new capacity deployment.
-
-
 limit_emission
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -751,35 +722,6 @@ fits within the modeler-specified limit on emission :math:`e` in time period
 bound, or equality.
 
 
-limit_growth_capacity
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-:math:`{LGC}_{r \in R, t \in T}`
-
-The :code:`limit_growth_capacity` parameter defines the maximum annual rate at
-which the total capacity of a technology (or group) can grow between periods.
-The :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name.
-
-
-limit_growth_new_capacity
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-:math:`{LGNC}_{r \in R, t \in T}`
-
-The :code:`limit_growth_new_capacity` parameter constrains the rate of increase
-in new capacity deployment between consecutive periods.
-
-
-limit_growth_new_capacity_delta
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-:math:`\mathrm{LGNC}_{\Delta,r \in R, t \in T}`
-
-The :code:`limit_growth_new_capacity_delta` parameter constrains the acceleration
-of new capacity growth between periods. This essentially adds "inertia" to the
-growth of new capacity deployment.
-
-
 limit_new_capacity
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -1437,12 +1379,6 @@ User-Specific Constraints
 
 .. autofunction:: temoa.components.storage.limit_storage_fraction_constraint
 
-.. autofunction:: temoa.components.limits.limit_growth_capacity
-
-.. autofunction:: temoa.components.limits.limit_growth_new_capacity
-
-.. autofunction:: temoa.components.limits.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta
-
 General Caveats
 ---------------
 
diff --git a/docs/source/param_desc_and_tables.rst b/docs/source/param_desc_and_tables.rst
index 40ff0737..aef95320 100644
--- a/docs/source/param_desc_and_tables.rst
+++ b/docs/source/param_desc_and_tables.rst
@@ -94,20 +94,6 @@ capacity, activity and emissions**.
    ":math:`\text{LE}_{r,p,e}`", ":code:`limit_emission`", ":code:`limit_emission`", "limit on emissions by region and period"
    ":math:`\text{LS}_{r,t}`", ":code:`limit_resource`", ":code:`limit_resource`", "cumulative activity limit across time periods (not supported in myopic); :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
 
-Parameters in the table below relate to the specification of **growth and degrowth
-limits**.
-
-.. csv-table::
-   :header: "Parameter", "Database Table", "Model Element", "Notes"
-   :widths: 15, 20, 25, 40
-
-   ":math:`\text{LGC}_{r,t}`", ":code:`limit_growth_capacity`", ":code:`limit_growth_capacity`", "capacity growth rate limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
-   ":math:`\text{LDGC}_{r,t}`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_capacity`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_capacity`", "capacity degrowth rate limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
-   ":math:`\text{LGNC}_{r,t}`", ":code:`limit_growth_new_capacity`", ":code:`limit_growth_new_capacity`", "new capacity growth rate limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
-   ":math:`\text{LDGNC}_{r,t}`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity`", "new capacity degrowth rate limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
-   ":math:`\mathrm{LGNC}_{\Delta,r,t}`", ":code:`limit_growth_new_capacity_delta`", ":code:`limit_growth_new_capacity_delta`", "new capacity growth acceleration limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
-   ":math:`\mathrm{LDGNC}_{\Delta,r,t}`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta`", ":code:`limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta`", "new capacity degrowth deceleration limits; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
-
 Parameters in the table below relate to the specification of **operational and
 split limits**.
 
diff --git a/temoa/components/limits.py b/temoa/components/limits.py
index 857cb148..0145073e 100644
--- a/temoa/components/limits.py
+++ b/temoa/components/limits.py
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 import temoa.components.technology as technology
 from temoa.components.utils import (
     Operator,
-    get_adjusted_existing_capacity,
     get_variable_efficiency,
     operator_expression,
 )
@@ -135,64 +134,6 @@ def limit_tech_output_split_average_constraint_indices(
     }
 
 
-def limit_growth_capacity_indices(model: TemoaModel) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
-    return {
-        (r, p, t, op)
-        for r, t, op in model.limit_growth_capacity.sparse_keys()
-        for p in model.time_optimize
-    }
-
-
-def limit_degrowth_capacity_indices(
-    model: TemoaModel,
-) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
-    return {
-        (r, p, t, op)
-        for r, t, op in model.limit_degrowth_capacity.sparse_keys()
-        for p in model.time_optimize
-    }
-
-
-def limit_growth_new_capacity_indices(
-    model: TemoaModel,
-) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
-    return {
-        (r, p, t, op)
-        for r, t, op in model.limit_growth_new_capacity.sparse_keys()
-        for p in model.time_optimize
-    }
-
-
-def limit_degrowth_new_capacity_indices(
-    model: TemoaModel,
-) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
-    return {
-        (r, p, t, op)
-        for r, t, op in model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity.sparse_keys()
-        for p in model.time_optimize
-    }
-
-
-def limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_indices(
-    model: TemoaModel,
-) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
-    return {
-        (r, p, t, op)
-        for r, t, op in model.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta.sparse_keys()
-        for p in model.time_optimize
-    }
-
-
-def limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_indices(
-    model: TemoaModel,
-) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
-    return {
-        (r, p, t, op)
-        for r, t, op in model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta.sparse_keys()
-        for p in model.time_optimize
-    }
-
-
 def limit_seasonal_capacity_factor_constraint_indices(
     model: TemoaModel,
 ) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Season, Technology, str]]:
@@ -953,392 +894,6 @@ def limit_emission_constraint(
     return expr
 
 
-def limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rule(
-    model: TemoaModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
-) -> ExprLike:
-    r"""Constrain ramp up rate of available capacity"""
-    return limit_growth_capacity(model, r, p, t, op, False)
-
-
-def limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rule(
-    model: TemoaModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
-) -> ExprLike:
-    r"""Constrain ramp down rate of available capacity"""
-    return limit_growth_capacity(model, r, p, t, op, True)
-
-
-def limit_growth_capacity(
-    model: TemoaModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str, degrowth: bool = False
-) -> ExprLike:
-    r"""
-    Constrain the change of capacity available between periods.
-    Forces the model to ramp up and down the availability of new technologies
-    more smoothly. Has constant (seed, :math:`S_{r,t}`) and proportional
-    (rate, :math:`R_{r,t}`) terms. This can be defined for a technology group
-    instead of one technology, in which case, capacity available is summed over
-    all technologies in the group. In the first period, previous available
-    capacity :math:`\mathbf{CAPAVL}_{r,p,t}` is replaced by previous existing
-    capacity, if any can be found.
-
-    .. math::
-        :label: Limit (De)Growth Capacity
-
-            \begin{aligned}\text{Growth:}\\
-            &\mathbf{CAPAVL}_{r,p,t}
-            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad
-            S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot \mathbf{CAPAVL}_{r,p_{prev},t}
-            \end{aligned}
-
-            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_growth\_capacity}}
-
-
-            \begin{aligned}\text{Degrowth:}\\
-            &\mathbf{CAPAVL}_{r,p_{prev},t}
-            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot \mathbf{CAPAVL}_{r,p,t}
-            \end{aligned}
-
-            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_degrowth\_capacity}}
-    """
-
-    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
-    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
-
-    growth = model.limit_degrowth_capacity if degrowth else model.limit_growth_capacity
-    rate = 1 + value(growth[r, t, op][0])
-    seed = value(growth[r, t, op][1])
-    cap_rpt = model.v_capacity_available_by_period_and_tech
-
-    # relevant r, p, t indices
-    cap_indices = {(_r, _p, _t) for _r, _p, _t in cap_rpt.keys() if _t in techs and _r in regions}
-    # periods the technology can have capacity in this region (sorted)
-    periods = sorted({_p for _r, _p, _t in cap_rpt})
-
-    if len(periods) == 0:
-        if p == model.time_optimize.first():
-            msg = (
-                'Tried to set {}rowthCapacity constraint {} but there are no periods where this '
-                'technology is available in this region. Constraint skipped.'
-            ).format('Deg' if degrowth else 'G', (r, t))
-            logger.warning(msg)
-        return Constraint.Skip
-
-    # Only warn in p0 so we dont dump multiple warnings
-    if p == periods[0]:
-        if seed == 0:
-            msg = (
-                'No constant term (seed) provided for {}rowthCapacity constraint {}. '
-                'No capacity will be built in any period following one with zero capacity.'
-            ).format('Deg' if degrowth else 'G', (r, t))
-            logger.info(msg)
-        gaps = [
-            _p
-            for _p in model.time_optimize
-            if _p not in periods and min(periods) < _p < max(periods)
-        ]
-        if gaps:
-            msg = (
-                'Constructing {}rowthCapacity constraint {} and there are period gaps in which'
-                'capacity cannot exist in this region ({}). Capacity in these periods '
-                'will be treated as zero which may cause infeasibility or other problems.'
-            ).format('Deg' if degrowth else 'G', (r, t), gaps)
-            logger.warning(msg)
-
-    # sum available capacity in this period
-    capacity = quicksum(cap_rpt[_r, _p, _t] for _r, _p, _t in cap_indices if _p == p)
-
-    if p == model.time_optimize.first():
-        # First future period. Grab available capacity in last existing period
-        p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
-        capacity_prev = sum(
-            get_adjusted_existing_capacity(model, _r, _t, _v)
-            * value(model.process_life_frac[_r, p_prev, _t, _v])
-            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
-            if _r in regions
-            and _t in techs
-            and _v + value(model.lifetime_process[_r, _t, _v]) > p_prev
-        )
-    else:
-        # Otherwise, grab previous future period
-        p_prev = model.time_optimize.prev(p)
-        capacity_prev = quicksum(cap_rpt[_r, _p, _t] for _r, _p, _t in cap_indices if _p == p_prev)
-
-    if degrowth:
-        expr = operator_expression(capacity_prev, Operator(op), seed + capacity * rate)
-    else:
-        expr = operator_expression(capacity, Operator(op), seed + capacity_prev * rate)
-
-    # Check if any variables are actually included before returning
-    if isinstance(expr, bool):
-        return Constraint.Skip
-    return expr
-
-
-def limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rule(
-    model: TemoaModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
-) -> ExprLike:
-    r"""Constrain ramp up rate of new capacity deployment"""
-    return limit_growth_new_capacity(model, r, p, t, op, False)
-
-
-def limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rule(
-    model: TemoaModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
-) -> ExprLike:
-    r"""Constrain ramp down rate of new capacity deployment"""
-    return limit_growth_new_capacity(model, r, p, t, op, True)
-
-
-def limit_growth_new_capacity(
-    model: TemoaModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str, degrowth: bool = False
-) -> ExprLike:
-    r"""
-    Constrain the change of new capacity deployed between periods.
-    Forces the model to ramp up and down the deployment of new technologies
-    more smoothly. Has constant (seed, :math:`S_{r,t}`) and proportional
-    (rate, :math:`R_{r,t}`) terms. This can be defined for a technology group
-    instead of one technology, in which case, new capacity is summed over
-    all technologies in the group. In the first period, previous new capacity
-    :math:`\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_prev}` is replaced by previous existing capacity,
-    if any can be found.
-
-    .. math::
-        :label: Limit (De)Growth New Capacity
-
-            \begin{aligned}\text{Growth:}\\
-            &\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v}
-            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad
-            S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{prev}}
-            \text{ where } v=p
-            \end{aligned}
-
-            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_growth\_capacity}}
-
-            \begin{aligned}\text{Degrowth:}\\
-            &\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{prev}}
-            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v}
-            \text{ where } v=p
-            \end{aligned}
-
-            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_degrowth\_capacity}}
-    """
-
-    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
-    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
-
-    growth = model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity if degrowth else model.limit_growth_new_capacity
-    rate = 1 + value(growth[r, t, op][0])
-    seed = value(growth[r, t, op][1])
-    new_cap_rtv = model.v_new_capacity
-
-    # relevant r, t, v indices
-    cap_rtv = {(_r, _t, _v) for _r, _t, _v in new_cap_rtv.keys() if _t in techs and _r in regions}
-    # periods the technology can be built in this region (sorted)
-    periods = sorted({_v for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv})
-
-    if len(periods) == 0:
-        if p == model.time_optimize.first():
-            msg = (
-                'Tried to set {}rowthNewCapacity constraint {} but there are no periods where this '
-                'technology can be built in this region. Constraint skipped.'
-            ).format('Deg' if degrowth else 'G', (r, t))
-            logger.warning(msg)
-        return Constraint.Skip
-
-    # Only warn in p0 so we dont dump multiple warnings
-    if p == periods[0]:
-        if seed == 0:
-            msg = (
-                'No constant term (seed) provided for {}rowthNewCapacity constraint {}. '
-                'No capacity will be built in any period following one with zero new capacity.'
-            ).format('Deg' if degrowth else 'G', (r, t))
-            logger.info(msg)
-        gaps = [
-            _p
-            for _p in model.time_optimize
-            if _p not in periods and min(periods) < _p < max(periods)
-        ]
-        if gaps:
-            msg = (
-                'Constructing {}rowthNewCapacity constraint {} and there are period gaps in which'
-                'new capacity cannot be built in this region ({}). New capacity in these periods '
-                'will be treated as zero which may cause infeasibility or other problems.'
-            ).format('Deg' if degrowth else 'G', (r, t), gaps)
-            logger.warning(msg)
-
-    # sum new capacity in this period
-    new_cap = quicksum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p)
-
-    if p == model.time_optimize.first():
-        # First future period. Grab last existing vintage
-        p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
-        new_cap_prev = sum(
-            value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
-            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
-            if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev
-        )
-    else:
-        # Otherwise, grab previous future vintage
-        p_prev = model.time_optimize.prev(p)
-        new_cap_prev = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev)
-
-    if degrowth:
-        expr = operator_expression(new_cap_prev, Operator(op), seed + new_cap * rate)
-    else:
-        expr = operator_expression(new_cap, Operator(op), seed + new_cap_prev * rate)
-
-    # Check if any variables are actually included before returning
-    if isinstance(expr, bool):
-        return Constraint.Skip
-    return expr
-
-
-def limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rule(
-    model: TemoaModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
-) -> ExprLike:
-    r"""Constrain ramp up rate of change in new capacity deployment"""
-    return limit_growth_new_capacity_delta(model, r, p, t, op, False)
-
-
-def limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rule(
-    model: TemoaModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
-) -> ExprLike:
-    r"""Constrain ramp down rate of change in new capacity deployment"""
-    return limit_growth_new_capacity_delta(model, r, p, t, op, True)
-
-
-def limit_growth_new_capacity_delta(
-    model: TemoaModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str, degrowth: bool = False
-) -> ExprLike:
-    r"""
-    Constrain the acceleration of new capacity deployed between periods.
-    Forces the model to ramp up and down the change in deployment of new technologies
-    more smoothly. Has constant (seed, :math:`S_{r,t}`) and proportional
-    (rate, :math:`R_{r,t}`) terms. It is recommended to leave the rate term empty
-    as it would prevent the possibility of inflection in the rate of deployment.
-    This constraint can be defined for a technology group instead of one technology,
-    in which case, new capacity is summed over all technologies in the group. In the
-    first period, previous new capacities are replaced by previous existing capacities,
-    if any can be found.
-
-    .. math::
-        :label: Limit (De)Growth New Capacity Delta
-
-            \begin{aligned}\text{Growth:}\\
-            &\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_i} - \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-1}}
-            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot
-            (\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-1}} - \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-2}})
-            \end{aligned}
-
-            \text{ where } v_i=p
-
-            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_growth\_capacityDelta}}
-
-            \begin{aligned}\text{Degrowth:}\\
-            &\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-1}} - \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-2}}
-            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad
-            S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot (\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_i} - \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-1}})
-            \end{aligned}
-
-            \text{ where } v_i=p
-
-            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_degrowth\_capacityDelta}}
-    """
-
-    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
-    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
-
-    growth = (
-        model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta
-        if degrowth
-        else model.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta
-    )
-    rate = 1 + value(growth[r, t, op][0])
-    seed = value(growth[r, t, op][1])
-    new_cap_rtv = model.v_new_capacity
-
-    # relevant r, t, v indices
-    cap_rtv = {(_r, _t, _v) for _r, _t, _v in new_cap_rtv.keys() if _t in techs and _r in regions}
-    # periods the technology can be built in this region (sorted)
-    periods = sorted({_v for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv})
-
-    if len(periods) == 0:
-        if p == model.time_optimize.first():
-            msg = (
-                'Tried to set {}rowthNewCapacityDelta constraint {} but there are no periods where '
-                'this technology can be built in this region. Constraint skipped.'
-            ).format('Deg' if degrowth else 'G', (r, t))
-            logger.warning(msg)
-        return Constraint.Skip
-
-    # Only warn in p0 so we dont dump multiple warnings
-    if p == periods[0]:
-        if seed == 0:
-            msg = (
-                'No constant term (seed) provided for {}rowthNewCapacityDelta constraint {}. '
-                'This is not recommended as deployment rates cannot inflect (change from '
-                'accelerating to decelerating or vice-versa).'
-            ).format('Deg' if degrowth else 'G', (r, t))
-            logger.warning(msg)
-        gaps = [
-            _p
-            for _p in model.time_optimize
-            if _p not in periods and min(periods) < _p < max(periods)
-        ]
-        if gaps:
-            msg = (
-                'Constructing {}rowthNewCapacityDelta constraint {} and there are period gaps in '
-                'which new capacity cannot be built in this region ({}). New capacity in these '
-                'periods will be treated as zero which may cause infeasibility or other problems.'
-            ).format('Deg' if degrowth else 'G', (r, t), gaps)
-            logger.warning(msg)
-
-    # sum new capacity in this period
-    new_cap = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p)
-
-    if p == model.time_optimize.first():
-        # First planning period, pull last two existing vintages
-        p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
-        new_cap_prev = sum(
-            value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
-            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
-            if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev
-        )
-        p_prev2 = model.time_exist.prev(p_prev)
-        new_cap_prev2 = sum(
-            value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
-            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
-            if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev2
-        )
-    else:
-        # Not the first future period. Grab previous future period
-        p_prev = model.time_optimize.prev(p)
-        new_cap_prev = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev)
-        if p == model.time_optimize.at(2):  # apparently pyomo sets are indexed 1-based
-            # Second future period, grab last existing vintage
-            p_prev2 = model.time_exist.last()
-            new_cap_prev2 = sum(
-                value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
-                for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
-                if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev2
-            )
-        else:
-            # At least the third future period. Grab last two future vintages
-            p_prev2 = model.time_optimize.prev(p_prev)
-            new_cap_prev2 = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev2)
-
-    nc_delta_prev = new_cap_prev - new_cap_prev2
-    nc_delta = new_cap - new_cap_prev
-
-    if degrowth:
-        expr = operator_expression(nc_delta_prev, Operator(op), seed + nc_delta * rate)
-    else:
-        expr = operator_expression(nc_delta, Operator(op), seed + nc_delta_prev * rate)
-
-    # Check if any variables are actually included before returning
-    if isinstance(expr, bool):
-        return Constraint.Skip
-    return expr
-
-
 def limit_activity_constraint(
     model: TemoaModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
 ) -> ExprLike:
diff --git a/temoa/core/model.py b/temoa/core/model.py
index 29a801de..10f0a77b 100755
--- a/temoa/core/model.py
+++ b/temoa/core/model.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 from pyomo.core import BuildCheck, Set, Var
 from pyomo.environ import (
     AbstractModel,
-    Any,
     BuildAction,
     Constraint,
     Integers,
@@ -635,25 +634,6 @@ def __init__(
             self.limit_annual_capacity_factor_constraint_rtvo, validate=validate_0to1
         )
 
-        self.limit_growth_capacity = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
-        )
-        self.limit_degrowth_capacity = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
-        )
-        self.limit_growth_new_capacity = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
-        )
-        self.limit_degrowth_new_capacity = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
-        )
-        self.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
-        )
-        self.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta = Param(
-            self.regional_global_indices, self.tech_or_group, self.operator, within=Any
-        )
-
         self.limit_emission_constraint_rpe = Set(
             within=self.regional_global_indices
             * self.time_optimize
@@ -1002,51 +982,6 @@ def __init__(
             ['Starting LimitGrowth and Activity Constraints'], rule=progress_check
         )
 
-        self.limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rpt = Set(
-            dimen=4, initialize=limits.limit_growth_capacity_indices
-        )
-        self.limit_growth_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
-            self.limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rpt,
-            rule=limits.limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rule,
-        )
-        self.limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rpt = Set(
-            dimen=4, initialize=limits.limit_degrowth_capacity_indices
-        )
-        self.limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
-            self.limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rpt,
-            rule=limits.limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rule,
-        )
-
-        self.limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt = Set(
-            dimen=4, initialize=limits.limit_growth_new_capacity_indices
-        )
-        self.limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
-            self.limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt,
-            rule=limits.limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rule,
-        )
-        self.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt = Set(
-            dimen=4, initialize=limits.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_indices
-        )
-        self.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
-            self.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt,
-            rule=limits.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rule,
-        )
-
-        self.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt = Set(
-            dimen=4, initialize=limits.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_indices
-        )
-        self.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint = Constraint(
-            self.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt,
-            rule=limits.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rule,
-        )
-        self.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt = Set(
-            dimen=4, initialize=limits.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_indices
-        )
-        self.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint = Constraint(
-            self.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt,
-            rule=limits.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rule,
-        )
-
         self.limit_activity_constraint = Constraint(
             self.limit_activity_constraint_rpt, rule=limits.limit_activity_constraint
         )
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
index 4f7334c4..c02513f9 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
@@ -657,66 +657,6 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validation_map=(0, 1, 2),
             is_table_required=False,
         ),
-        LoadItem(
-            component=model.limit_growth_capacity,
-            table='limit_growth_capacity',
-            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
-            index_length=3,
-            validator_name='viable_rt',
-            validation_map=(0, 1),
-            is_period_filtered=False,
-            is_table_required=False,
-        ),
-        LoadItem(
-            component=model.limit_growth_new_capacity,
-            table='limit_growth_new_capacity',
-            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
-            index_length=3,
-            validator_name='viable_rt',
-            validation_map=(0, 1),
-            is_period_filtered=False,
-            is_table_required=False,
-        ),
-        LoadItem(
-            component=model.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta,
-            table='limit_growth_new_capacity_delta',
-            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
-            index_length=3,
-            validator_name='viable_rt',
-            validation_map=(0, 1),
-            is_period_filtered=False,
-            is_table_required=False,
-        ),
-        LoadItem(
-            component=model.limit_degrowth_capacity,
-            table='limit_degrowth_capacity',
-            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
-            index_length=3,
-            validator_name='viable_rt',
-            validation_map=(0, 1),
-            is_period_filtered=False,
-            is_table_required=False,
-        ),
-        LoadItem(
-            component=model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity,
-            table='limit_degrowth_new_capacity',
-            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
-            index_length=3,
-            validator_name='viable_rt',
-            validation_map=(0, 1),
-            is_period_filtered=False,
-            is_table_required=False,
-        ),
-        LoadItem(
-            component=model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta,
-            table='limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta',
-            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
-            index_length=3,
-            validator_name='viable_rt',
-            validation_map=(0, 1),
-            is_period_filtered=False,
-            is_table_required=False,
-        ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_resource,
             table='limit_resource',
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
index 1a70ccba..8bb73ba2 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
@@ -66,12 +66,6 @@
     'limit_capacity_share': 'region',
     'limit_new_capacity_share': 'region',
     'limit_resource': 'region',
-    'limit_growth_capacity': 'region',
-    'limit_degrowth_capacity': 'region',
-    'limit_growth_new_capacity': 'region',
-    'limit_degrowth_new_capacity': 'region',
-    'limit_growth_new_capacity_delta': 'region',
-    'limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta': 'region',
 }
 
 
diff --git a/temoa/db_schema/temoa_schema_v4.sql b/temoa/db_schema/temoa_schema_v4.sql
index 77b14635..69eef34a 100644
--- a/temoa/db_schema/temoa_schema_v4.sql
+++ b/temoa/db_schema/temoa_schema_v4.sql
@@ -389,78 +389,6 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS operator
 REPLACE INTO operator VALUES('e','equal to');
 REPLACE INTO operator VALUES('le','less than or equal to');
 REPLACE INTO operator VALUES('ge','greater than or equal to');
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_growth_capacity
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_degrowth_capacity
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_growth_new_capacity
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_degrowth_new_capacity
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_growth_new_capacity_delta
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
-CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta
-(
-    region TEXT,
-    tech_or_group   TEXT,
-    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
-    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
-    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
-    seed_units TEXT,
-    notes  TEXT,
-    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
-);
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_storage_level_fraction
 (
     region   TEXT,
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7156dc7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.extension import GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION
+
+__all__ = ['GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION']
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14a15ca6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from pyomo.environ import Constraint, quicksum, value
+
+import temoa.components.geography as geography
+import temoa.components.technology as technology
+from temoa.components.utils import Operator, get_adjusted_existing_capacity, operator_expression
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.core.model import GrowthRatesModel
+    from temoa.types import ExprLike, Period, Region, Technology
+
+
+def limit_growth_capacity_indices(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel,
+) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
+    return {
+        (r, p, t, op)
+        for r, t, op in model.limit_growth_capacity.sparse_keys()
+        for p in model.time_optimize
+    }
+
+
+def limit_degrowth_capacity_indices(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel,
+) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
+    return {
+        (r, p, t, op)
+        for r, t, op in model.limit_degrowth_capacity.sparse_keys()
+        for p in model.time_optimize
+    }
+
+
+def limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rule(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
+) -> ExprLike:
+    return limit_growth_capacity(model, r, p, t, op, False)
+
+
+def limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rule(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
+) -> ExprLike:
+    return limit_growth_capacity(model, r, p, t, op, True)
+
+
+def limit_growth_capacity(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel,
+    r: Region,
+    p: Period,
+    t: Technology,
+    op: str,
+    degrowth: bool = False,
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Constrain the change of capacity available between periods.
+    Forces the model to ramp up and down the availability of new technologies
+    more smoothly. Has constant (seed, :math:`S_{r,t}`) and proportional
+    (rate, :math:`R_{r,t}`) terms. This can be defined for a technology group
+    instead of one technology, in which case, capacity available is summed over
+    all technologies in the group. In the first period, previous available
+    capacity :math:`\mathbf{CAPAVL}_{r,p,t}` is replaced by previous existing
+    capacity, if any can be found.
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Limit (De)Growth Capacity
+
+            \begin{aligned}\text{Growth:}\\
+            &\mathbf{CAPAVL}_{r,p,t}
+            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad
+            S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot \mathbf{CAPAVL}_{r,p_{prev},t}
+            \end{aligned}
+
+            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_growth\_capacity}}
+
+
+            \begin{aligned}\text{Degrowth:}\\
+            &\mathbf{CAPAVL}_{r,p_{prev},t}
+            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot \mathbf{CAPAVL}_{r,p,t}
+            \end{aligned}
+
+            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_degrowth\_capacity}}
+    """
+
+    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+
+    growth = model.limit_degrowth_capacity if degrowth else model.limit_growth_capacity
+    rate = 1 + value(growth[r, t, op][0])
+    seed = value(growth[r, t, op][1])
+    cap_rpt = model.v_capacity_available_by_period_and_tech
+
+    cap_indices = {(_r, _p, _t) for _r, _p, _t in cap_rpt.keys() if _t in techs and _r in regions}
+    periods = sorted({_p for _r, _p, _t in cap_rpt})
+
+    if len(periods) == 0:
+        return Constraint.Skip
+
+    capacity = quicksum(cap_rpt[_r, _p, _t] for _r, _p, _t in cap_indices if _p == p)
+
+    if p == model.time_optimize.first():
+        p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
+        capacity_prev = sum(
+            get_adjusted_existing_capacity(model, _r, _t, _v)
+            * value(model.process_life_frac[_r, p_prev, _t, _v])
+            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
+            if _r in regions
+            and _t in techs
+            and _v + value(model.lifetime_process[_r, _t, _v]) > p_prev
+        )
+    else:
+        p_prev = model.time_optimize.prev(p)
+        capacity_prev = quicksum(cap_rpt[_r, _p, _t] for _r, _p, _t in cap_indices if _p == p_prev)
+
+    if degrowth:
+        expr = operator_expression(capacity_prev, Operator(op), seed + capacity * rate)
+    else:
+        expr = operator_expression(capacity, Operator(op), seed + capacity_prev * rate)
+
+    if isinstance(expr, bool):
+        return Constraint.Skip
+    return expr
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0115be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from pyomo.environ import Constraint, quicksum, value
+
+import temoa.components.geography as geography
+import temoa.components.technology as technology
+from temoa.components.utils import Operator, operator_expression
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.core.model import GrowthRatesModel
+    from temoa.types import ExprLike, Period, Region, Technology
+
+
+def limit_growth_new_capacity_indices(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel,
+) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
+    return {
+        (r, p, t, op)
+        for r, t, op in model.limit_growth_new_capacity.sparse_keys()
+        for p in model.time_optimize
+    }
+
+
+def limit_degrowth_new_capacity_indices(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel,
+) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
+    return {
+        (r, p, t, op)
+        for r, t, op in model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity.sparse_keys()
+        for p in model.time_optimize
+    }
+
+
+def limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rule(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
+) -> ExprLike:
+    return limit_growth_new_capacity(model, r, p, t, op, False)
+
+
+def limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rule(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
+) -> ExprLike:
+    return limit_growth_new_capacity(model, r, p, t, op, True)
+
+
+def limit_growth_new_capacity(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel,
+    r: Region,
+    p: Period,
+    t: Technology,
+    op: str,
+    degrowth: bool = False,
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Constrain the change of new capacity deployed between periods.
+    Forces the model to ramp up and down the deployment of new technologies
+    more smoothly. Has constant (seed, :math:`S_{r,t}`) and proportional
+    (rate, :math:`R_{r,t}`) terms. This can be defined for a technology group
+    instead of one technology, in which case, new capacity is summed over
+    all technologies in the group. In the first period, previous new capacity
+    :math:`\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_prev}` is replaced by previous existing capacity,
+    if any can be found.
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Limit (De)Growth New Capacity
+
+            \begin{aligned}\text{Growth:}\\
+            &\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v}
+            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad
+            S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{prev}}
+            \text{ where } v=p
+            \end{aligned}
+
+            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_growth\_capacity}}
+
+            \begin{aligned}\text{Degrowth:}\\
+            &\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{prev}}
+            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v}
+            \text{ where } v=p
+            \end{aligned}
+
+            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_degrowth\_capacity}}
+    """
+
+    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+
+    growth = model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity if degrowth else model.limit_growth_new_capacity
+    rate = 1 + value(growth[r, t, op][0])
+    seed = value(growth[r, t, op][1])
+    new_cap_rtv = model.v_new_capacity
+
+    cap_rtv = {(_r, _t, _v) for _r, _t, _v in new_cap_rtv.keys() if _t in techs and _r in regions}
+    periods = sorted({_v for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv})
+
+    if len(periods) == 0:
+        return Constraint.Skip
+
+    new_cap = quicksum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p)
+
+    if p == model.time_optimize.first():
+        p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
+        new_cap_prev = sum(
+            value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
+            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
+            if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev
+        )
+    else:
+        p_prev = model.time_optimize.prev(p)
+        new_cap_prev = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev)
+
+    if degrowth:
+        expr = operator_expression(new_cap_prev, Operator(op), seed + new_cap * rate)
+    else:
+        expr = operator_expression(new_cap, Operator(op), seed + new_cap_prev * rate)
+
+    if isinstance(expr, bool):
+        return Constraint.Skip
+    return expr
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c06b1290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from pyomo.environ import Constraint, value
+
+import temoa.components.geography as geography
+import temoa.components.technology as technology
+from temoa.components.utils import Operator, operator_expression
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.core.model import GrowthRatesModel
+    from temoa.types import ExprLike, Period, Region, Technology
+
+
+def limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_indices(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel,
+) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
+    return {
+        (r, p, t, op)
+        for r, t, op in model.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta.sparse_keys()
+        for p in model.time_optimize
+    }
+
+
+def limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_indices(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel,
+) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, str]]:
+    return {
+        (r, p, t, op)
+        for r, t, op in model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta.sparse_keys()
+        for p in model.time_optimize
+    }
+
+
+def limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rule(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
+) -> ExprLike:
+    return limit_growth_new_capacity_delta(model, r, p, t, op, False)
+
+
+def limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rule(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, op: str
+) -> ExprLike:
+    return limit_growth_new_capacity_delta(model, r, p, t, op, True)
+
+
+def limit_growth_new_capacity_delta(
+    model: GrowthRatesModel,
+    r: Region,
+    p: Period,
+    t: Technology,
+    op: str,
+    degrowth: bool = False,
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Constrain the acceleration of new capacity deployed between periods.
+    Forces the model to ramp up and down the change in deployment of new technologies
+    more smoothly. Has constant (seed, :math:`S_{r,t}`) and proportional
+    (rate, :math:`R_{r,t}`) terms. It is recommended to leave the rate term empty
+    as it would prevent the possibility of inflection in the rate of deployment.
+    This constraint can be defined for a technology group instead of one technology,
+    in which case, new capacity is summed over all technologies in the group. In the
+    first period, previous new capacities are replaced by previous existing capacities,
+    if any can be found.
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Limit (De)Growth New Capacity Delta
+
+            \begin{aligned}\text{Growth:}\\
+            &\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_i} - \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-1}}
+            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot
+            (\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-1}} - \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-2}})
+            \end{aligned}
+
+            \text{ where } v_i=p
+
+            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_growth\_capacityDelta}}
+
+            \begin{aligned}\text{Degrowth:}\\
+            &\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-1}} - \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-2}}
+            \quad \le, \ge, \text{or} = \quad
+            S_{r,t} + (1+R_{r,t}) \cdot (\mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_i} - \mathbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v_{i-1}})
+            \end{aligned}
+
+            \text{ where } v_i=p
+
+            \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_degrowth\_capacityDelta}}
+    """
+
+    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+
+    growth = (
+        model.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta
+        if degrowth
+        else model.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta
+    )
+    rate = 1 + value(growth[r, t, op][0])
+    seed = value(growth[r, t, op][1])
+    new_cap_rtv = model.v_new_capacity
+
+    cap_rtv = {(_r, _t, _v) for _r, _t, _v in new_cap_rtv.keys() if _t in techs and _r in regions}
+    periods = sorted({_v for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv})
+
+    if len(periods) == 0:
+        return Constraint.Skip
+
+    new_cap = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p)
+
+    if p == model.time_optimize.first():
+        p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
+        new_cap_prev = sum(
+            value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
+            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
+            if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev
+        )
+        p_prev2 = model.time_exist.prev(p_prev)
+        new_cap_prev2 = sum(
+            value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
+            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
+            if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev2
+        )
+    else:
+        p_prev = model.time_optimize.prev(p)
+        new_cap_prev = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev)
+        if p == model.time_optimize.at(2):
+            p_prev2 = model.time_exist.last()
+            new_cap_prev2 = sum(
+                value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
+                for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
+                if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev2
+            )
+        else:
+            p_prev2 = model.time_optimize.prev(p_prev)
+            new_cap_prev2 = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev2)
+
+    nc_delta_prev = new_cap_prev - new_cap_prev2
+    nc_delta = new_cap - new_cap_prev
+
+    if degrowth:
+        expr = operator_expression(nc_delta_prev, Operator(op), seed + nc_delta * rate)
+    else:
+        expr = operator_expression(nc_delta, Operator(op), seed + nc_delta_prev * rate)
+
+    if isinstance(expr, bool):
+        return Constraint.Skip
+    return expr
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/core/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/core/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/core/model.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/core/model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30d846d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/core/model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from pyomo.environ import Any, Constraint, Param, Set
+
+from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.components import (
+    growth_capacity,
+    growth_new_capacity,
+    growth_new_capacity_delta,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+
+    class GrowthRatesModel(TemoaModel):
+        """TemoaModel extended with growth-rates components.
+
+        This subtype exists only for static type checking. At runtime the
+        growth-rates components are attached to the core ``TemoaModel``
+        instance by :func:`register_model_components`.
+        """
+
+        # Params
+        limit_growth_capacity: Param
+        limit_degrowth_capacity: Param
+        limit_growth_new_capacity: Param
+        limit_degrowth_new_capacity: Param
+        limit_growth_new_capacity_delta: Param
+        limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta: Param
+
+        # Constraint index sets
+        limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rpt: Set
+        limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rpt: Set
+        limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt: Set
+        limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt: Set
+        limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt: Set
+        limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt: Set
+
+        # Constraints
+        limit_growth_capacity_constraint: Constraint
+        limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint: Constraint
+        limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint: Constraint
+        limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint: Constraint
+        limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint: Constraint
+        limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint: Constraint
+
+
+def register_model_components(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
+    """Register growth rates model components on the core Temoa model."""
+    m = cast('GrowthRatesModel', model)
+
+    m.limit_growth_capacity = Param(
+        m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, m.operator, within=Any
+    )
+    m.limit_degrowth_capacity = Param(
+        m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, m.operator, within=Any
+    )
+    m.limit_growth_new_capacity = Param(
+        m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, m.operator, within=Any
+    )
+    m.limit_degrowth_new_capacity = Param(
+        m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, m.operator, within=Any
+    )
+    m.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta = Param(
+        m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, m.operator, within=Any
+    )
+    m.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta = Param(
+        m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, m.operator, within=Any
+    )
+
+    m.limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rpt = Set(
+        dimen=4, initialize=growth_capacity.limit_growth_capacity_indices
+    )
+    m.limit_growth_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rpt,
+        rule=growth_capacity.limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rule,
+    )
+    m.limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rpt = Set(
+        dimen=4, initialize=growth_capacity.limit_degrowth_capacity_indices
+    )
+    m.limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rpt,
+        rule=growth_capacity.limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rule,
+    )
+
+    m.limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt = Set(
+        dimen=4, initialize=growth_new_capacity.limit_growth_new_capacity_indices
+    )
+    m.limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt,
+        rule=growth_new_capacity.limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rule,
+    )
+    m.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt = Set(
+        dimen=4, initialize=growth_new_capacity.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_indices
+    )
+    m.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt,
+        rule=growth_new_capacity.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rule,
+    )
+
+    m.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt = Set(
+        dimen=4, initialize=growth_new_capacity_delta.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_indices
+    )
+    m.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt,
+        rule=growth_new_capacity_delta.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rule,
+    )
+    m.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt = Set(
+        dimen=4, initialize=growth_new_capacity_delta.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_indices
+    )
+    m.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt,
+        rule=growth_new_capacity_delta.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rule,
+    )
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/data_manifest.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/data_manifest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d81b1d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/data_manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from temoa.data_io.loader_manifest import LoadItem
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+    from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.core.model import GrowthRatesModel
+
+
+def build_manifest_items(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
+    """Return LoadItems for growth/degrowth constraints."""
+    m = cast('GrowthRatesModel', model)
+    return [
+        LoadItem(
+            component=m.limit_growth_capacity,
+            table='limit_growth_capacity',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=m.limit_growth_new_capacity,
+            table='limit_growth_new_capacity',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=m.limit_growth_new_capacity_delta,
+            table='limit_growth_new_capacity_delta',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=m.limit_degrowth_capacity,
+            table='limit_degrowth_capacity',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=m.limit_degrowth_new_capacity,
+            table='limit_degrowth_new_capacity',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=m.limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta,
+            table='limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'operator', 'rate', 'seed'],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            is_table_required=False,
+        ),
+    ]
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c148b61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from temoa.extensions.framework import ExtensionSpec
+from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.core.model import register_model_components
+from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.data_manifest import build_manifest_items
+
+
+GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION = ExtensionSpec(
+    extension_id='growth_rates',
+    owned_tables=(
+        'limit_growth_capacity',
+        'limit_degrowth_capacity',
+        'limit_growth_new_capacity',
+        'limit_degrowth_new_capacity',
+        'limit_growth_new_capacity_delta',
+        'limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta',
+    ),
+    regional_group_tables={
+        'limit_growth_capacity': 'region',
+        'limit_degrowth_capacity': 'region',
+        'limit_growth_new_capacity': 'region',
+        'limit_degrowth_new_capacity': 'region',
+        'limit_growth_new_capacity_delta': 'region',
+        'limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta': 'region',
+    },
+    register_model_components=register_model_components,
+    build_manifest_items=build_manifest_items,
+    schema_sql_path=str(Path(__file__).parents[0] / 'tables.sql'),
+    fail_if_tables_populated_when_disabled=True,
+)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/tables.sql b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/tables.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2fece83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/tables.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_growth_capacity
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_degrowth_capacity
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_growth_new_capacity
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_degrowth_new_capacity
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_growth_new_capacity_delta
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta
+(
+    region TEXT,
+    tech_or_group   TEXT,
+    operator TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT "le"
+    	REFERENCES operator (operator),
+    rate   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed   REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    seed_units TEXT,
+    notes  TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, operator)
+);
diff --git a/tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml b/tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml
index 3ab763c4..db2d1153 100644
--- a/tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml
+++ b/tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 scenario = "test myopic capacities"
 scenario_mode = "myopic"
+extensions= ["growth_rates"]
 input_database = "tests/testing_outputs/myopic_capacities.sqlite"
 output_database = "tests/testing_outputs/myopic_capacities.sqlite"
 neos = false
diff --git a/tests/testing_data/mediumville_sets.json b/tests/testing_data/mediumville_sets.json
index c86baf5c..acc5b16e 100644
--- a/tests/testing_data/mediumville_sets.json
+++ b/tests/testing_data/mediumville_sets.json
@@ -39,13 +39,7 @@
   "limit_annual_capacity_factor_constraint_rtvo": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_capacity_constraint_rpt": "118826dabd14af75ae09adbd5bdbba750528b3d59907cbfba3690223ffc7def7",
   "limit_capacity_share_constraint_rpgg": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_emission_constraint_rpe": "9bf30514ecc261370f67cd0c2e18194f45ff14c15764d274cc342a5a27eaf2a0",
-  "limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_new_capacity_constraint_rtv": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_new_capacity_share_constraint_rggv": "296e4148565f752973655692bae04ebf50877bd13fe9cec8f9563f347a61d885",
   "limit_resource_constraint_rt": "b9b44ae8bc9642da0a81202877bd69f0b35ce193e31590dd3325ac0828edb5cf",
diff --git a/tests/testing_data/test_system_sets.json b/tests/testing_data/test_system_sets.json
index 6d73af97..f5a33a54 100644
--- a/tests/testing_data/test_system_sets.json
+++ b/tests/testing_data/test_system_sets.json
@@ -39,13 +39,7 @@
   "limit_annual_capacity_factor_constraint_rtvo": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_capacity_share_constraint_rpgg": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_emission_constraint_rpe": "6f11e4ee041970584903d5afba7ee1147824b233260422564fdf0c701e9fabde",
-  "limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_new_capacity_constraint_rtv": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_new_capacity_share_constraint_rggv": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_resource_constraint_rt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
diff --git a/tests/testing_data/utopia_sets.json b/tests/testing_data/utopia_sets.json
index 53d8b2a8..6d9adc1a 100644
--- a/tests/testing_data/utopia_sets.json
+++ b/tests/testing_data/utopia_sets.json
@@ -39,13 +39,7 @@
   "limit_annual_capacity_factor_constraint_rtvo": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_capacity_constraint_rpt": "5a43de033187da68c612c5bcef6a76edb6ab9806464b6d865e46d289ccbbd815",
   "limit_capacity_share_constraint_rpgg": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_degrowth_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_degrowth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_degrowth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_emission_constraint_rpe": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_growth_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_growth_new_capacity_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
-  "limit_growth_new_capacity_delta_constraint_rpt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_new_capacity_constraint_rtv": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_new_capacity_share_constraint_rggv": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",
   "limit_resource_constraint_rt": "4f53cda18c2baa0c0354bb5f9a3ecbe5ed12ab4d8e11ba873c2f11161202b945",

From 6dabfb19935d75b8b51479bd9ab8b5e4b5d9b384 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jul 2026 13:52:29 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 17/28] Fix bugs for Bugs

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/cli.py                                  |  9 ++--
 temoa/components/limits.py                    |  6 +--
 temoa/components/utils.py                     | 10 ++--
 temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py                |  2 +-
 temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py              |  2 +
 .../components/growth_capacity.py             | 21 ++++----
 .../components/growth_new_capacity.py         | 17 ++++---
 .../components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py   | 48 +++++++++++--------
 .../stochastics/scenario_creator.py           |  5 +-
 9 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/temoa/cli.py b/temoa/cli.py
index cbcc234c..9feee14d 100644
--- a/temoa/cli.py
+++ b/temoa/cli.py
@@ -564,6 +564,7 @@ def _copy_tutorial_resources(target_config: Path, target_database: Path) -> None
         target_config: Path where configuration file should be copied
         target_database: Path where database file should be created
     """
+    import contextlib
     import sqlite3
 
     try:
@@ -587,7 +588,7 @@ def _copy_tutorial_resources(target_config: Path, target_database: Path) -> None
         schema_content = schema_resource.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
         sql_content = sql_resource.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
 
-        with sqlite3.connect(target_database) as conn:
+        with contextlib.closing(sqlite3.connect(target_database)) as conn:
             conn.executescript(schema_content)
             conn.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF;')
             conn.executescript(sql_content)
@@ -597,6 +598,7 @@ def _copy_tutorial_resources(target_config: Path, target_database: Path) -> None
                 raise sqlite3.IntegrityError(
                     f'Foreign key check failed after tutorial data load: {fk_violations[:5]}'
                 )
+            conn.commit()
 
         # Copy Monte Carlo settings
         with mc_settings_resource.open('rb') as source:
@@ -640,7 +642,7 @@ def _copy_tutorial_resources(target_config: Path, target_database: Path) -> None
         # Generate database from canonical schema and tutorial data source
         sql_content = fallback_sql.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
 
-        with sqlite3.connect(target_database) as conn:
+        with contextlib.closing(sqlite3.connect(target_database)) as conn:
             conn.executescript(fallback_schema.read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
             conn.execute('PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF;')
             conn.executescript(sql_content)
@@ -649,7 +651,8 @@ def _copy_tutorial_resources(target_config: Path, target_database: Path) -> None
             if fk_violations:
                 raise sqlite3.IntegrityError(
                     f'Foreign key check failed after tutorial data load: {fk_violations[:5]}'
-                ) from e
+                ) from None
+            conn.commit()
 
         # Copy mc_settings from fallback
         shutil.copy2(fallback_mc, target_config.parent / 'mc_settings.csv')
diff --git a/temoa/components/limits.py b/temoa/components/limits.py
index 0145073e..702adb17 100644
--- a/temoa/components/limits.py
+++ b/temoa/components/limits.py
@@ -444,10 +444,8 @@ def limit_annual_capacity_factor_constraint(
     regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
     techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
 
-    if TYPE_CHECKING:
-        activity_rptvo = cast('Expression', 0)
-    else:
-        activity_rptvo = 0
+    activity_rptvo = 0
+
     for _t in techs:
         if _t not in model.tech_annual:
             activity_rptvo += quicksum(
diff --git a/temoa/components/utils.py b/temoa/components/utils.py
index daa2b421..7a8c91fa 100644
--- a/temoa/components/utils.py
+++ b/temoa/components/utils.py
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
 from logging import getLogger
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-from pyomo.environ import value
+from pyomo.environ import Expression, value
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from pyomo.core import Expression
+    from pyomo.core.expr.numeric_expr import NumericValue
 
     from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
     from temoa.types import (
@@ -39,7 +39,11 @@ class Operator(StrEnum):
     GREATER_EQUAL = 'ge'
 
 
-def operator_expression(lhs: Expression, operator: Operator, rhs: Expression) -> ExprLike:
+def operator_expression(
+    lhs: Expression | NumericValue | float,
+    operator: Operator,
+    rhs: Expression | NumericValue | float,
+) -> ExprLike:
     match operator:
         case Operator.EQUAL:
             return lhs == rhs
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
index 8bb73ba2..6dad5030 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def create_data_dict(self, myopic_index: MyopicIndex | None = None) -> dict[str,
         for item in self.manifest:
             # 1. Fetch data from the database
             raw_data = self._fetch_data(cur, item, myopic_index)
-            if item.index_length:
+            if item.index_length and len(item.columns) - item.index_length > 1:
                 raw_data = [
                     (*row[0 : item.index_length], row[item.index_length :]) for row in raw_data
                 ]
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py b/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py
index 5723d9e9..886aaa4e 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ class LoadItem:
         table: The name of the source table in the SQLite database.
         columns: A list of column names to select from the table. The last
             column is assumed to be the value for a `Param`.
+        index_length: Optional. The number of columns that form the index for
+            a `Param`, for tables with multiple value columns.
         validator_name: Optional. The name of a `ViableSet` attribute on the
             `HybridLoader` instance, used for source-trace filtering.
         validation_map: A tuple indicating which column indices in the data
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py
index 14a15ca6..a091e260 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py
@@ -99,16 +99,19 @@ def limit_growth_capacity(
 
     capacity = quicksum(cap_rpt[_r, _p, _t] for _r, _p, _t in cap_indices if _p == p)
 
+    capacity_prev = 0.0
+
     if p == model.time_optimize.first():
-        p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
-        capacity_prev = sum(
-            get_adjusted_existing_capacity(model, _r, _t, _v)
-            * value(model.process_life_frac[_r, p_prev, _t, _v])
-            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
-            if _r in regions
-            and _t in techs
-            and _v + value(model.lifetime_process[_r, _t, _v]) > p_prev
-        )
+        if model.time_exist:
+            p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
+            capacity_prev = quicksum(
+                get_adjusted_existing_capacity(model, _r, _t, _v)
+                * value(model.process_life_frac[_r, p_prev, _t, _v])
+                for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
+                if _r in regions
+                and _t in techs
+                and _v + value(model.lifetime_process[_r, _t, _v]) > p_prev
+            )
     else:
         p_prev = model.time_optimize.prev(p)
         capacity_prev = quicksum(cap_rpt[_r, _p, _t] for _r, _p, _t in cap_indices if _p == p_prev)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity.py
index e0115be0..51c279fd 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity.py
@@ -100,16 +100,19 @@ def limit_growth_new_capacity(
 
     new_cap = quicksum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p)
 
+    new_cap_prev = 0.0
+
     if p == model.time_optimize.first():
-        p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
-        new_cap_prev = sum(
-            value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
-            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
-            if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev
-        )
+        if model.time_exist:
+            p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
+            new_cap_prev = quicksum(
+                value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
+                for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
+                if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev
+            )
     else:
         p_prev = model.time_optimize.prev(p)
-        new_cap_prev = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev)
+        new_cap_prev = quicksum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev)
 
     if degrowth:
         expr = operator_expression(new_cap_prev, Operator(op), seed + new_cap * rate)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py
index c06b1290..d813d54c 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-from pyomo.environ import Constraint, value
+from pyomo.environ import Constraint, quicksum, value
 
 import temoa.components.geography as geography
 import temoa.components.technology as technology
@@ -106,34 +106,40 @@ def limit_growth_new_capacity_delta(
     if len(periods) == 0:
         return Constraint.Skip
 
-    new_cap = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p)
+    new_cap = quicksum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p)
+
+    new_cap_prev = 0.0
+    new_cap_prev2 = 0.0
 
     if p == model.time_optimize.first():
-        p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
-        new_cap_prev = sum(
-            value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
-            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
-            if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev
-        )
-        p_prev2 = model.time_exist.prev(p_prev)
-        new_cap_prev2 = sum(
-            value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
-            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
-            if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev2
-        )
-    else:
-        p_prev = model.time_optimize.prev(p)
-        new_cap_prev = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev)
-        if p == model.time_optimize.at(2):
-            p_prev2 = model.time_exist.last()
-            new_cap_prev2 = sum(
+        if model.time_exist:
+            p_prev = model.time_exist.last()
+            new_cap_prev = quicksum(
+                value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
+                for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
+                if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev
+            )
+        if len(model.time_exist) >= 2:
+            p_prev2 = model.time_exist.prev(p_prev)
+            new_cap_prev2 = quicksum(
                 value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
                 for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
                 if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev2
             )
+    else:
+        p_prev = model.time_optimize.prev(p)
+        new_cap_prev = quicksum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev)
+        if p == model.time_optimize.at(2):
+            if model.time_exist:
+                p_prev2 = model.time_exist.last()
+                new_cap_prev2 = quicksum(
+                    value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
+                    for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
+                    if _r in regions and _t in techs and _v == p_prev2
+                )
         else:
             p_prev2 = model.time_optimize.prev(p_prev)
-            new_cap_prev2 = sum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev2)
+            new_cap_prev2 = quicksum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev2)
 
     nc_delta_prev = new_cap_prev - new_cap_prev2
     nc_delta = new_cap - new_cap_prev
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py b/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py
index 3dc0b659..a1ffcccc 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py
@@ -45,7 +45,10 @@ def scenario_creator(scenario_name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
             table_index_map: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
             for item in cast('Iterable[LoadItem]', hybrid_loader.manifest):
                 if item.table not in table_index_map and item.columns:
-                    table_index_map[item.table] = list(item.columns[:-1])
+                    if item.index_length:
+                        table_index_map[item.table] = list(item.columns[:item.index_length])
+                    else:
+                        table_index_map[item.table] = list(item.columns[:-1])
     except Exception as e:
         logger.exception('Failed to connect to database %s', temoa_config.input_database)
         raise RuntimeError(f'Failed to connect to database {temoa_config.input_database}') from e

From bdfa92b609ef19da8553eb82b405fbf8f5a60318 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jul 2026 19:19:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 18/28] Add integer capacity extension

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 docs/source/extensions.rst                    |   1 +
 docs/source/extensions/discrete_capacity.rst  |  93 +++++++++++++++
 .../extensions/discrete_capacity/__init__.py  |   3 +
 .../discrete_capacity/components/__init__.py  |   0
 .../components/discrete_capacity.py           | 108 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../discrete_capacity/core/__init__.py        |   0
 .../discrete_capacity/core/model.py           |  55 +++++++++
 .../discrete_capacity/data_manifest.py        |  33 ++++++
 .../extensions/discrete_capacity/extension.py |  20 ++++
 temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/tables.sql |  16 +++
 temoa/extensions/framework.py                 |   7 +-
 .../components/growth_capacity.py             |   2 +-
 tests/test_extensions.py                      |  95 +++++++++++++++
 13 files changed, 427 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 docs/source/extensions/discrete_capacity.rst
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/components/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/components/discrete_capacity.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/model.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/data_manifest.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/extension.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/tables.sql
 create mode 100644 tests/test_extensions.py

diff --git a/docs/source/extensions.rst b/docs/source/extensions.rst
index 32f72454..06cc597c 100644
--- a/docs/source/extensions.rst
+++ b/docs/source/extensions.rst
@@ -244,3 +244,4 @@ as new extensions are added.
    :maxdepth: 1
 
    extensions/growth_rates
+   extensions/discrete_capacity
diff --git a/docs/source/extensions/discrete_capacity.rst b/docs/source/extensions/discrete_capacity.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa3d988b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/source/extensions/discrete_capacity.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+.. _extension-discrete-capacity:
+
+Discrete Capacity
+================================
+
+The **discrete_capacity** extension adds optional constraints that force the
+capacity of a technology or technology group to be deployed in discrete,
+indivisible units rather than as a continuous quantity. This is useful for
+modeling lumpy investments or retirements such as a power plant, reactor, or
+other facility that can only exist in whole units of a fixed size.
+
+Enabling the extension introduces integer decision variables, which turns the
+model into a mixed-integer program (MIP). It is disabled by default and enabled
+per run through configuration:
+
+.. code-block:: toml
+
+   extensions = ["discrete_capacity"]
+
+Its parameters live in the extension-owned tables of the same name and are loaded
+only when the extension is enabled. See :ref:`extensions` for how the extension
+framework wires these components into the model.
+
+Parameters
+----------
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header: "Parameter", "Database Table", "Model Element", "Notes"
+   :widths: 15, 20, 25, 40
+
+   ":math:`\text{LDNC}_{r,t}`", ":code:`limit_discrete_new_capacity`", ":code:`limit_discrete_new_capacity`", "unit size for new capacity additions; new capacity is forced to an discrete multiple of this size; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
+   ":math:`\text{LDC}_{r,t}`", ":code:`limit_discrete_capacity`", ":code:`limit_discrete_capacity`", "unit size for total available (retirement-adjusted) capacity; net capacity is forced to an integer multiple of this size; :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name"
+
+
+limit_discrete_new_capacity
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`{LDNC}_{r \in R, t \in T}`
+
+The :code:`limit_discrete_new_capacity` parameter specifies the unit size for new
+capacity additions of a technology (or group). The new capacity built in each
+vintage is forced to be an integer multiple of this unit size. The
+:code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group name, and the
+:code:`capacity` column gives the size of a single unit.
+
+
+limit_discrete_capacity
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`{LDC}_{r \in R, t \in T}`
+
+The :code:`limit_discrete_capacity` parameter specifies the unit size for the
+total available (retirement-adjusted) capacity of a technology (or group). The
+net capacity available in each period is forced to be an integer multiple of this
+unit size. The :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts a technology name or group
+name, and the :code:`capacity` column gives the size of a single unit.
+
+
+Decision Variables
+------------------
+
+Enabling the extension adds two integer decision variables, one per constraint.
+Each counts the number of discrete units, which is multiplied by the
+corresponding unit size to recover the capacity quantity.
+
+v_discrete_new_capacity
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`DNCAP_{r, t, v}`
+
+The number of discrete units of new capacity built for technology (or group)
+:math:`t` in region :math:`r` and vintage :math:`v`.  It is restricted to
+non-negative integers, and the total new capacity equals this count multiplied by
+the unit size :math:`LDNC_{r, t}`.
+
+
+v_discrete_capacity
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`DCAP_{r, p, t}`
+
+The number of discrete units of total available (retirement-adjusted) capacity
+for technology (or group) :math:`t` in region :math:`r` and period :math:`p`.  It
+is restricted to non-negative integers, and the net available capacity equals this
+count multiplied by the unit size :math:`LDC_{r, t}`.
+
+
+Constraints
+-----------
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.discrete_capacity.components.discrete_capacity.limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint_rule
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.discrete_capacity.components.discrete_capacity.limit_discrete_capacity_constraint_rule
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1a499cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from temoa.extensions.discrete_capacity.extension import DISCRETE_CAPACITY_EXTENSION
+
+__all__ = ['DISCRETE_CAPACITY_EXTENSION']
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/components/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/components/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/components/discrete_capacity.py b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/components/discrete_capacity.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d0c6bbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/components/discrete_capacity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from pyomo.environ import Constraint, quicksum, value
+
+import temoa.components.geography as geography
+import temoa.components.technology as technology
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.extensions.discrete_capacity.core.model import DiscreteCapacityModel
+    from temoa.types import ExprLike, Period, Region, Technology, Vintage
+
+
+def limit_discrete_new_capacity_indices(
+    model: DiscreteCapacityModel,
+) -> set[tuple[Region, Technology, Vintage]]:
+
+    indices = {
+        (r, t, v)
+        for r, t in model.limit_discrete_new_capacity.sparse_keys()
+        for _r in geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+        for _t in technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+        for v in model.vintage_optimize
+        if (_r, _t, v) in model.process_periods
+    }
+    return indices
+
+
+def limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint_rule(
+    model: DiscreteCapacityModel, r: Region, t: Technology, v: Vintage
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    The limit_discrete_new_capacity constraint requires the total new capacity
+    for a technology (or technology group) in a region to be discrete, equal
+    to some integer multiple of the specified capacity.
+
+    .. math::
+       :label: limit_discrete_new_capacity
+
+       \textbf{NCAP}_{r, t, v} = LDNC_{r, t} \cdot \textbf{DNCAP}_{r, v, t}
+
+       \forall \{r, t, v\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_discrete\_new\_capacity}}
+    """
+
+    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+    unit_cap = value(model.limit_discrete_new_capacity[r, t])
+
+    new_capacity = quicksum(
+        model.v_new_capacity[_r, _t, v]
+        for _r in regions
+        for _t in techs
+        if (_r, _t, v) in model.process_periods
+    )
+    expr = new_capacity == unit_cap * model.v_discrete_new_capacity[r, t, v]
+    if isinstance(expr, bool):
+        return Constraint.Skip
+    return expr
+
+
+def limit_discrete_capacity_indices(
+    model: DiscreteCapacityModel,
+) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology]]:
+    indices = {
+        (r, p, t)
+        for r, t in model.limit_discrete_capacity.sparse_keys()
+        for _r in geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+        for _t in technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+        for p in model.time_optimize
+        if (_r, p, _t) in model.v_capacity_available_by_period_and_tech
+    }
+    return indices
+
+
+def limit_discrete_capacity_constraint_rule(
+    model: DiscreteCapacityModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    The limit_discrete_capacity constraint requires the total available capacity
+    for a technology (or technology group) in a region to be discrete, equal
+    to some integer multiple of the specified capacity.
+
+    .. math::
+       :label: limit_discrete_capacity
+
+       \textbf{CAPAVL}_{r, p, t} = LDC_{r, t} \cdot \textbf{DCAP}_{r, p, t}
+
+       \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{limit\_discrete\_net\_capacity}}
+    """
+
+    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+    capacity = value(model.limit_discrete_capacity[r, t])
+
+    net_capacity = quicksum(
+        model.v_capacity_available_by_period_and_tech[_r, p, _t]
+        for _r in regions
+        for _t in techs
+        if (_r, p, _t) in model.v_capacity_available_by_period_and_tech
+    )
+    expr = net_capacity == capacity * model.v_discrete_capacity[r, p, t]
+    if isinstance(expr, bool):
+        return Constraint.Skip
+    return expr
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/model.py b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6cc127b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from pyomo.environ import Constraint, Integers, NonNegativeReals, Param, Set, Var
+
+from temoa.extensions.discrete_capacity.components import discrete_capacity
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+
+    class DiscreteCapacityModel(TemoaModel):
+
+        limit_discrete_new_capacity: Param
+        limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint_rtv: Set
+        limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint: Constraint
+        v_discrete_new_capacity: Var
+
+        limit_discrete_capacity: Param
+        limit_discrete_capacity_constraint_rpt: Set
+        limit_discrete_capacity_constraint: Constraint
+        v_discrete_capacity: Var
+
+
+def register_model_components(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
+    m = cast('DiscreteCapacityModel', model)
+
+    m.limit_discrete_new_capacity = Param(
+        m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, within=NonNegativeReals
+    )
+    m.limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint_rtv = Set(
+        dimen=3, initialize=discrete_capacity.limit_discrete_new_capacity_indices
+    )
+    m.v_discrete_new_capacity = Var(
+        m.limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint_rtv, within=Integers, bounds=(0, None)
+    )
+    m.limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint_rtv,
+        rule=discrete_capacity.limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint_rule,
+    )
+
+
+    m.limit_discrete_capacity = Param(
+        m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, within=NonNegativeReals
+    )
+    m.limit_discrete_capacity_constraint_rpt = Set(
+        dimen=3, initialize=discrete_capacity.limit_discrete_capacity_indices
+    )
+    m.v_discrete_capacity = Var(
+        m.limit_discrete_capacity_constraint_rpt, within=Integers, bounds=(0, None)
+    )
+    m.limit_discrete_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.limit_discrete_capacity_constraint_rpt,
+        rule=discrete_capacity.limit_discrete_capacity_constraint_rule,
+    )
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/data_manifest.py b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/data_manifest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35702e20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/data_manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from temoa.data_io.loader_manifest import LoadItem
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+    from temoa.extensions.discrete_capacity.core.model import DiscreteCapacityModel
+
+
+def build_manifest_items(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
+    m = cast('DiscreteCapacityModel', model)
+    return [
+        LoadItem(
+            component=m.limit_discrete_new_capacity,
+            table='limit_discrete_new_capacity',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'capacity'],
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_table_required=False,
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=m.limit_discrete_capacity,
+            table='limit_discrete_capacity',
+            columns=['region', 'tech_or_group', 'capacity'],
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_table_required=False,
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+        ),
+    ]
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/extension.py b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/extension.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a0c141e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/extension.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from temoa.extensions.discrete_capacity.core.model import register_model_components
+from temoa.extensions.discrete_capacity.data_manifest import build_manifest_items
+from temoa.extensions.framework import ExtensionSpec
+
+DISCRETE_CAPACITY_EXTENSION = ExtensionSpec(
+    extension_id='discrete_capacity',
+    owned_tables=('limit_discrete_new_capacity', 'limit_discrete_capacity'),
+    regional_group_tables={
+        'limit_discrete_new_capacity': 'region',
+        'limit_discrete_capacity': 'region'
+    },
+    register_model_components=register_model_components,
+    build_manifest_items=build_manifest_items,
+    schema_sql_path=str(Path(__file__).parents[0] / 'tables.sql'),
+    fail_if_tables_populated_when_disabled=True,
+)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/tables.sql b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/tables.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..210308d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/tables.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_discrete_new_capacity(
+    region        TEXT NOT NULL,
+    tech_or_group TEXT NOT NULL,
+    capacity      REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    units         TEXT,
+    notes         TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group)
+);
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS limit_discrete_capacity(
+    region        TEXT NOT NULL,
+    tech_or_group TEXT NOT NULL,
+    capacity      REAL NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+    units         TEXT,
+    notes         TEXT,
+    PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group)
+);
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/framework.py b/temoa/extensions/framework.py
index 9a655111..4a1abd3a 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/framework.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/framework.py
@@ -53,12 +53,9 @@ def normalize_extension_ids(extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None) -> tuple[str, .
 def get_known_extension_specs() -> dict[str, ExtensionSpec]:
     """Return all extension specs known to this installation."""
     from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.extension import GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION
+    from temoa.extensions.discrete_capacity.extension import DISCRETE_CAPACITY_EXTENSION
 
-    # TEMPLATE: To activate a new extension copied from ``temoa/extensions/template``,
-    # import its spec here and add it to ``specs`` below, e.g.:
-    #   from temoa.extensions.<your_extension>.extension import <YOUR_EXTENSION>
-    #   specs = [GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION, <YOUR_EXTENSION>]
-    specs = [GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION]
+    specs = [GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION, DISCRETE_CAPACITY_EXTENSION]
     return {spec.extension_id: spec for spec in specs}
 
 
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py
index a091e260..434ba90e 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_capacity.py
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ def limit_growth_capacity(
     cap_rpt = model.v_capacity_available_by_period_and_tech
 
     cap_indices = {(_r, _p, _t) for _r, _p, _t in cap_rpt.keys() if _t in techs and _r in regions}
-    periods = sorted({_p for _r, _p, _t in cap_rpt})
+    periods = sorted({_p for _r, _p, _t in cap_indices})
 
     if len(periods) == 0:
         return Constraint.Skip
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions.py b/tests/test_extensions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e283dd92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_extensions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+"""Tests for the optional model extensions and their wiring into TemoaModel."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+from pyomo.environ import Constraint
+
+from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+from temoa.extensions.framework import (
+    get_known_extension_specs,
+    resolve_extension_specs,
+)
+
+# Parametrize over every registered extension so new extensions are covered
+# automatically without listing their components here.
+EXTENSION_IDS = sorted(get_known_extension_specs())
+
+
+def _component_map(model: TemoaModel) -> dict[str, object]:
+    """Map of component name -> component object declared on a model."""
+    return {component.name: component for component in model.component_objects()}
+
+
+# Cache abstract models so each extension is only built once per test session.
+_abstract_models: dict[str | None, TemoaModel] = {}
+
+
+def _model_with(extension_id: str | None) -> TemoaModel:
+    if extension_id not in _abstract_models:
+        extensions = [extension_id] if extension_id else None
+        _abstract_models[extension_id] = TemoaModel(extensions=extensions)
+    return _abstract_models[extension_id]
+
+
+def _added_components(extension_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
+    """Components present with the extension enabled but absent without it."""
+    base = _component_map(_model_with(None))
+    enabled = _component_map(_model_with(extension_id))
+    return {name: comp for name, comp in enabled.items() if name not in base}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('extension_id', EXTENSION_IDS)
+def test_extension_registered(extension_id: str) -> None:
+    """The extension is discoverable by its id and resolves to its spec."""
+    spec = get_known_extension_specs()[extension_id]
+    assert spec.extension_id == extension_id
+    assert resolve_extension_specs([extension_id]) == (spec,)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('extension_id', EXTENSION_IDS)
+def test_extension_spec_fields(extension_id: str) -> None:
+    """The spec declares consistent region-group columns and a registration hook."""
+    spec = get_known_extension_specs()[extension_id]
+    # Region-group tables must refer to declared owned tables via string columns.
+    assert set(spec.regional_group_tables) <= set(spec.owned_tables)
+    assert all(isinstance(column, str) and column for column in spec.regional_group_tables.values())
+    # Every extension attaches model components; data loading is optional.
+    assert spec.register_model_components is not None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('extension_id', EXTENSION_IDS)
+def test_extension_schema_matches_owned_tables(extension_id: str) -> None:
+    """If the extension ships a schema, it defines every owned table.
+
+    Extensions that only add components feeding from existing tables own no
+    tables and need not provide a schema file.
+    """
+    spec = get_known_extension_specs()[extension_id]
+    if spec.schema_sql_path is None:
+        # No schema means the extension introduces no tables of its own.
+        assert not spec.owned_tables
+        return
+    schema_path = Path(spec.schema_sql_path)
+    assert schema_path.is_file()
+    schema_sql = schema_path.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+    for table in spec.owned_tables:
+        assert table in schema_sql
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('extension_id', EXTENSION_IDS)
+def test_extension_adds_components(extension_id: str) -> None:
+    """Enabling the extension attaches new model components, including constraints."""
+    added = _added_components(extension_id)
+    assert added, f'{extension_id} should attach components to the model'
+    assert any(isinstance(component, Constraint) for component in added.values()), (
+        f'{extension_id} should contribute at least one constraint'
+    )
+
+
+def test_unknown_extension_id_rejected() -> None:
+    """Resolving an unregistered extension id raises a descriptive error."""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Unknown extension id'):
+        resolve_extension_specs(['not_a_real_extension'])

From 5f6fd64514eab8be56e78fb4a6cc52169969eaca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2026 09:56:59 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 19/28] Stop ignoring extensions in ruff

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 pyproject.toml                                |  4 +-
 temoa/extensions/framework.py                 | 63 +++++++++-------
 .../components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py   |  4 +-
 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py    |  1 -
 temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py   | 20 ++++--
 .../method_of_morris/morris_sequencer.py      |  9 +--
 .../modeling_to_generate_alternatives/hull.py |  5 +-
 .../mga_sequencer.py                          | 19 +++--
 .../example_builds/scenario_analyzer.py       |  8 +--
 .../example_builds/scenario_maker.py          |  4 +-
 temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_run.py        | 15 ++--
 temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_sequencer.py  | 17 +++--
 temoa/extensions/myopic/evolution_updater.py  | 16 +++--
 .../myopic/myopic_progress_mapper.py          |  8 +--
 temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_sequencer.py   | 72 +++++++++----------
 .../single_vector_mga/sv_mga_sequencer.py     |  2 +-
 .../stochastics/scenario_creator.py           |  8 ++-
 .../stochastics/stochastic_sequencer.py       |  4 +-
 18 files changed, 151 insertions(+), 128 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 0e4b3557..602f9066 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -86,9 +86,7 @@ path = "temoa/__about__.py"
 [tool.ruff]
 line-length = 100
 indent-width = 4
-exclude = ["stubs",
-    "temoa/extensions/"
-]
+exclude = ["stubs"]
 
 [tool.ruff.format]
 quote-style = "single"
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/framework.py b/temoa/extensions/framework.py
index 4a1abd3a..179ddf09 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/framework.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/framework.py
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from pathlib import Path
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from sqlite3 import Connection
+from logging import getLogger
+from pathlib import Path
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-from collections.abc import Callable
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+    from sqlite3 import Connection
 
     from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
     from temoa.data_io.loader_manifest import LoadItem
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 ModelHook = Callable[['TemoaModel'], None]
 ManifestHook = Callable[['TemoaModel'], list['LoadItem']]
 
+logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class ExtensionSpec:
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ class ExtensionSpec:
     fail_if_tables_populated_when_disabled: bool = False
 
 
-def normalize_extension_ids(extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+def normalize_extension_ids(extension_ids: Sequence[str | object] | None) -> tuple[str, ...]:
     """Normalize configured extension ids while preserving user-provided order."""
     if not extension_ids:
         return ()
@@ -39,7 +41,9 @@ def normalize_extension_ids(extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None) -> tuple[str, .
     seen: set[str] = set()
     for ext_id in extension_ids:
         if not isinstance(ext_id, str):
-            raise ValueError(f'Extension ids must be strings. Received: {type(ext_id).__name__}')
+            msg = f'Extension ids must be strings. Received: {type(ext_id).__name__}'
+            logger.error(msg)
+            raise ValueError(msg)
         cleaned = ext_id.strip().lower()
         if not cleaned:
             continue
@@ -52,8 +56,8 @@ def normalize_extension_ids(extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None) -> tuple[str, .
 
 def get_known_extension_specs() -> dict[str, ExtensionSpec]:
     """Return all extension specs known to this installation."""
-    from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.extension import GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION
     from temoa.extensions.discrete_capacity.extension import DISCRETE_CAPACITY_EXTENSION
+    from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.extension import GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION
 
     specs = [GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION, DISCRETE_CAPACITY_EXTENSION]
     return {spec.extension_id: spec for spec in specs}
@@ -67,9 +71,9 @@ def resolve_extension_specs(extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None) -> tuple[Extens
     if unknown:
         known_ids = ', '.join(sorted(known))
         unknown_ids = ', '.join(sorted(unknown))
-        raise ValueError(
-            f'Unknown extension id(s): {unknown_ids}. Known extension ids: {known_ids}.'
-        )
+        msg = f'Unknown extension id(s): {unknown_ids}. Known extension ids: {known_ids}.'
+        logger.error(msg)
+        raise ValueError(msg)
 
     return tuple(known[ext_id] for ext_id in normalized_ids)
 
@@ -101,10 +105,12 @@ def merge_regional_group_tables(
         for table_name, field_name in spec.regional_group_tables.items():
             existing = merged.get(table_name)
             if existing is not None and existing != field_name:
-                raise ValueError(
+                msg = (
                     f"Regional-group table '{table_name}' has conflicting field mappings: "
                     f"'{existing}' vs '{field_name}' from extension '{spec.extension_id}'."
                 )
+                logger.error(msg)
+                raise ValueError(msg)
             merged[table_name] = field_name
     return merged
 
@@ -127,10 +133,11 @@ def assert_disabled_extension_tables_are_empty(
 
         if populated:
             table_list = ', '.join(sorted(populated))
-            raise RuntimeError(
+            msg = (
                 f"Extension '{spec.extension_id}' is not enabled, but extension-owned table(s) "
                 f'contain data: {table_list}. Enable the extension or remove those rows.'
             )
+            logger.warning(msg)
 
 
 def ensure_enabled_extension_tables_exist(
@@ -148,36 +155,42 @@ def ensure_enabled_extension_tables_exist(
 
         missing_list = ', '.join(sorted(missing_tables))
         if not spec.schema_sql_path:
-            raise RuntimeError(
+            msg = (
                 f"Extension '{spec.extension_id}' is enabled, but required table(s) are missing: "
                 f'{missing_list}. No schema SQL path is registered for this extension.'
             )
+            logger.error(msg)
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         should_apply = False
         if not silent:
             prompt = (
                 f"Extension '{spec.extension_id}' is enabled but missing table(s): {missing_list}. "
-                f"Append schema from '{spec.schema_sql_path}' to input database '{input_database}' now? "
-                '[y/N]: '
+                f"Append schema from '{spec.schema_sql_path}' to input database '{input_database} "
+                'now? [y/N]: '
             )
             response = input(prompt).strip().lower()
             should_apply = response in {'y', 'yes'}
 
         if not should_apply:
-            raise RuntimeError(
+            msg = (
                 f"Extension '{spec.extension_id}' is enabled, but required table(s) are missing: "
-                f"{missing_list}. Re-run and accept the prompt, or append schema manually from "
+                f'{missing_list}. Re-run and accept the prompt, or append schema manually from '
                 f"'{spec.schema_sql_path}' to '{input_database}'."
             )
+            logger.error(msg)
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         _append_extension_schema(con, spec)
         still_missing = [table for table in spec.owned_tables if not _table_exists(con, table)]
         if still_missing:
             still_missing_list = ', '.join(sorted(still_missing))
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                f"Schema append for extension '{spec.extension_id}' completed but table(s) are still "
-                f'missing: {still_missing_list}.'
+            msg = (
+                f"Schema append for extension '{spec.extension_id}' completed "
+                f'but table(s) are still missing: {still_missing_list}.'
             )
+            logger.error(msg)
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
 
 def _table_has_rows(con: Connection, table_name: str) -> bool:
@@ -202,13 +215,15 @@ def _table_exists(con: Connection, table_name: str) -> bool:
 
 def _append_extension_schema(con: Connection, spec: ExtensionSpec) -> None:
     if spec.schema_sql_path is None:
-        raise RuntimeError(f"Extension '{spec.extension_id}' has no schema SQL path configured.")
+        msg = f"Extension '{spec.extension_id}' has no schema SQL path configured."
+        logger.error(msg)
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
     schema_path = Path(spec.schema_sql_path)
     if not schema_path.is_file():
-        raise FileNotFoundError(
-            f"Schema SQL file for extension '{spec.extension_id}' not found: {schema_path}"
-        )
+        msg = f"Schema SQL file for extension '{spec.extension_id}' not found: {schema_path}"
+        logger.error(msg)
+        raise FileNotFoundError(msg)
 
     sql = schema_path.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
     con.executescript(sql)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py
index d813d54c..a158ce6b 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/components/growth_new_capacity_delta.py
@@ -139,7 +139,9 @@ def limit_growth_new_capacity_delta(
                 )
         else:
             p_prev2 = model.time_optimize.prev(p_prev)
-            new_cap_prev2 = quicksum(new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev2)
+            new_cap_prev2 = quicksum(
+                new_cap_rtv[_r, _t, _v] for _r, _t, _v in cap_rtv if _v == p_prev2
+            )
 
     nc_delta_prev = new_cap_prev - new_cap_prev2
     nc_delta = new_cap - new_cap_prev
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py
index 5c148b61..19aec700 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.core.model import register_model_components
 from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.data_manifest import build_manifest_items
 
-
 GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION = ExtensionSpec(
     extension_id='growth_rates',
     owned_tables=(
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py
index 4bb14ddc..dd981d79 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import contextlib
 import csv
 import sqlite3
-from importlib import resources
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@
 seed = 42
 
 
-def evaluate(param_names: dict[int, list[Any]], param_values: Any,
-            data: dict[str, Any], k: int) -> list[Any]:
+def evaluate(
+    param_names: dict[int, list[Any]], param_values: Any, data: dict[str, Any], k: int
+) -> list[Any]:
     m = len(param_values)
     for j in range(0, m):
         names = param_names[j]
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ def evaluate(param_names: dict[int, list[Any]], param_values: Any,
         table_writer.write_results(model=mdl)
 
     import contextlib
+
     with contextlib.closing(sqlite3.connect(db_file)) as con:
         cur = con.cursor()
         cur.execute('SELECT * FROM output_objective')
@@ -73,12 +75,11 @@ def evaluate(param_names: dict[int, list[Any]], param_values: Any,
 
 if not db_file.exists() or not config_path.exists():
     raise FileNotFoundError(
-        "Example Morris data files not found in current directory. "
-        "Please see MM_README.md for instructions on how to generate "
+        'Example Morris data files not found in current directory. '
+        'Please see MM_README.md for instructions on how to generate '
         "or provide the required 'morris_utopia.sqlite' and 'morris_utopia.toml'."
     )
 
-import contextlib
 with contextlib.closing(sqlite3.connect(str(db_file))) as con:
     with open(param_file, 'w') as file:
         param_names = {}
@@ -152,7 +153,12 @@ def evaluate(param_names: dict[int, list[Any]], param_values: Any,
 
         problem = read_param_file(str(param_file), delimiter=' ')
         param_values = sample(
-            problem, N=10, num_levels=8, optimal_trajectories=False, local_optimization=False, seed=seed
+            problem,
+            N=10,
+            num_levels=8,
+            optimal_trajectories=False,
+            local_optimization=False,
+            seed=seed,
         )
         print(param_values)
         print(param_names)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_sequencer.py b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_sequencer.py
index 6ae6bdf3..6c3d1bc7 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_sequencer.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_sequencer.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 An event sequencer to control the flow of a Method of Morris calculation.  This code uses
 multiprocessing via the joblib library
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import csv
@@ -30,7 +31,6 @@
     from temoa.core.config import TemoaConfig
 
 
-
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 solver_options_file = (
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def __init__(self, config: TemoaConfig):
         # the amount to perturb the marked params
         pert = morris_inputs.get('perturbation')
         if pert:
-            self.mm_perturbation = float(cast(str | float, pert))
+            self.mm_perturbation = float(cast('str | float', pert))
             logger.info('Morris perturbation: %0.2f', self.mm_perturbation)
         else:
             self.mm_perturbation = 0.10
@@ -201,8 +201,9 @@ def start(self) -> Any:
         # 7.  Return the cost objective Mu_Star for testing purposes...
         return cost_mu_star
 
-    def process_results(self, problem: dict[str, Any], mm_samples: Any,
-                            morris_results: list[Any]) -> Any:
+    def process_results(
+        self, problem: dict[str, Any], mm_samples: Any, morris_results: list[Any]
+    ) -> Any:
         """
         Process the results of the runs on the mm_samples
         :param problem: the problem structure
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/hull.py b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/hull.py
index d0f79c13..f03909ed 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/hull.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/hull.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 A thin wrapper on Scipy's ConvexHull to make it more manageable
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from logging import getLogger
@@ -119,8 +120,8 @@ def update(self) -> None:
     def add_point(self, point: np.ndarray) -> None:
         if len(point) != self.dim:
             msg = (
-                f'Tried adding a point to hull (dim: {self.dim}) with wrong dimensions {len(point)}. '
-                f'Point: {point}'
+                f'Tried adding a point to hull (dim: {self.dim}) with '
+                f'wrong dimensions {len(point)}. Point: {point}'
             )
             logger.error(msg)
             raise ValueError(msg)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/mga_sequencer.py b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/mga_sequencer.py
index 080d0697..a261ba45 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/mga_sequencer.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/mga_sequencer.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Performs top-level control over an MGA model run
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
@@ -26,10 +27,6 @@
     from temoa.extensions.modeling_to_generate_alternatives.vector_manager import VectorManager
 
 
-
-
-
-
 import pyomo.environ as pyo
 from pyomo.opt import check_optimal_termination
 
@@ -124,13 +121,13 @@ def __init__(self, config: TemoaConfig):
         except KeyError:
             logger.warning('No/bad MGA Weighting specified.  Using default: Hull Expansion')
             self.mga_weighting = MgaWeighting.HULL_EXPANSION
-        self.num_workers = int(cast(str | int, all_options.get('num_workers', 1)))
+        self.num_workers = int(cast('str | int', all_options.get('num_workers', 1)))
         logger.info('MGA workers are set to %s', self.num_workers)
-        self.iteration_limit = int(cast(str | int, mga_inputs.get('iteration_limit', 20)))
+        self.iteration_limit = int(cast('str | int', mga_inputs.get('iteration_limit', 20)))
         logger.info('Set MGA iteration limit to: %d', self.iteration_limit)
-        self.time_limit_hrs = float(cast(str | float, mga_inputs.get('time_limit_hrs', 12)))
+        self.time_limit_hrs = float(cast('str | float', mga_inputs.get('time_limit_hrs', 12)))
         logger.info('Set MGA time limit hours to: %0.1f', self.time_limit_hrs)
-        self.cost_epsilon = float(cast(str | float, mga_inputs.get('cost_epsilon', 0.05)))
+        self.cost_epsilon = float(cast('str | float', mga_inputs.get('cost_epsilon', 0.05)))
         logger.info('Set MGA cost (relaxation) epsilon to: %0.3f', self.cost_epsilon)
 
         # internal records
@@ -358,8 +355,10 @@ def solve_instance(self, instance: TemoaModel) -> bool:
             elapsed.total_seconds(),
             status.name,
         )
-        return status == pyo.TerminationCondition.optimal or \
-            str(status) == 'convergenceCriteriaSatisfied'
+        return (
+            status == pyo.TerminationCondition.optimal
+            or str(status) == 'convergenceCriteriaSatisfied'
+        )
 
     def process_solve_results(self, instance: TemoaModel) -> None:
         """write the results as required"""
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/example_builds/scenario_analyzer.py b/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/example_builds/scenario_analyzer.py
index 08b68894..a025b110 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/example_builds/scenario_analyzer.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/example_builds/scenario_analyzer.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """
 Simple analyzer--example only
 """
-from importlib import resources
+
 from math import sqrt
 from pathlib import Path
 from sqlite3 import Connection
@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@
     cur = conn.cursor()
     # Check if results exist before attempting to plot
     obj_values = cur.execute(
-        "SELECT total_system_cost FROM output_objective WHERE scenario LIKE ?",
-        (f"{scenario_name}-%",)
+        'SELECT total_system_cost FROM output_objective WHERE scenario LIKE ?',
+        (f'{scenario_name}-%',),
     ).fetchall()
 
     if len(obj_values) == 0:
         raise RuntimeError(
             f"No results found for scenario '{scenario_name}-*' in '{db_resource}'. "
             "Please run 'temoa run tutorial_config.toml' or run the tutorial model "
-            "to populate output_objective with results first."
+            'to populate output_objective with results first.'
         )
 
     obj_values_tuple = tuple(t[0] for t in obj_values)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/example_builds/scenario_maker.py b/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/example_builds/scenario_maker.py
index 0e72dd48..8561f556 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/example_builds/scenario_maker.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/example_builds/scenario_maker.py
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@
 """
 
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import cast
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
-from typing import cast
 
 # distro for the related cost vars
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 num_runs = 1000
 cov = np.array([[0.4, -0.1], [-0.1, 0.1]])
 price_devs = np.random.multivariate_normal([0, 0], cov, size=num_runs)
-corr_matrix = cast(np.typing.NDArray[np.float64], np.corrcoef(price_devs.T))
+corr_matrix = cast('np.typing.NDArray[np.float64]', np.corrcoef(price_devs.T))
 print(f'correlation check: {corr_matrix[0, 1]}')
 
 # verify with a peek...
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_run.py b/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_run.py
index 7c2874a7..cca3d8b5 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_run.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_run.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-"""
+""" """
 
-"""
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections import defaultdict, namedtuple
@@ -27,8 +26,6 @@
 """a record of a data element change, for an element acted on by a Tweak"""
 
 
-
-
 class Tweak:
     """
     objects of this class represent individual tweaks to single (or wildcard)
@@ -235,9 +232,11 @@ def __init__(self, config: TemoaConfig, data_store: dict[str, Any]):
                 "Monte Carlo mode requires 'run_settings' path in 'monte_carlo_inputs'."
             )
 
-        self.settings_file = Path(cast(str, settings_path))
+        self.settings_file = Path(cast('str', settings_path))
         if not self.settings_file.exists():
-            raise FileNotFoundError(f'Monte Carlo run settings file not found: {self.settings_file}')
+            raise FileNotFoundError(
+                f'Monte Carlo run settings file not found: {self.settings_file}'
+            )
 
     def prescreen_input_file(self) -> bool:
         """
@@ -330,9 +329,7 @@ def element_locator(
             )
         raw_indices = param_data.keys()
         matches = [
-            k
-            for k in raw_indices
-            if all(k[idx] == target_index[idx] for idx in non_wildcard_locs)
+            k for k in raw_indices if all(k[idx] == target_index[idx] for idx in non_wildcard_locs)
         ]
         return matches
 
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_sequencer.py b/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_sequencer.py
index 0df6fd25..eb99da89 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_sequencer.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_sequencer.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 A sequencer for Monte Carlo Runs
 
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
@@ -31,12 +32,9 @@
     from temoa.core.config import TemoaConfig
 
 
-
 logger = getLogger(__name__)
 
-solver_options_path = (
-    resources.files('temoa.extensions.monte_carlo') / 'MC_solver_options.toml'
-)
+solver_options_path = resources.files('temoa.extensions.monte_carlo') / 'MC_solver_options.toml'
 
 
 class MCSequencer:
@@ -117,7 +115,6 @@ def start(self) -> None:
         # 4. copy & modify the base data to make per-dataset runs
         # 5. farm out the runs to workers
 
-
         # 0. Set up database for scenario
         self.writer.clear_scenario()
         self.writer.make_mc_tweaks_table()  # add the output table for tweaks, if not exists
@@ -125,6 +122,7 @@ def start(self) -> None:
 
         # 1. Load data
         import contextlib
+
         with contextlib.closing(sqlite3.connect(self.config.input_database)) as con:
             hybrid_loader = HybridLoader(db_connection=con, config=self.config)
             data_store = hybrid_loader.create_data_dict(myopic_index=None)
@@ -138,6 +136,7 @@ def start(self) -> None:
 
         # 4. Set up the workers
         import multiprocessing
+
         ctx = multiprocessing.get_context('spawn')
 
         num_workers = self.num_workers
@@ -151,10 +150,10 @@ def start(self) -> None:
         log_queue: Queue[logging.LogRecord] = ctx.Queue()
         # make workers
         workers: list[BaseProcess] = []
-        kwargs = {
-            'solver_name': self.config.solver_name,
-            'solver_options': self.worker_solver_options,
-        }
+        # kwargs = {
+        #     'solver_name': self.config.solver_name,
+        #     'solver_options': self.worker_solver_options,
+        # }
         # construct path for the solver logs
         s_path = self.config.output_path / 'solver_logs'
         if not s_path.exists():
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/myopic/evolution_updater.py b/temoa/extensions/myopic/evolution_updater.py
index 20808e79..efeb9946 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/myopic/evolution_updater.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/myopic/evolution_updater.py
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
-import sqlite3
 import logging
+import sqlite3
+
 from temoa.extensions.myopic.myopic_index import MyopicIndex
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+
 def iterate(
-        idx: MyopicIndex | None = None,
-        prev_base_year: int | None = None,
-        last_instance_status: str | None = None,
-        db_con: sqlite3.Connection | None = None,
-    ) -> None:
+    idx: MyopicIndex | None = None,
+    prev_base_year: int | None = None,
+    last_instance_status: str | None = None,
+    db_con: sqlite3.Connection | None = None,
+) -> None:
     """
     This function is called at the end of each myopic iteration,
     after the results have been recorded to the myopic database.
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ def iterate(
     """
 
     assert idx is not None
-    logger.info(f"Running myopic iteration updater for base year {idx.base_year}")
+    logger.info('Running myopic iteration updater for base year %s', idx.base_year)
 
     # Update your myopic database here.
 
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_progress_mapper.py b/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_progress_mapper.py
index 3dc3c295..e474702a 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_progress_mapper.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_progress_mapper.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 """
 
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
-
 from typing import Literal
 
 from temoa.extensions.myopic.myopic_index import MyopicIndex
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ def draw_header(self) -> None:
         print(time_buffer, end='')
         print('*' * tot_length)
         print()
-        print(f"{'HH:MM:SS':10s}", end='')
+        print(f'{"HH:MM:SS":10s}', end='')
         print(' ', end='')
         for year in self.years:
             print(f'{self.leader}{year}{self.trailer}  ', end='')
@@ -47,8 +46,9 @@ def draw_header(self) -> None:
     def timestamp(self) -> str:
         delta = datetime.now() - self.hack
         return (
-            f'Elapsed: {int(delta.total_seconds()//3600):02d}:'
-            f'{int(delta.total_seconds()%3600//60):02d}:{int(delta.total_seconds())%60:02d}   '
+            f'Elapsed: {int(delta.total_seconds() // 3600):02d}:'
+            f'{int(delta.total_seconds() % 3600 // 60):02d}:'
+            f'{int(delta.total_seconds()) % 60:02d}   '
         )
 
     def report(
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_sequencer.py b/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_sequencer.py
index e671c375..e32ed347 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_sequencer.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/myopic/myopic_sequencer.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 from collections import deque
 from importlib import resources, util
 from pathlib import Path
-from sqlite3 import Connection, Cursor
+from sqlite3 import Connection
 from typing import Any, cast
 
 from temoa._internal import run_actions
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def __init__(self, config: TemoaConfig | None) -> None:
         default_cap_threshold = 1e-3
         if config and config.myopic_inputs:
             self.capacity_epsilon = float(
-                cast(Any, config.myopic_inputs.get('capacity_threshold', default_cap_threshold))
+                cast('Any', config.myopic_inputs.get('capacity_threshold', default_cap_threshold))
             )
         else:
             self.capacity_epsilon = default_cap_threshold
@@ -110,10 +110,10 @@ def __init__(self, config: TemoaConfig | None) -> None:
                 )
                 raise RuntimeError('No myopic options received.  See log file.')
             else:
-                self.view_depth = int(cast(Any, myopic_options.get('view_depth')))
+                self.view_depth = int(cast('Any', myopic_options.get('view_depth')))
                 if not isinstance(self.view_depth, int) or self.view_depth < 1:
                     raise ValueError(f'view_depth is not a positive integer {self.view_depth}')
-                self.step_size = int(cast(Any, myopic_options.get('step_size')))
+                self.step_size = int(cast('Any', myopic_options.get('step_size')))
                 if not isinstance(self.step_size, int) or self.step_size < 1:
                     raise ValueError(f'step_size is not a positive integer {self.step_size}')
                 if self.step_size > self.view_depth:
@@ -224,8 +224,9 @@ def start(self) -> None:
                 raise RuntimeError('Illegal state in myopic iteration.')
             logger.info('Processing Myopic Index: %s', idx)
 
-            # 4. If evolving, call the evolution script and pass it the myopic index and last instance status
-            if self.evolving and last_instance_status is not None: # don't evolve before first iteration (pointless)
+            # 4. If evolving, call the evolution script and pass it the myopic index
+            # and last instance status, unless is first iteration (pointless)
+            if self.evolving and last_instance_status is not None:
                 self.run_evolution_script(
                     idx=idx,
                     last_base_year=last_base_year,
@@ -298,7 +299,7 @@ def start(self) -> None:
                 self.table_writer.write_dual_variables(results=results, iteration=idx.base_year)
 
             # prep next loop
-            last_base_year = idx.base_year if idx else last_base_year # update
+            last_base_year = idx.base_year if idx else last_base_year  # update
 
             # delete anything in the output_objective table, it is nonsensical...
             assert self.output_con is not None
@@ -307,13 +308,15 @@ def start(self) -> None:
             )
             self.output_con.commit()
 
-
         # Total system cost is, theoretically, sum of discounted costs from output_cost table
-        total_cost = self.get_current_total_cost(last_base_year if last_base_year is not None else 0)
+        total_cost = self.get_current_total_cost(
+            last_base_year if last_base_year is not None else 0
+        )
 
         assert self.output_con is not None
         self.output_con.execute(
-            f"INSERT INTO output_objective(scenario, objective_name, total_system_cost) VALUES('{self.config.scenario}', 'total_cost', {total_cost})"
+            'INSERT INTO output_objective(scenario, objective_name, total_system_cost) '
+            f"VALUES('{self.config.scenario}', 'total_cost', {total_cost})"
         )
         self.output_con.commit()
 
@@ -385,12 +388,12 @@ def initialize_myopic_efficiency_table(self) -> None:
             print(list(res))
 
     def run_evolution_script(
-            self,
-            idx: MyopicIndex | None,
-            last_base_year: int | None,
-            last_instance_status: str | None,
-            con: sqlite3.Connection | None
-        ) -> None:
+        self,
+        idx: MyopicIndex | None,
+        last_base_year: int | None,
+        last_instance_status: str | None,
+        con: sqlite3.Connection | None,
+    ) -> None:
         """
         Run the evolution script to update the myopic database before the next iteration.
         """
@@ -402,21 +405,21 @@ def run_evolution_script(
         # import the script as a module and call the iterate function
         script_path = Path(self.evolution_script).expanduser()
         if not script_path.is_file():
-            msg = f"Myopic evolution script not found: {script_path}"
+            msg = f'Myopic evolution script not found: {script_path}'
             logger.error(msg)
             raise FileNotFoundError(msg)
 
-        spec = util.spec_from_file_location("evolution_script", script_path)
+        spec = util.spec_from_file_location('evolution_script', script_path)
         if spec is None or spec.loader is None:
-            msg = f"Could not load evolution script module spec from: {script_path}"
+            msg = f'Could not load evolution script module spec from: {script_path}'
             logger.error(msg)
             raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         evolution_module = util.module_from_spec(spec)
         spec.loader.exec_module(evolution_module)
-        iterate = getattr(evolution_module, "iterate", None)
+        iterate = getattr(evolution_module, 'iterate', None)
         if not callable(iterate):
-            msg = f"Evolution script must define callable iterate(...): {script_path}"
+            msg = f'Evolution script must define callable iterate(...): {script_path}'
             logger.error(msg)
             raise AttributeError(msg)
 
@@ -571,21 +574,22 @@ def characterize_run(self, future_periods: list[int] | None = None) -> None:
             raise RuntimeError('view_depth not initialized')
         if len(future_periods) < self.view_depth + 1:
             msg = (
-                'Not enough future periods for view depth. Need {} including end period. Got {}.'
-            ).format(self.view_depth+1, len(future_periods))
+                'Not enough future periods for view depth. '
+                f'Need {self.view_depth + 1} including end period. Got {len(future_periods)}.'
+            )
             logger.error(msg)
             raise RuntimeError(msg)
         self.optimization_periods = future_periods.copy()
         if self.step_size is None:
             raise RuntimeError('step_size not initialized')
         last_base_year = ((len(future_periods) - 2) // self.step_size) * self.step_size
-        base_years = list(range(0, last_base_year+1, self.step_size))
+        base_years = list(range(0, last_base_year + 1, self.step_size))
         if not self.evolving:
             # Remove redundant iterations near end of horizon if not evolving
-            catch_Pe = [i for i in base_years if i + self.view_depth >= len(future_periods) - 1]
-            if len(catch_Pe) > 1:
+            catch_pe = [i for i in base_years if i + self.view_depth >= len(future_periods) - 1]
+            if len(catch_pe) > 1:
                 # keep only one iteration that captures the end of the horizon
-                base_years = base_years[:-len(catch_Pe) + 1]
+                base_years = base_years[: -len(catch_pe) + 1]
         for n, idx in enumerate(base_years):
             depth = min(self.view_depth, len(future_periods) - idx - 1)
             if idx == base_years[-1]:
@@ -593,13 +597,13 @@ def characterize_run(self, future_periods: list[int] | None = None) -> None:
                 step = depth
             else:
                 # record to next base year
-                step = base_years[n+1] - idx
+                step = base_years[n + 1] - idx
             if depth < 1:
                 msg = (
                     'Calculated MyopicIndex with non-positive depth. '
                     'This should never happen. Code error likely. '
-                    'idx: {}, step: {}, depth: {}, future_periods: {}'
-                ).format(idx, step, depth, future_periods)
+                    f'idx: {idx}, step: {step}, depth: {depth}, future_periods: {future_periods}'
+                )
                 logger.error(msg)
                 raise RuntimeError(msg)
             myopic_idx = MyopicIndex(
@@ -708,9 +712,7 @@ def clear_results_after(self, period: int) -> None:
     def report_total_demand(self, mi: MyopicIndex) -> None:
         assert self.output_con is not None
         assert self.cursor is not None
-        self.cursor.execute(
-            "SELECT SUM(demand) FROM output_demand WHERE scenario='original'"
-        )
+        self.cursor.execute("SELECT SUM(demand) FROM output_demand WHERE scenario='original'")
         self.output_con.commit()
 
     def write_myopic_efficiency(self, mi: MyopicIndex, status: str) -> None:
@@ -737,9 +739,7 @@ def write_myopic_efficiency(self, mi: MyopicIndex, status: str) -> None:
     def report_cumulative_capacity(self, mi: MyopicIndex) -> None:
         assert self.output_con is not None
         assert self.cursor is not None
-        self.cursor.execute(
-            "SELECT SUM(capacity) FROM output_capacity WHERE scenario='original'"
-        )
+        self.cursor.execute("SELECT SUM(capacity) FROM output_capacity WHERE scenario='original'")
         self.output_con.commit()
 
     def __del__(self) -> None:
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/sv_mga_sequencer.py b/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/sv_mga_sequencer.py
index 937aeb65..543af667 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/sv_mga_sequencer.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/sv_mga_sequencer.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 import sqlite3
 import sys
 from collections.abc import Iterable
-from typing import Any, cast, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
 
 from pyomo.core import Constraint, Expression, Objective, value
 from pyomo.opt import check_optimal_termination
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py b/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py
index a1ffcccc..ac54bcb7 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/stochastics/scenario_creator.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import logging
 import sqlite3
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
-from collections.abc import Iterable
 
 from mpisppy.utils.sputils import attach_root_node  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
 
@@ -12,6 +11,8 @@
 from temoa.data_io.hybrid_loader import HybridLoader
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterable
+
     from temoa.core.config import TemoaConfig
     from temoa.data_io.hybrid_loader import LoadItem
     from temoa.extensions.stochastics.stochastic_config import StochasticConfig
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ def scenario_creator(scenario_name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
     # 1. Load base data
     try:
         import contextlib
+
         with contextlib.closing(sqlite3.connect(temoa_config.input_database)) as con:
             hybrid_loader = HybridLoader(db_connection=con, config=temoa_config)
             data_dict = hybrid_loader.create_data_dict(myopic_index=None)
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ def scenario_creator(scenario_name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
             for item in cast('Iterable[LoadItem]', hybrid_loader.manifest):
                 if item.table not in table_index_map and item.columns:
                     if item.index_length:
-                        table_index_map[item.table] = list(item.columns[:item.index_length])
+                        table_index_map[item.table] = list(item.columns[: item.index_length])
                     else:
                         table_index_map[item.table] = list(item.columns[:-1])
     except Exception as e:
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ def scenario_creator(scenario_name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
         if p.scenario != scenario_name:
             continue
 
-        target_param = cast(dict[Any, Any] | None, data_dict.get(p.table))
+        target_param = cast('dict[Any, Any] | None', data_dict.get(p.table))
         if target_param is None:
             logger.warning(
                 'Table %s not found in data_dict for scenario %s', p.table, scenario_name
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/stochastics/stochastic_sequencer.py b/temoa/extensions/stochastics/stochastic_sequencer.py
index 9950ee6c..5c904ce3 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/stochastics/stochastic_sequencer.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/stochastics/stochastic_sequencer.py
@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ def __init__(self, config: TemoaConfig) -> None:
             self.stoch_config = StochasticConfig.from_toml(sc_path)
         except Exception as e:
             logger.exception('Failed to load stochastic config from %s', sc_path)
-            raise ValueError(f'Error parsing stochastic config {sc_path}. Original error: {e}') from e
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'Error parsing stochastic config {sc_path}. Original error: {e}'
+            ) from e
 
     def start(self) -> None:
         """

From 34c71368a90d61a84e34f278885e419e4c3d8bf7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2026 09:57:58 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 20/28] Bypass duals in highs because they dont work and raise
 errors for MILP models

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/_internal/run_actions.py | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py b/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py
index af2bc0dd..6aecc7dc 100644
--- a/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py
+++ b/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py
@@ -244,7 +244,10 @@ def solve_instance(
     with task_timer(f'Solving model {instance.name}', silent=silent):
         try:
             # currently, the highs solver call will puke if the suffixes are passed
+            # it also doesn't seem to support duals properly so disable those
             if solver_name == 'appsi_highs':
+                dual_suffix = instance.component('dual')
+                dual_suffix._direction = Suffix.LOCAL
                 result = optimizer.solve(instance)
             else:
                 result = optimizer.solve(instance, suffixes=solver_suffixes_list)

From 7ae32ba06ae7caa6f8058e5b27d48365bd745282 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2026 09:59:25 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 21/28] Move index set loading to manifest

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py | 15 +++++++++++++
 temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py      | 35 +++++------------------------
 temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py    |  4 ++++
 3 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
index c02513f9..7521b34c 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/component_manifest.py
@@ -307,6 +307,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validation_map=(0, 1, 2),
             is_period_filtered=False,
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.cost_invest_rtv,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.cost_fixed,
@@ -327,6 +328,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             table='cost_emission',
             columns=['region', 'period', 'emis_comm', 'cost'],
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.cost_emission_rpe,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.loan_rate,
@@ -391,6 +393,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             component=model.demand,
             table='demand',
             columns=['region', 'period', 'commodity', 'demand'],
+            index_set=model.demand_constraint_rpc,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.demand_specific_distribution,
@@ -501,6 +504,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             columns=['region', 'period', 'tech_group', 'requirement'],
             custom_loader_name='_load_rps_requirement',
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.renewable_portfolio_standard_constraint_rpg,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.capacity_credit,
@@ -550,6 +554,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validation_map=(0, 3),
             is_period_filtered=False,
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.limit_storage_fraction_param_rsdt,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.emission_activity,
@@ -614,6 +619,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validator_name='viable_rpt',
             validation_map=(0, 1, 2),
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.limit_capacity_constraint_rpt,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_new_capacity,
@@ -623,6 +629,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validation_map=(0, 1, 2),
             is_period_filtered=False,
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.limit_new_capacity_constraint_rtv,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_capacity_share,
@@ -631,6 +638,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validator_name='viable_rpt',
             validation_map=(0, 1, 2),
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.limit_capacity_share_constraint_rpgg,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_new_capacity_share,
@@ -640,6 +648,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validation_map=(0, 1, 3),
             is_period_filtered=False,
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.limit_new_capacity_share_constraint_rggv,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_activity,
@@ -648,6 +657,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validator_name='viable_rpt',
             validation_map=(0, 1, 2),
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.limit_activity_constraint_rpt,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_activity_share,
@@ -656,6 +666,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validator_name='viable_rpt',
             validation_map=(0, 1, 2),
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.limit_activity_share_constraint_rpgg,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_resource,
@@ -665,6 +676,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validation_map=(0, 1),
             is_period_filtered=False,
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.limit_resource_constraint_rt,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_seasonal_capacity_factor,
@@ -674,6 +686,7 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validation_map=(0, 2),
             is_period_filtered=False,
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.limit_seasonal_capacity_factor_constraint_rst,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_annual_capacity_factor,
@@ -683,12 +696,14 @@ def build_manifest(model: TemoaModel, extension_ids: Sequence[str] | None = None
             validation_map=(0, 1, 2, 3),
             is_period_filtered=False,
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.limit_annual_capacity_factor_constraint_rtvo,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_emission,
             table='limit_emission',
             columns=['region', 'period', 'emis_comm', 'operator', 'value'],
             is_table_required=False,
+            index_set=model.limit_emission_constraint_rpe,
         ),
         LoadItem(
             component=model.limit_tech_input_split,
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
index 6dad5030..42ad02e9 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/hybrid_loader.py
@@ -970,36 +970,11 @@ def load_param_idx_sets(self, data: dict[str, object]) -> dict[str, object]:
         :param data: The main data dictionary.
         :return: A dictionary of the new index sets to be added.
         """
-        model = TemoaModel()
-        param_idx_sets = {
-            model.cost_invest.name: model.cost_invest_rtv.name,
-            model.cost_emission.name: model.cost_emission_rpe.name,
-            model.demand.name: model.demand_constraint_rpc.name,
-            model.limit_emission.name: model.limit_emission_constraint_rpe.name,
-            model.limit_activity.name: model.limit_activity_constraint_rpt.name,
-            model.limit_seasonal_capacity_factor.name: (
-                model.limit_seasonal_capacity_factor_constraint_rst.name
-            ),
-            model.limit_activity_share.name: model.limit_activity_share_constraint_rpgg.name,
-            model.limit_annual_capacity_factor.name: (
-                model.limit_annual_capacity_factor_constraint_rtvo.name
-            ),
-            model.limit_capacity.name: model.limit_capacity_constraint_rpt.name,
-            model.limit_capacity_share.name: model.limit_capacity_share_constraint_rpgg.name,
-            model.limit_new_capacity.name: model.limit_new_capacity_constraint_rtv.name,
-            model.limit_new_capacity_share.name: (
-                model.limit_new_capacity_share_constraint_rggv.name
-            ),
-            model.limit_resource.name: model.limit_resource_constraint_rt.name,
-            model.limit_storage_fraction.name: model.limit_storage_fraction_param_rsdt.name,
-            model.renewable_portfolio_standard.name: (
-                model.renewable_portfolio_standard_constraint_rpg.name
-            ),
-        }
-
         res: dict[str, object] = {}
-        for p_name, s_name in param_idx_sets.items():
-            param_data = data.get(p_name)
+        for item in self.manifest:
+            if item.index_set is None:
+                continue
+            param_data = data.get(item.component.name)
             if isinstance(param_data, dict):
-                res[s_name] = list(param_data.keys())
+                res[item.index_set.name] = list(param_data.keys())
         return res
diff --git a/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py b/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py
index 886aaa4e..a43d44cb 100644
--- a/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py
+++ b/temoa/data_io/loader_manifest.py
@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ class LoadItem:
             `HybridLoader` to handle non-standard loading logic for this component.
         fallback_data: Optional. A list of default data tuples to use if the
             table is missing or returns no data.
+        index_set: Optional. The Pyomo `Set` that is indexed by the keys of
+            this `Param`. When set, the loader will automatically derive the
+            set's data from the param's loaded keys during finalization.
     """
 
     component: ComponentType
@@ -61,3 +64,4 @@ class LoadItem:
     custom_loader_name: str | None = None
     fallback_data: list[tuple[object, ...]] | None = None
     order_by: list[str] | None = None
+    index_set: ComponentType | None = None

From 9b4c0e9c55156a7ac48257f342719177486405ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2026 13:57:54 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 22/28] Tidy up for Bugs

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/extension.py | 4 ++--
 temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/extension.py b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/extension.py
index 2a0c141e..d9a062c8 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/extension.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/extension.py
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
     owned_tables=('limit_discrete_new_capacity', 'limit_discrete_capacity'),
     regional_group_tables={
         'limit_discrete_new_capacity': 'region',
-        'limit_discrete_capacity': 'region'
+        'limit_discrete_capacity': 'region',
     },
     register_model_components=register_model_components,
     build_manifest_items=build_manifest_items,
-    schema_sql_path=str(Path(__file__).parents[0] / 'tables.sql'),
+    schema_sql_path=str(Path(__file__).parent / 'tables.sql'),
     fail_if_tables_populated_when_disabled=True,
 )
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py
index 19aec700..15847fc0 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/growth_rates/extension.py
@@ -26,6 +26,6 @@
     },
     register_model_components=register_model_components,
     build_manifest_items=build_manifest_items,
-    schema_sql_path=str(Path(__file__).parents[0] / 'tables.sql'),
+    schema_sql_path=str(Path(__file__).parent / 'tables.sql'),
     fail_if_tables_populated_when_disabled=True,
 )

From 66a39d37aeeab444223e96c7d73641e8767ae0d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2026 13:59:02 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 23/28] Build main extension components for economies of scale

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/core/model.py                           |   6 +
 .../extensions/economies_of_scale/__init__.py |   3 +
 .../economies_of_scale/components/__init__.py |   0
 .../components/cost_fixed_eos.py              | 313 ++++++++++++
 .../components/cost_invest_eos.py             | 474 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../components/cost_variable_eos.py           | 334 ++++++++++++
 .../economies_of_scale/core/__init__.py       |   0
 .../economies_of_scale/core/model.py          | 208 ++++++++
 .../economies_of_scale/data_manifest.py       |  74 +++
 .../economies_of_scale/extension.py           |  21 +
 .../extensions/economies_of_scale/tables.sql  |  53 ++
 temoa/extensions/framework.py                 |   3 +-
 12 files changed, 1488 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_fixed_eos.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_invest_eos.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_variable_eos.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/model.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/data_manifest.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/extension.py
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/tables.sql

diff --git a/temoa/core/model.py b/temoa/core/model.py
index 10f0a77b..24d4dbb0 100755
--- a/temoa/core/model.py
+++ b/temoa/core/model.py
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@
     technology,
     time,
 )
+from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.core.model import (
+    register_early_eos_components,
+)
 from temoa.extensions.framework import apply_model_extension_hooks, resolve_extension_specs
 from temoa.model_checking.validators import (
     no_slash_or_pipe,
@@ -563,6 +566,9 @@ def __init__(
         )
         self.cost_invest = Param(self.cost_invest_rtv)
 
+        # Inject cost_invest_eos extension components prior to loan params, if active
+        register_early_eos_components(self)
+
         self.default_loan_rate = Param(domain=NonNegativeReals)
         self.loan_rate = Param(
             self.cost_invest_rtv, domain=NonNegativeReals, default=costs.get_default_loan_rate
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42728b34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.extension import EOS_EXTENSION
+
+__all__ = ['EOS_EXTENSION']
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_fixed_eos.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_fixed_eos.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a902eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_fixed_eos.py
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from pyomo.environ import quicksum, value
+
+import temoa.components.geography as geography
+import temoa.components.technology as technology
+from temoa.components.costs import fixed_or_variable_cost
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pyomo.core import Expression
+    from pyomo.core.base.objective import ObjectiveData
+    from pyomo.core.base.var import VarData
+
+    from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.core.model import EOSModel
+    from temoa.types import ExprLike, Period, Region, Technology
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def period_cost_indices(model: EOSModel) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology]]:
+    return {(r, p, t) for r, p, t, _ in model.cost_fixed_eos_rptn}
+
+
+def initialize_components(model: EOSModel) -> None:
+    """
+    Organise some data and put up some guard rails
+    """
+
+    # Collect segment indices n for each (r,p,t) cluster; order doesn't matter
+    for r, p, t, n in model.cost_fixed_eos_rptn:
+        model.cost_fixed_eos_segments.setdefault((r, p, t), set()).add(n)
+
+    # Check that costs and capacities are monotonically increasing
+    for (r, p, t), segs in model.cost_fixed_eos_segments.items():
+        sorted_segs = sorted(segs)
+        for i, n in enumerate(sorted_segs):
+            cap_lower, cap_upper, cost_lower, cost_upper = model.cost_fixed_eos[r, p, t, n]
+
+            # Check cost curve is nonnegative and monotonically increasing
+            # If someone wants to break this assumption they should have the
+            # skills to edit this code.
+            if not all(
+                (
+                    cap_lower >= 0,
+                    cap_upper >= 0,
+                    cost_lower >= 0,
+                    cost_upper >= 0,
+                    cap_upper > cap_lower,
+                    cost_upper > cost_lower,
+                )
+            ):
+                msg = (
+                    'Negative values or non-increasing segment bounds found '
+                    f'in cost_fixed_eos table for {r, p, t, n}'
+                )
+                logger.error(msg)
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            # Backcheck for monotonic growth
+            if i == 0:
+                continue
+
+            _, prev_cap_upper, _, prev_cost_upper = model.cost_fixed_eos[
+                r, p, t, sorted_segs[i - 1]
+            ]
+
+            if not all(
+                (
+                    abs(cap_lower - prev_cap_upper) <= 0.001,
+                    abs(cost_lower - prev_cost_upper) <= 0.001,
+                )
+            ):
+                msg = (
+                    'Segments in cost_fixed_eos table do not align on their bounds. This would '
+                    'leave gaps in the cost curve and could lead to infeasibility. Check '
+                    f'({r, p, t, sorted_segs[i - 1]}) to ({r, p, t, n})'
+                )
+                logger.error(msg)
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+# --- Enforce the rules of cumulative capacity progression up the cost curve ---
+def cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Enforce exactly one active segment of the cost curve for each cluster
+    in each period.
+
+    Each technology cluster :math:`(r, p, t)` has a piecewise-linear cost curve
+    split into :math:`N_{r,p,t}` segments.  The binary variable
+    :math:`\textbf{CFEB}_{r,p,t,n}` selects which segment is currently active.
+    Exactly one segment must be active at all times:
+
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Cost Fixed EOS Segment Binary Constraint
+
+        \sum_{n \in N_{r,p,t}} \textbf{CFEB}_{r,p,t,n} = 1
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_fixed\_eos\_period\_rpt}}
+
+    where :math:`\textbf{CFEB}_{r,p,t,n}` is
+    :code:`v_cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n]` (:math:`\in \{0, 1\}`) and
+    :math:`N_{r,p,t}` is the set of segment indices declared for cluster
+    :math:`(r, p, t)` in the :code:`cost_fixed_eos` table.
+    """
+    count_active_segments = quicksum(
+        model.v_cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n]
+        for n in model.cost_fixed_eos_segments[r, p, t]
+    )
+    return count_active_segments == 1
+
+
+def cost_fixed_eos_capacity_lower_bound_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, n: int
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Enforce the lower bound of the active EOS cost-curve segment on the
+    capacity variable for that segment.
+
+    When segment :math:`n` is inactive (:math:`\textbf{CFEB}_{r,p,t,n} = 0`), the
+    right-hand side collapses to zero so the constraint is non-binding.  When
+    segment :math:`n` is active (:math:`\textbf{CFEB}_{r,p,t,n} = 1`), it
+    enforces that the segment capacity is at least the lower boundary
+    :math:`\underline{K}_{r,p,t,n}` of that segment:
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: EOS Capacity Lower Bound
+
+        \textbf{CFECAP}_{r,p,t,n}
+            \ge \textbf{CFEB}_{r,p,t,n} \cdot \underline{K}_{r,p,t,n}
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t, n\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_fixed\_eos\_rptn}}
+
+    where :math:`\textbf{CFECAP}_{r,p,t,n}` is
+    :code:`v_cost_fixed_eos_capacity[r, p, t, n]`, :math:`\textbf{CFEB}_{r,p,t,n}`
+    is :code:`v_cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n]`, and
+    :math:`\underline{K}_{r,p,t,n}` is :code:`cost_fixed_eos[r, p, t, n][0]`
+    (the :code:`capacity_lower` column).
+    """
+    cap_lower = model.v_cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n] * value(
+        model.cost_fixed_eos[r, p, t, n][0]
+    )
+    return model.v_cost_fixed_eos_capacity[r, p, t, n] >= cap_lower
+
+
+def cost_fixed_eos_capacity_upper_bound_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, n: int
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Enforce the upper bound of the active EOS cost-curve segment on the
+    capacity variable for that segment.
+
+    This is the mirror of the lower bound.  When segment :math:`n` is inactive
+    the right-hand side collapses to zero, driving
+    :math:`\textbf{CFECAP}_{r,p,t,n}` to zero.  When it is active,
+    the segment capacity cannot exceed the upper boundary
+    :math:`\overline{K}_{r,p,t,n}` of that segment:
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: EOS Capacity Upper Bound
+
+        \textbf{CFECAP}_{r,p,t,n}
+            \le \textbf{CFEB}_{r,p,t,n} \cdot \overline{K}_{r,p,t,n}
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t, n\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_fixed\_eos\_rptn}}
+
+    where :math:`\overline{K}_{r,p,t,n}` is :code:`cost_fixed_eos[r, p, t, n][1]`
+    (the :code:`capacity_upper` column).
+
+    Together the lower and upper bound constraints implement a "big-M"-style
+    activation: only the single active segment can carry non-zero capacity,
+    and that capacity is pinned within the segment's range.
+    """
+    cap_upper = model.v_cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n] * value(
+        model.cost_fixed_eos[r, p, t, n][1]
+    )
+    return model.v_cost_fixed_eos_capacity[r, p, t, n] <= cap_upper
+
+
+def cost_fixed_eos_capacity_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Equate the EOS capacity expression to the actual capacity available
+    in the base model.
+
+    The EOS formulation tracks capacity internally through
+    :math:`\textbf{CFECAP}_{r,p,t,n}`.  This constraint ties those
+    internal variables to the real decision variables
+    :math:`\textbf{CAPAVL}_{r,p,t}` from the base Temoa model,
+    so the cost curve reflects actually-available capacity
+    rather than a free parameter:
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Cost Fixed EOS Capacity
+
+        \sum_{n \in N_{r,p,t}} \textbf{CFECAP}_{r,p,t,n}
+        =
+        \sum_{\substack{r' \in R(r),\, t' \in T(t)}}
+            \textbf{CAPAVL}_{r',p,t'}
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_fixed\_eos\_period\_rpt}}
+
+    where :math:`R(r)` and :math:`T(t)` expand any group labels to the
+    individual regions and technologies they contain, and
+    :math:`\textbf{CAPAVL}_{r',p,t'}` is
+    :code:`v_capacity_available_by_period_and_tech[r', p, t']`.
+    """
+
+    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+
+    cap_eos = quicksum(
+        model.v_cost_fixed_eos_capacity[r, p, t, n] for n in model.cost_fixed_eos_segments[r, p, t]
+    )
+    capacity = quicksum(
+        model.v_capacity_available_by_period_and_tech[_r, p, _t]
+        for _t in techs
+        for _r in regions
+        if (_r, p, _t) in model.v_capacity_available_by_period_and_tech
+    )
+    return capacity == cap_eos
+
+
+# --- Calculating costs ---
+def cost_fixed_eos_segment_cost(
+    model: EOSModel,
+    r: Region,
+    p: Period,
+    t: Technology,
+    n: int,
+    capacity: ExprLike,
+    binary: VarData | bool = True,
+) -> ExprLike:
+    """Fixed cost within a segment, if capacity were in that segment"""
+    cap_lower, cap_upper, cost_lower, cost_upper = model.cost_fixed_eos[r, p, t, n]
+    m = (value(cost_upper) - value(cost_lower)) / (value(cap_upper) - value(cap_lower))
+    return m * capacity + binary * (value(cost_lower) - m * value(cap_lower))
+
+
+def period_cost(model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology) -> Expression:
+    r"""
+    EOS clusters do not contribute to the base-model
+    :math:`\text{CostFixed}` sum.  Instead, the extension adds a separate
+    discounted fixed-cost term to :code:`total_cost` via a
+    :code:`BuildAction` (``append_cost_fixed_eos_to_total_cost``).
+
+    The *period cost* for cluster :math:`(r, p, t)` is evaluated from the
+    piecewise-linear cost curve at the capacity available in period :math:`p`:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \text{EOS\_PeriodCost}_{r,p,t} =
+            \sum_{n \in N_{r,p,t}}
+                \left[
+                    m_{r,p,t,n} \cdot \textbf{CFECAP}_{r,p,t,n}
+                    + \textbf{CFEB}_{r,p,t,n}
+                        \left(\underline{C}_{r,p,t,n} - m_{r,p,t,n}
+                        \cdot \underline{K}_{r,p,t,n}\right)
+                \right]
+
+        \text{with slope }m_{r,p,t,n} = \dfrac{\overline{C}_{r,p,t,n} -
+        \underline{C}_{r,p,t,n}}{\overline{K}_{r,p,t,n} - \underline{K}_{r,p,t,n}}
+
+    Note the terms in this summation are only non-zero for the active segment.
+
+    This cost is then discounted and amortised using the same
+    :func:`~temoa.components.costs.fixed_or_variable_cost` function as for
+    cost_fixed in the base model.  The result is added to :code:`total_cost`
+    once per cluster-period combination in
+    :math:`\Theta_{\text{cost\_fixed\_eos\_period\_rpt}}`.
+    """
+    return quicksum(
+        cost_fixed_eos_segment_cost(
+            model,
+            r,
+            p,
+            t,
+            n,
+            model.v_cost_fixed_eos_capacity[r, p, t, n],
+            model.v_cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n],
+        )
+        for n in model.cost_fixed_eos_segments[r, p, t]
+    )
+
+
+def total_cost(model: EOSModel) -> None:
+    """
+    Discounted fixed costs for all EOS clusters in the planning horizon
+    """
+
+    p_0 = min(model.time_optimize)
+    global_discount_rate = value(model.global_discount_rate)
+
+    total_cost = quicksum(
+        fixed_or_variable_cost(
+            1,
+            period_cost(model, r, p, t),
+            value(model.period_length[p]),
+            global_discount_rate,
+            p_0,
+            p=p,
+        )
+        for r, p, t in model.cost_fixed_eos_period_rpt
+    )
+
+    # Append to total cost objective
+    model.total_cost.set_value(cast('ObjectiveData', model.total_cost).expr + total_cost)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_invest_eos.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_invest_eos.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a59c60e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_invest_eos.py
@@ -0,0 +1,474 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from itertools import product as cross_product
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from pyomo.environ import quicksum, value
+
+import temoa.components.geography as geography
+import temoa.components.technology as technology
+from temoa.components.costs import loan_cost, loan_cost_survival_curve
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pyomo.core import Expression
+    from pyomo.core.base.objective import ObjectiveData
+    from pyomo.core.base.var import VarData
+
+    from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.core.model import EOSModel
+    from temoa.types import ExprLike, Period, Region, Technology
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# --- Initialise EOS invest model components ---
+def cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity_indices(
+    model: EOSModel,
+) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, int]]:
+    return {
+        (r, cast('Period', v), t, n)
+        for r, t, n in model.cost_invest_eos.sparse_keys()
+        for _r in geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+        for _t in technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+        for _p in model.time_optimize
+        for v in model.process_vintages.get((_r, _p, _t), set())
+        if v == _p
+    }
+
+
+def cost_invest_eos_period_cost_indices(model: EOSModel) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology]]:
+    return {(r, p, t) for r, p, t, _ in model.cost_invest_eos_segment_rptn}
+
+
+def append_cost_invest_eos_rtv(model: EOSModel) -> None:
+    """
+    EOS invest processes most likely do not have a cost_invest parameter, as
+    that is handled by the EOS cost curve.  As a result they would not have
+    loan parameters either.  We add these rtv indices to the base
+    cost_invest param so EOS invest processes have loan parameters for
+    discounting in the objective function.
+    """
+    for r, p, t in model.cost_invest_eos_period_rpt:
+        regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+        techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+
+        valid_rtv = {
+            (_r, _t, p) for _r in regions for _t in techs if (_r, _t, p) in model.process_periods
+        }
+        for rtv in valid_rtv:
+            if rtv not in model.cost_invest_rtv:
+                model.cost_invest_rtv.add(rtv)
+
+
+def initialize_cost_invest_eos(model: EOSModel) -> None:
+    """
+    Gather segment data and validate guard rails for EOS invest clusters.
+    """
+
+    # Collect segment indices n for each (r,t) cluster; order doesn't matter
+    for r, t, n in model.cost_invest_eos.sparse_keys():
+        model.cost_invest_eos_segments.setdefault((r, t), set()).add(n)
+
+    # Check that costs and capacities are monotonically increasing
+    for (r, t), segs in model.cost_invest_eos_segments.items():
+        sorted_segs = sorted(segs)
+        for i, n in enumerate(sorted_segs):
+            cap_lower, cap_upper, cost_lower, cost_upper = model.cost_invest_eos[r, t, n]
+
+            # Check cost curve is nonnegative and monotonically increasing.
+            # If someone wants to break this assumption they should have the
+            # skills to edit this code.
+            if not all(
+                (
+                    cap_lower >= 0,
+                    cap_upper >= 0,
+                    cost_lower >= 0,
+                    cost_upper >= 0,
+                    cap_upper > cap_lower,
+                    cost_upper > cost_lower,
+                )
+            ):
+                msg = (
+                    'Negative values or non-increasing segment bounds found '
+                    f'in cost_invest_eos table for {r, t, n}'
+                )
+                logger.error(msg)
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            # Backcheck for monotonic growth
+            if i == 0:
+                continue
+
+            _, prev_cap_upper, _, prev_cost_upper = model.cost_invest_eos[r, t, sorted_segs[i - 1]]
+
+            if not all(
+                (
+                    abs(cap_lower - prev_cap_upper) <= 0.001,
+                    abs(cost_lower - prev_cost_upper) <= 0.001,
+                )
+            ):
+                msg = (
+                    'Segments in cost_invest_eos table do not align on their bounds. This would '
+                    'leave gaps in the cost curve and could lead to infeasibility. Check '
+                    f'({r, t, sorted_segs[i - 1]}) to ({r, t, n})'
+                )
+                logger.error(msg)
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    # Shortens some lines below in error checks
+    life = model.lifetime_process
+    loan_life = model.loan_lifetime_process
+    loan_rate = model.loan_rate
+
+    # Get a viable built process for each EOS invest period, for discounting
+    # parameters.  Check that all r, t combos in the cluster share the same
+    # lifetime and loan parameters.
+    for r, p, t in model.cost_invest_eos_period_rpt:
+        regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+        techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+
+        for _r, _t in cross_product(regions, techs):
+            if (_r, _t, p) in model.process_periods:
+                # Store first valid process as our reference for this period
+                if (r, p, t) not in model.cost_invest_eos_reference_process:
+                    model.cost_invest_eos_reference_process[r, p, t] = _r, _t
+
+                # Check that the assumptions hold
+                r0, t0 = model.cost_invest_eos_reference_process[r, p, t]
+                if any(
+                    (
+                        abs(life[r0, t0, p] - life[_r, _t, p]) >= 0.001,
+                        abs(loan_life[r0, t0, p] - loan_life[_r, _t, p]) >= 0.001,
+                        abs(loan_rate[r0, t0, p] - loan_rate[_r, _t, p]) >= 0.001,
+                    )
+                ):
+                    msg = (
+                        'Processes assigned to the same cost_invest_eos cost curve must all have '
+                        'the same process lifetime, loan lifetime, and loan rate. These two '
+                        'processes do not match:\n '
+                        f'({r0}, {t0}, {p}) : lifetime = {life[r0, t0, p]}, '
+                        f'loan life = {loan_life[r0, t0, p]}, loan rate = {loan_rate[r0, t0, p]}\n'
+                        f'({_r}, {_t}, {p}) : lifetime = {life[_r, _t, p]}, '
+                        f'loan life = {loan_life[_r, _t, p]}, loan rate = {loan_rate[_r, _t, p]}'
+                    )
+                    logger.error(msg)
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+# --- Enforce the rules of cumulative capacity progression up the cost curve ---
+def cost_invest_eos_segment_binary_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Enforce exactly one active segment of the EOS invest cost curve for each
+    cluster in each period.
+
+    Each technology cluster :math:`(r, t)` has a piecewise-linear investment
+    cost curve split into :math:`N_{r,t}` segments.  The binary variable
+    :math:`\textbf{CIEB}_{r,p,t,n}` selects which segment is currently active.
+    Exactly one segment must be active at all times:
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Cost Invest EOS Segment Binary Constraint
+
+        \sum_{n \in N_{r,t}} \textbf{CIEB}_{r,p,t,n} = 1
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_invest\_eos\_period\_rpt}}
+
+    where :math:`\textbf{CIEB}_{r,p,t,n}` is
+    :code:`v_cost_invest_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n]` (:math:`\in \{0, 1\}`) and
+    :math:`N_{r,t}` is the set of segment indices declared for cluster
+    :math:`(r, t)` in the :code:`cost_invest_eos` table.
+    """
+    count_active_segments = quicksum(
+        model.v_cost_invest_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n]
+        for n in model.cost_invest_eos_segments[r, t]
+    )
+    return count_active_segments == 1
+
+
+def cost_invest_eos_capacity_lower_bound_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, n: int
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Enforce the lower bound of the active EOS invest cost-curve segment on
+    cumulative capacity.
+
+    When segment :math:`n` is inactive (:math:`\textbf{CIEB}_{r,p,t,n} = 0`), the
+    right-hand side collapses to zero so the constraint is non-binding.  When
+    segment :math:`n` is active (:math:`\textbf{CIEB}_{r,p,t,n} = 1`), it
+    enforces that cumulative capacity has reached at least the lower boundary
+    :math:`\underline{K}_{r,t,n}` of that segment:
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Cost Invest EOS Capacity Lower Bound
+
+        \textbf{CIECAP}_{r,p,t,n}
+            \ge \textbf{CIEB}_{r,p,t,n} \cdot \underline{K}_{r,t,n}
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t, n\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_invest\_eos\_segment\_rptn}}
+
+    where :math:`\textbf{CIECAP}_{r,p,t,n}` is
+    :code:`v_cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity[r, p, t, n]`,
+    :math:`\textbf{CIEB}_{r,p,t,n}` is
+    :code:`v_cost_invest_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n]`, and
+    :math:`\underline{K}_{r,t,n}` is :code:`cost_invest_eos[r, t, n][0]`
+    (the :code:`capacity_lower` column).
+    """
+    cap_lower = model.v_cost_invest_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n] * value(
+        model.cost_invest_eos[r, t, n][0]
+    )
+    return model.v_cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity[r, p, t, n] >= cap_lower
+
+
+def cost_invest_eos_capacity_upper_bound_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, n: int
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Enforce the upper bound of the active EOS invest cost-curve segment on
+    cumulative capacity.
+
+    This is the mirror of the lower bound.  When segment :math:`n` is inactive
+    the right-hand side collapses to zero, driving
+    :math:`\textbf{CIECAP}_{r,p,t,n}` to zero.  When it is active,
+    cumulative capacity cannot exceed the upper boundary
+    :math:`\overline{K}_{r,t,n}` of that segment:
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Cost Invest EOS Capacity Upper Bound
+
+        \textbf{CIECAP}_{r,p,t,n}
+            \le \textbf{CIEB}_{r,p,t,n} \cdot \overline{K}_{r,t,n}
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t, n\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_invest\_eos\_segment\_rptn}}
+
+    where :math:`\overline{K}_{r,t,n}` is :code:`cost_invest_eos[r, t, n][1]`
+    (the :code:`capacity_upper` column).
+
+    Together the lower and upper bound constraints implement a "big-M"-style
+    activation: only the single active segment can carry non-zero capacity,
+    and that capacity is pinned within the segment's range.
+    """
+    cap_upper = model.v_cost_invest_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n] * value(
+        model.cost_invest_eos[r, t, n][1]
+    )
+    return model.v_cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity[r, p, t, n] <= cap_upper
+
+
+def cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Equate the EOS invest cumulative-capacity expression to the actual capacity
+    built in the base model.
+
+    The EOS invest formulation tracks cumulative capacity internally through
+    :math:`\textbf{CIECAP}_{r,p,t,n}`.  This constraint ties those internal
+    variables to the real decision variables :math:`\textbf{NCAP}_{r,t,v}` and
+    the parameter :math:`\textbf{ECAP}_{r,t,v}` from the base Temoa model, so
+    the cost curve reflects actually-built capacity rather than a free
+    parameter:
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Cost Invest EOS Cumulative Capacity
+
+        \sum_{n \in N_{r,t}} \textbf{CIECAP}_{r,p,t,n}
+        =
+        \sum_{\substack{r' \in R(r),\, t' \in T(t),\\ v \in V}}
+            \textbf{ECAP}_{r',t',v}
+        +
+        \sum_{\substack{r' \in R(r),\, t' \in T(t),\\ v \le p,\, v \in \mathcal{V}(r',t')}}
+            \textbf{NCAP}_{r',t',v}
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_invest\_eos\_period\_rpt}}
+
+    where :math:`R(r)` and :math:`T(t)` expand any group labels to the
+    individual regions and technologies they contain, and
+    :math:`\mathcal{V}(r', t')` is the set of all optimised vintages for that
+    process.
+    """
+
+    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+
+    # What EOS invest thinks the cumulative capacity is for this cluster in this period
+    cap_eos = quicksum(
+        model.v_cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity[r, p, t, n]
+        for n in model.cost_invest_eos_segments[r, t]
+    )
+
+    # Sum all actually built capacity so far
+    cap_deployed = quicksum(
+        value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
+        for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity.sparse_keys()
+        if _r in regions and _t in techs
+    )
+    cap_deployed += quicksum(
+        model.v_new_capacity[_r, _t, _v]
+        for _v in model.vintage_optimize
+        if _v <= p
+        for _r in regions
+        for _t in techs
+        if (_r, _t, _v) in model.v_new_capacity
+    )
+
+    return cap_deployed == cap_eos
+
+
+# --- Calculating investment costs ---
+def cost_invest_eos_segment_cost(
+    model: EOSModel,
+    r: Region,
+    t: Technology,
+    n: int,
+    cumulative_capacity: ExprLike,
+    binary: VarData | bool = True,
+) -> ExprLike:
+    """Cumulative investment cost within an EOS invest segment, if capacity were in that segment"""
+    cap_lower, cap_upper, cost_lower, cost_upper = model.cost_invest_eos[r, t, n]
+    m = (value(cost_upper) - value(cost_lower)) / (value(cap_upper) - value(cap_lower))
+    return m * cumulative_capacity + binary * (value(cost_lower) - m * value(cap_lower))
+
+
+def cost_invest_eos_cluster_cumulative_cost(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology
+) -> Expression:
+    """
+    Cumulative investment cost for an EOS invest cluster up to period p,
+    accounting for which segment of the cost curve is active.
+    """
+    return quicksum(
+        cost_invest_eos_segment_cost(
+            model,
+            r,
+            t,
+            n,
+            model.v_cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity[r, p, t, n],
+            model.v_cost_invest_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n],
+        )
+        for n in model.cost_invest_eos_segments[r, t]
+    )
+
+
+def period_cost(model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology) -> Expression:
+    r"""
+    EOS invest clusters do not contribute to the base-model
+    :math:`\text{CostInvest}` sum.  Instead, the extension adds a separate
+    discounted-investment term to :code:`total_cost` via a
+    :code:`BuildAction` (``append_cost_invest_eos_to_total_cost``).
+
+    The *period cost* for cluster :math:`(r, p, t)` is the *incremental*
+    cumulative cost: the cost of all capacity built up to period :math:`p`
+    minus the cost of all capacity built up to the preceding EOS invest period
+    (or the cost attributable to pre-existing capacity in the first period):
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \text{EOS\_Invest\_PeriodCost}_{r,p,t} =
+            \mathcal{C}_{r,p,t} - \mathcal{C}_{r,p_{\text{prev}},t}
+
+    where the cumulative cost for a cluster in a given period is:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \mathcal{C}_{r,p,t} =
+            \sum_{n \in N_{r,t}}
+                \left[
+                    m_{r,t,n} \cdot \textbf{CIECAP}_{r,p,t,n}
+                    + \textbf{CIEB}_{r,p,t,n}
+                        \left(\underline{C}_{r,t,n} - m_{r,t,n} \cdot \underline{K}_{r,t,n}\right)
+                \right]
+
+        \text{with slope }m_{r,p,t,n} = \dfrac{\overline{C}_{r,p,t,n} -
+        \underline{C}_{r,p,t,n}}{\overline{K}_{r,p,t,n} - \underline{K}_{r,p,t,n}}
+
+    Note the terms in this summation are only non-zero for the active segment.
+
+    This incremental cost is then discounted and amortised using the same
+    :func:`~temoa.components.costs.loan_cost` function as for cost_invest in
+    the base model, using the reference process :math:`(r_0, t_0)` for loan
+    parameters.  The result is added to :code:`total_cost` once per
+    cluster-period combination in
+    :math:`\Theta_{\text{cost\_invest\_eos\_period\_rpt}}`.
+    """
+
+    cumulative_cost = cost_invest_eos_cluster_cumulative_cost(model, r, p, t)
+    prev_cum_cost: ExprLike = 0.0
+
+    # Subtract previously accumulated investment costs to get the incremental for discounting
+    prev_periods = {
+        _p for _r, _p, _t in model.cost_invest_eos_period_rpt if _r == r and _t == t and _p < p
+    }
+    if len(prev_periods) > 0:
+        # Endogenous previous cumulative investment costs to subtract
+        p_prev = max(prev_periods)
+        prev_cum_cost = cost_invest_eos_cluster_cumulative_cost(model, r, p_prev, t)
+    else:
+        # Existing capacity costs to subtract (needed for myopic)
+        regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+        techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+        existing_capacity = quicksum(
+            value(model.existing_capacity[_r, _t, _v])
+            for _r, _t, _v in model.existing_capacity
+            if _r in regions and _t in techs
+        )
+        if existing_capacity:
+            for n in model.cost_invest_eos_segments[r, t]:
+                cap_lower, cap_upper, _, _ = model.cost_invest_eos[r, t, n]
+                if value(cap_lower) <= existing_capacity <= value(cap_upper):
+                    prev_cum_cost = cost_invest_eos_segment_cost(model, r, t, n, existing_capacity)
+                    continue  # in case we're exactly on the boundary of two segments
+            if not prev_cum_cost:
+                msg = (
+                    'Existing capacity for a cost_invest_eos cluster is outside the bounds of '
+                    'the cost curve. Check the cost_invest_eos table and existing_capacity '
+                    f'for {r, t}: {existing_capacity}'
+                )
+                logger.error(msg)
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    return cumulative_cost - prev_cum_cost
+
+
+def total_cost(model: EOSModel) -> None:
+    """
+    Discounted investment costs for all EOS invest clusters in the planning horizon
+    """
+
+    p_0 = min(model.time_optimize)
+    p_e = model.time_future.last()
+    global_discount_rate = value(model.global_discount_rate)
+
+    total_cost = 0.0
+
+    for _r, _p, _t in model.cost_invest_eos_period_rpt:
+        _r0, _t0 = model.cost_invest_eos_reference_process[_r, _p, _t]
+        if model.is_survival_curve_process[_r0, _t0, _p]:
+            total_cost += loan_cost_survival_curve(
+                model,
+                _r0,
+                _t0,
+                _p,
+                1,
+                period_cost(model, _r, _p, _t),
+                value(model.loan_annualize[_r0, _t0, _p]),
+                value(model.loan_lifetime_process[_r0, _t0, _p]),
+                p_0,
+                p_e,
+                global_discount_rate,
+            )
+        else:
+            total_cost += loan_cost(
+                1,
+                period_cost(model, _r, _p, _t),
+                value(model.loan_annualize[_r0, _t0, _p]),
+                value(model.loan_lifetime_process[_r0, _t0, _p]),
+                value(model.lifetime_process[_r0, _t0, _p]),
+                p_0,
+                p_e,
+                global_discount_rate,
+                vintage=_p,
+            )
+
+    # Append to total cost objective
+    model.total_cost.set_value(cast('ObjectiveData', model.total_cost).expr + total_cost)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_variable_eos.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_variable_eos.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e65868cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/components/cost_variable_eos.py
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from pyomo.environ import quicksum, value
+
+import temoa.components.geography as geography
+import temoa.components.technology as technology
+from temoa.components.costs import fixed_or_variable_cost
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pyomo.core import Expression
+    from pyomo.core.base.objective import ObjectiveData
+    from pyomo.core.base.var import VarData
+
+    from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.core.model import EOSModel
+    from temoa.types import ExprLike, Period, Region, Technology
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def period_cost_indices(model: EOSModel) -> set[tuple[Region, Period, Technology]]:
+    return {(r, p, t) for r, p, t, _ in model.cost_variable_eos_rptn}
+
+
+def initialize_components(model: EOSModel) -> None:
+    """
+    Organise some data and put up some guard rails
+    """
+
+    # Collect segment indices n for each (r,p,t) cluster; order doesn't matter
+    for r, p, t, n in model.cost_variable_eos_rptn:
+        model.cost_variable_eos_segments.setdefault((r, p, t), set()).add(n)
+
+    # Check that costs and activities are monotonically increasing
+    for (r, p, t), segs in model.cost_variable_eos_segments.items():
+        sorted_segs = sorted(segs)
+        for i, n in enumerate(sorted_segs):
+            act_lower, act_upper, cost_lower, cost_upper = model.cost_variable_eos[r, p, t, n]
+
+            # Check cost curve is nonnegative and monotonically increasing
+            # If someone wants to break this assumption they should have the
+            # skills to edit this code.
+            if not all(
+                (
+                    act_lower >= 0,
+                    act_upper >= 0,
+                    cost_lower >= 0,
+                    cost_upper >= 0,
+                    act_upper > act_lower,
+                    cost_upper > cost_lower,
+                )
+            ):
+                msg = (
+                    'Negative values or non-increasing segment bounds found '
+                    f'in cost_variable_eos table for {r, p, t, n}'
+                )
+                logger.error(msg)
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            # Backcheck for monotonic growth
+            if i == 0:
+                continue
+
+            _, prev_act_upper, _, prev_cost_upper = model.cost_variable_eos[
+                r, p, t, sorted_segs[i - 1]
+            ]
+
+            if not all(
+                (
+                    abs(act_lower - prev_act_upper) <= 0.001,
+                    abs(cost_lower - prev_cost_upper) <= 0.001,
+                )
+            ):
+                msg = (
+                    'Segments in cost_variable_eos table do not align on their bounds. This would '
+                    'leave gaps in the cost curve and could lead to infeasibility. Check '
+                    f'({r, p, t, sorted_segs[i - 1]}) to ({r, p, t, n})'
+                )
+                logger.error(msg)
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+# --- Enforce the rules of activity progression up the cost curve ---
+def cost_variable_eos_segment_binary_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Enforce exactly one active segment of the cost curve for each cluster
+    in each period.
+
+    Each technology cluster :math:`(r, p, t)` has a piecewise-linear cost curve
+    split into :math:`N_{r,p,t}` segments.  The binary variable
+    :math:`\textbf{CVEB}_{r,p,t,n}` selects which segment is currently active.
+    Exactly one segment must be active at all times:
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Cost Variable EOS Segment Binary Constraint
+
+        \sum_{n \in N_{r,p,t}} \textbf{CVEB}_{r,p,t,n} = 1
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_variable\_eos\_period\_rpt}}
+
+    where :math:`\textbf{CVEB}_{r,p,t,n}` is
+    :code:`v_cost_variable_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n]` (:math:`\in \{0, 1\}`) and
+    :math:`N_{r,p,t}` is the set of segment indices declared for cluster
+    :math:`(r, p, t)` in the :code:`cost_variable_eos` table.
+    """
+    count_active_segments = quicksum(
+        model.v_cost_variable_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n]
+        for n in model.cost_variable_eos_segments[r, p, t]
+    )
+    return count_active_segments == 1
+
+
+def cost_variable_eos_activity_lower_bound_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, n: int
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Enforce the lower bound of the active EOS cost-curve segment on the
+    activity variable for that segment.
+
+    When segment :math:`n` is inactive (:math:`\textbf{CVEB}_{r,p,t,n} = 0`), the
+    right-hand side collapses to zero so the constraint is non-binding.  When
+    segment :math:`n` is active (:math:`\textbf{CVEB}_{r,p,t,n} = 1`), it
+    enforces that the segment activity is at least the lower boundary
+    :math:`\underline{A}_{r,p,t,n}` of that segment:
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Cost Variable EOS Activity Lower Bound
+
+        \textbf{CVEACT}_{r,p,t,n}
+            \ge \textbf{CVEB}_{r,p,t,n} \cdot \underline{A}_{r,p,t,n}
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t, n\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_variable\_eos\_rptn}}
+
+    where :math:`\textbf{CVEACT}_{r,p,t,n}` is
+    :code:`v_cost_variable_eos_activity[r, p, t, n]`, :math:`\textbf{CVEB}_{r,p,t,n}`
+    is :code:`v_cost_variable_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n]`, and
+    :math:`\underline{A}_{r,p,t,n}` is :code:`cost_variable_eos[r, p, t, n][0]`
+    (the :code:`activity_lower` column).
+    """
+    act_lower = model.v_cost_variable_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n] * value(
+        model.cost_variable_eos[r, p, t, n][0]
+    )
+    return model.v_cost_variable_eos_activity[r, p, t, n] >= act_lower
+
+
+def cost_variable_eos_activity_upper_bound_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology, n: int
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Enforce the upper bound of the active EOS cost-curve segment on the
+    activity variable for that segment.
+
+    This is the mirror of the lower bound.  When segment :math:`n` is inactive
+    the right-hand side collapses to zero, driving
+    :math:`\textbf{CVEACT}_{r,p,t,n}` to zero.  When it is active,
+    the segment activity cannot exceed the upper boundary
+    :math:`\overline{A}_{r,p,t,n}` of that segment:
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Cost Variable EOS Activity Upper Bound
+
+        \textbf{CVEACT}_{r,p,t,n}
+            \le \textbf{CVEB}_{r,p,t,n} \cdot \overline{A}_{r,p,t,n}
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t, n\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_variable\_eos\_rptn}}
+
+    where :math:`\overline{A}_{r,p,t,n}` is :code:`cost_variable_eos[r, p, t, n][1]`
+    (the :code:`activity_upper` column).
+
+    Together the lower and upper bound constraints implement a "big-M"-style
+    activation: only the single active segment can carry non-zero activity,
+    and that activity is pinned within the segment's range.
+    """
+    act_upper = model.v_cost_variable_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n] * value(
+        model.cost_variable_eos[r, p, t, n][1]
+    )
+    return model.v_cost_variable_eos_activity[r, p, t, n] <= act_upper
+
+
+def cost_variable_eos_activity_constraint(
+    model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology
+) -> ExprLike:
+    r"""
+    Equate the EOS activity expression to the actual total activity in the
+    base model.
+
+    The EOS formulation tracks activity internally through
+    :math:`\textbf{CVEACT}_{r,p,t,n}`.  This constraint ties those
+    internal variables to the real flow decision variables from the base
+    Temoa model, so the cost curve reflects actual activity rather than
+    a free parameter:
+
+    .. math::
+        :label: Cost Variable EOS Activity
+
+        \sum_{n \in N_{r,p,t}} \textbf{CVEACT}_{r,p,t,n}
+        =
+        \sum_{\substack{r' \in R(r),\, t' \in T(t) \setminus T_a,\\
+                         v,\, s,\, d,\, i,\, o}}
+            \textbf{FO}_{r',p,s,d,i,t',v,o}
+        +
+        \sum_{\substack{r' \in R(r),\, t' \in T(t) \cap T_a,\\
+                         v,\, i,\, o}}
+            \textbf{FOA}_{r',p,i,t',v,o}
+
+        \qquad \forall \{r, p, t\} \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_variable\_eos\_period\_rpt}}
+
+    where :math:`R(r)` and :math:`T(t)` expand any group labels to the
+    individual regions and technologies they contain, :math:`T_a` is the set
+    of annual technologies (:code:`tech_annual`),
+    :math:`\textbf{FO}` is :code:`v_flow_out` summed over all vintages,
+    seasons :math:`s`, times of day :math:`d`, inputs :math:`i`, and outputs
+    :math:`o` active in period :math:`p`, and :math:`\textbf{FOA}` is
+    :code:`v_flow_out_annual` for annual technologies (no :math:`s,d` indices).
+    """
+
+    regions = geography.gather_group_regions(model, r)
+    techs = technology.gather_group_techs(model, t)
+
+    activity_eos = quicksum(
+        model.v_cost_variable_eos_activity[r, p, t, n]
+        for n in model.cost_variable_eos_segments[r, p, t]
+    )
+    activity = quicksum(
+        model.v_flow_out[_r, p, s, d, S_i, _t, S_v, S_o]
+        for _t in techs
+        if _t not in model.tech_annual
+        for _r in regions
+        for S_v in model.process_vintages.get((_r, p, _t), [])
+        for S_i in model.process_inputs[_r, p, _t, S_v]
+        for S_o in model.process_outputs_by_input[_r, p, _t, S_v, S_i]
+        for s in model.time_season
+        for d in model.time_of_day
+    )
+    activity += quicksum(
+        model.v_flow_out_annual[_r, p, S_i, _t, S_v, S_o]
+        for _t in techs
+        if _t in model.tech_annual
+        for _r in regions
+        for S_v in model.process_vintages.get((_r, p, _t), [])
+        for S_i in model.process_inputs[_r, p, _t, S_v]
+        for S_o in model.process_outputs_by_input[_r, p, _t, S_v, S_i]
+    )
+    return activity == activity_eos
+
+
+# --- Calculating costs ---
+def cost_variable_eos_segment_cost(
+    model: EOSModel,
+    r: Region,
+    p: Period,
+    t: Technology,
+    n: int,
+    activity: ExprLike,
+    binary: VarData | bool = True,
+) -> ExprLike:
+    """Variable cost within a segment, if activity were in that segment"""
+    act_lower, act_upper, cost_lower, cost_upper = model.cost_variable_eos[r, p, t, n]
+    m = (value(cost_upper) - value(cost_lower)) / (value(act_upper) - value(act_lower))
+    return m * activity + binary * (value(cost_lower) - m * value(act_lower))
+
+
+def period_cost(model: EOSModel, r: Region, p: Period, t: Technology) -> Expression:
+    r"""
+    EOS clusters do not contribute to the base-model
+    :math:`\text{CostVariable}` sum.  Instead, the extension adds a separate
+    discounted variable-cost term to :code:`total_cost` via a
+    :code:`BuildAction` (``append_cost_variable_eos_to_total_cost``).
+
+    The *period cost* for cluster :math:`(r, p, t)` is evaluated from the
+    piecewise-linear cost curve at the total activity in period :math:`p`:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \text{EOS\_PeriodCost}_{r,p,t} =
+            \sum_{n \in N_{r,p,t}}
+                \left[
+                    m_{r,p,t,n} \cdot \textbf{CVEACT}_{r,p,t,n}
+                    + \textbf{CVEB}_{r,p,t,n}
+                        \left(\underline{C}_{r,p,t,n} - m_{r,p,t,n}
+                        \cdot \underline{A}_{r,p,t,n}\right)
+                \right]
+
+        \text{with slope }m_{r,p,t,n} = \dfrac{\overline{C}_{r,p,t,n} -
+        \underline{C}_{r,p,t,n}}{\overline{A}_{r,p,t,n} - \underline{A}_{r,p,t,n}}
+
+    Note the terms in this summation are only non-zero for the active segment.
+
+    This cost is then discounted and amortised using the same
+    :func:`~temoa.components.costs.fixed_or_variable_cost` function as for
+    cost_variable in the base model.  The result is added to :code:`total_cost`
+    once per cluster-period combination in
+    :math:`\Theta_{\text{cost\_variable\_eos\_period\_rpt}}`.
+    """
+    return quicksum(
+        cost_variable_eos_segment_cost(
+            model,
+            r,
+            p,
+            t,
+            n,
+            model.v_cost_variable_eos_activity[r, p, t, n],
+            model.v_cost_variable_eos_segment_binary[r, p, t, n],
+        )
+        for n in model.cost_variable_eos_segments[r, p, t]
+    )
+
+
+def total_cost(model: EOSModel) -> None:
+    """
+    Discounted fixed costs for all EOS clusters in the planning horizon
+    """
+
+    p_0 = min(model.time_optimize)
+    global_discount_rate = value(model.global_discount_rate)
+
+    total_cost = quicksum(
+        fixed_or_variable_cost(
+            1,
+            period_cost(model, r, p, t),
+            value(model.period_length[p]),
+            global_discount_rate,
+            p_0,
+            p=p,
+        )
+        for r, p, t in model.cost_variable_eos_period_rpt
+    )
+
+    # Append to total cost objective
+    model.total_cost.set_value(cast('ObjectiveData', model.total_cost).expr + total_cost)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/__init__.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/model.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82c0d0e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from pyomo.environ import (
+    Any,
+    Binary,
+    BuildAction,
+    Constraint,
+    Integers,
+    NonNegativeReals,
+    Param,
+    Set,
+    Var,
+)
+
+import temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_fixed_eos as cost_fixed_eos
+import temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_invest_eos as cost_invest_eos
+import temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_variable_eos as cost_variable_eos
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+    from temoa.types.core_types import Period, Region, Technology
+
+    class EOSModel(TemoaModel):
+        """Inherits the base TemoaModel class and declares EOS extension
+        components for type checking/hinting purposes"""
+
+        # Param (data from database table)
+        cost_invest_eos: Param
+        cost_fixed_eos: Param
+        cost_variable_eos: Param
+
+        # Primitive components (instantiation helpers)
+        cost_invest_eos_segments: dict[tuple[Region, Technology], set[int]]
+        cost_invest_eos_reference_process: dict[
+            tuple[Region, Period, Technology], tuple[Region, Technology]
+        ]
+        cost_fixed_eos_segments: dict[tuple[Region, Period, Technology], set[int]]
+        cost_variable_eos_segments: dict[tuple[Region, Period, Technology], set[int]]
+
+        # Sets (indexing sets for variables and constraints)
+        cost_invest_eos_rtn: Set
+        cost_invest_eos_segment_rptn: Set
+        cost_invest_eos_period_rpt: Set
+        cost_fixed_eos_rptn: Set
+        cost_variable_eos_rptn: Set
+        cost_fixed_eos_period_rpt: Set
+        cost_variable_eos_period_rpt: Set
+
+        # Instantiation build actions
+        append_cost_invest_eos_to_cost_invest_rtv: BuildAction
+        initialize_cost_invest_eos: BuildAction
+        append_cost_invest_eos_to_total_cost: BuildAction
+        initialize_cost_fixed_eos: BuildAction
+        append_cost_fixed_eos_to_total_cost: BuildAction
+        initialize_cost_variable_eos: BuildAction
+        append_cost_variable_eos_to_total_cost: BuildAction
+
+        # Decision variables
+        v_cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity: Var
+        v_cost_invest_eos_segment_binary: Var
+        v_cost_fixed_eos_capacity: Var
+        v_cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary: Var
+        v_cost_variable_eos_activity: Var
+        v_cost_variable_eos_segment_binary: Var
+
+        # Constraints
+        cost_invest_eos_segment_binary_constraint: Constraint
+        cost_invest_eos_capacity_lower_bound_constraint: Constraint
+        cost_invest_eos_capacity_upper_bound_constraint: Constraint
+        cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity_constraint: Constraint
+        cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary_constraint: Constraint
+        cost_fixed_eos_capacity_lower_bound_constraint: Constraint
+        cost_fixed_eos_capacity_upper_bound_constraint: Constraint
+        cost_fixed_eos_capacity_constraint: Constraint
+        cost_variable_eos_segment_binary_constraint: Constraint
+        cost_variable_eos_activity_lower_bound_constraint: Constraint
+        cost_variable_eos_activity_upper_bound_constraint: Constraint
+        cost_variable_eos_activity_constraint: Constraint
+
+
+def register_early_eos_components(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
+    """Build cost_invest_eos components that must be instantiated before loan parameters."""
+    if 'eos' not in model.enabled_extensions:
+        return
+    m = cast('EOSModel', model)
+
+    m.cost_invest_eos_rtn = Set(
+        within=model.regional_global_indices * model.tech_or_group * Integers
+    )
+    m.cost_invest_eos = Param(m.cost_invest_eos_rtn, domain=Any)
+
+    m.cost_invest_eos_segments = {}
+    m.cost_invest_eos_reference_process = {}
+
+    m.cost_invest_eos_segment_rptn = Set(
+        dimen=4, initialize=cost_invest_eos.cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity_indices
+    )
+    m.cost_invest_eos_period_rpt = Set(
+        dimen=3, initialize=cost_invest_eos.cost_invest_eos_period_cost_indices
+    )
+
+    m.append_cost_invest_eos_to_cost_invest_rtv = BuildAction(
+        rule=cost_invest_eos.append_cost_invest_eos_rtv
+    )
+
+
+def register_model_components(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
+    """Build remaining components that can be instantiated at the end of model instantiation"""
+    m = cast('EOSModel', model)
+
+    # --- cost_invest_eos ---
+    m.initialize_cost_invest_eos = BuildAction(rule=cost_invest_eos.initialize_cost_invest_eos)
+
+    m.v_cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity = Var(
+        m.cost_invest_eos_segment_rptn, domain=NonNegativeReals, initialize=0
+    )
+    m.v_cost_invest_eos_segment_binary = Var(
+        m.cost_invest_eos_segment_rptn, domain=Binary, initialize=0
+    )
+
+    m.cost_invest_eos_segment_binary_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_invest_eos_period_rpt,
+        rule=cost_invest_eos.cost_invest_eos_segment_binary_constraint,
+    )
+    m.cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_invest_eos_period_rpt,
+        rule=cost_invest_eos.cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity_constraint,
+    )
+    m.cost_invest_eos_capacity_lower_bound_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_invest_eos_segment_rptn,
+        rule=cost_invest_eos.cost_invest_eos_capacity_lower_bound_constraint,
+    )
+    m.cost_invest_eos_capacity_upper_bound_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_invest_eos_segment_rptn,
+        rule=cost_invest_eos.cost_invest_eos_capacity_upper_bound_constraint,
+    )
+
+    m.append_cost_invest_eos_to_total_cost = BuildAction(rule=cost_invest_eos.total_cost)
+
+    # --- cost_fixed_eos ---
+    m.cost_fixed_eos_rptn = Set(
+        within=model.regional_global_indices * model.time_optimize * model.tech_or_group * Integers
+    )
+    m.cost_fixed_eos = Param(m.cost_fixed_eos_rptn, domain=Any)
+
+    m.cost_fixed_eos_segments = {}
+
+    m.cost_fixed_eos_period_rpt = Set(dimen=3, initialize=cost_fixed_eos.period_cost_indices)
+
+    m.initialize_cost_fixed_eos = BuildAction(rule=cost_fixed_eos.initialize_components)
+
+    m.v_cost_fixed_eos_capacity = Var(m.cost_fixed_eos_rptn, domain=NonNegativeReals, initialize=0)
+    m.v_cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary = Var(m.cost_fixed_eos_rptn, domain=Binary, initialize=0)
+
+    m.cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_fixed_eos_period_rpt, rule=cost_fixed_eos.cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary_constraint
+    )
+    m.cost_fixed_eos_capacity_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_fixed_eos_period_rpt, rule=cost_fixed_eos.cost_fixed_eos_capacity_constraint
+    )
+    m.cost_fixed_eos_capacity_lower_bound_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_fixed_eos_rptn,
+        rule=cost_fixed_eos.cost_fixed_eos_capacity_lower_bound_constraint,
+    )
+    m.cost_fixed_eos_capacity_upper_bound_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_fixed_eos_rptn,
+        rule=cost_fixed_eos.cost_fixed_eos_capacity_upper_bound_constraint,
+    )
+
+    # -- cost_variable_eos ---
+    m.cost_variable_eos_segments = {}
+
+    m.cost_variable_eos_rptn = Set(
+        within=model.regional_global_indices * model.time_optimize * model.tech_or_group * Integers
+    )
+    m.cost_variable_eos = Param(m.cost_variable_eos_rptn, domain=Any)
+
+    m.cost_variable_eos_period_rpt = Set(dimen=3, initialize=cost_variable_eos.period_cost_indices)
+
+    m.initialize_cost_variable_eos = BuildAction(rule=cost_variable_eos.initialize_components)
+
+    m.v_cost_variable_eos_activity = Var(
+        m.cost_variable_eos_rptn, domain=NonNegativeReals, initialize=0
+    )
+    m.v_cost_variable_eos_segment_binary = Var(
+        m.cost_variable_eos_rptn, domain=Binary, initialize=0
+    )
+
+    m.cost_variable_eos_segment_binary_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_variable_eos_period_rpt,
+        rule=cost_variable_eos.cost_variable_eos_segment_binary_constraint,
+    )
+    m.cost_variable_eos_activity_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_variable_eos_period_rpt,
+        rule=cost_variable_eos.cost_variable_eos_activity_constraint,
+    )
+    m.cost_variable_eos_activity_lower_bound_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_variable_eos_rptn,
+        rule=cost_variable_eos.cost_variable_eos_activity_lower_bound_constraint,
+    )
+    m.cost_variable_eos_activity_upper_bound_constraint = Constraint(
+        m.cost_variable_eos_rptn,
+        rule=cost_variable_eos.cost_variable_eos_activity_upper_bound_constraint,
+    )
+
+    m.append_cost_variable_eos_to_total_cost = BuildAction(rule=cost_variable_eos.total_cost)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/data_manifest.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/data_manifest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a74bd11d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/data_manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from temoa.data_io.loader_manifest import LoadItem
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+    from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.core.model import EOSModel
+
+
+def build_manifest_items(model: TemoaModel) -> list[LoadItem]:
+    m = cast('EOSModel', model)
+    return [
+        LoadItem(
+            component=m.cost_invest_eos,
+            table='cost_invest_eos',
+            columns=[
+                'region',
+                'tech_or_group',
+                'segment',
+                'capacity_lower',
+                'capacity_upper',
+                'cost_lower',
+                'cost_upper',
+            ],
+            index_length=3,
+            validator_name='viable_rt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1),
+            is_table_required=False,
+            is_period_filtered=False,
+            index_set=m.cost_invest_eos_rtn,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=m.cost_fixed_eos,
+            table='cost_fixed_eos',
+            columns=[
+                'region',
+                'period',
+                'tech_or_group',
+                'segment',
+                'capacity_lower',
+                'capacity_upper',
+                'cost_lower',
+                'cost_upper',
+            ],
+            index_length=4,
+            validator_name='viable_rpt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1, 2),
+            is_table_required=False,
+            is_period_filtered=True,
+            index_set=m.cost_fixed_eos_rptn,
+        ),
+        LoadItem(
+            component=m.cost_variable_eos,
+            table='cost_variable_eos',
+            columns=[
+                'region',
+                'period',
+                'tech_or_group',
+                'segment',
+                'activity_lower',
+                'activity_upper',
+                'cost_lower',
+                'cost_upper',
+            ],
+            index_length=4,
+            validator_name='viable_rpt',
+            validation_map=(0, 1, 2),
+            is_table_required=False,
+            is_period_filtered=True,
+            index_set=m.cost_variable_eos_rptn,
+        ),
+    ]
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/extension.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/extension.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0b5d8cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/extension.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.core.model import register_model_components
+from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.data_manifest import build_manifest_items
+from temoa.extensions.framework import ExtensionSpec
+
+EOS_EXTENSION = ExtensionSpec(
+    extension_id='eos',
+    owned_tables=('cost_invest_eos', 'cost_fixed_eos', 'cost_variable_eos'),
+    regional_group_tables={
+        'cost_invest_eos': 'region',
+        'cost_fixed_eos': 'region',
+        'cost_variable_eos': 'region',
+    },
+    register_model_components=register_model_components,
+    build_manifest_items=build_manifest_items,
+    schema_sql_path=str(Path(__file__).parent / 'tables.sql'),
+    fail_if_tables_populated_when_disabled=True,
+)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/tables.sql b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/tables.sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2efd7fa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/tables.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cost_invest_eos
+(
+	region TEXT NOT NULL,
+	tech_or_group TEXT NOT NULL,
+	segment INTEGER NOT NULL,
+	capacity_lower REAL NOT NULL,
+	capacity_upper REAL NOT NULL,
+	cost_lower REAL NOT NULL,
+	cost_upper REAL NOT NULL,
+	units TEXT,
+	notes TEXT,
+	CHECK (capacity_lower >= 0),
+	CHECK (capacity_upper >= 0),
+	CHECK (cost_lower >= 0),
+	CHECK (cost_upper >= 0),
+	PRIMARY KEY (region, tech_or_group, segment)
+);
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cost_fixed_eos
+(
+	region TEXT NOT NULL,
+	period INTEGER NOT NULL,
+	tech_or_group TEXT NOT NULL,
+	segment INTEGER NOT NULL,
+	capacity_lower REAL NOT NULL,
+	capacity_upper REAL NOT NULL,
+	cost_lower REAL NOT NULL,
+	cost_upper REAL NOT NULL,
+	units TEXT,
+	notes TEXT,
+	CHECK (capacity_lower >= 0),
+	CHECK (capacity_upper >= 0),
+	CHECK (cost_lower >= 0),
+	CHECK (cost_upper >= 0),
+	PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech_or_group, segment)
+);
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cost_variable_eos
+(
+	region TEXT NOT NULL,
+	period INTEGER NOT NULL,
+	tech_or_group TEXT NOT NULL,
+	segment INTEGER NOT NULL,
+	activity_lower REAL NOT NULL,
+	activity_upper REAL NOT NULL,
+	cost_lower REAL NOT NULL,
+	cost_upper REAL NOT NULL,
+	units TEXT,
+	notes TEXT,
+	CHECK (activity_lower >= 0),
+	CHECK (activity_upper >= 0),
+	CHECK (cost_lower >= 0),
+	CHECK (cost_upper >= 0),
+	PRIMARY KEY (region, period, tech_or_group, segment)
+);
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/framework.py b/temoa/extensions/framework.py
index 179ddf09..7927e3bf 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/framework.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/framework.py
@@ -57,9 +57,10 @@ def normalize_extension_ids(extension_ids: Sequence[str | object] | None) -> tup
 def get_known_extension_specs() -> dict[str, ExtensionSpec]:
     """Return all extension specs known to this installation."""
     from temoa.extensions.discrete_capacity.extension import DISCRETE_CAPACITY_EXTENSION
+    from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.extension import EOS_EXTENSION
     from temoa.extensions.growth_rates.extension import GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION
 
-    specs = [GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION, DISCRETE_CAPACITY_EXTENSION]
+    specs = [GROWTH_RATES_EXTENSION, DISCRETE_CAPACITY_EXTENSION, EOS_EXTENSION]
     return {spec.extension_id: spec for spec in specs}
 
 

From de1086b4710ddf94a4c0e2f4795d897e75257f86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2026 14:44:44 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 24/28] Enable output cost results for economies of scale
 extension

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 temoa/__init__.py                             |   4 +-
 temoa/_internal/exchange_tech_cost_ledger.py  |   6 +-
 temoa/_internal/table_data_puller.py          | 130 ++----------
 temoa/components/costs.py                     | 105 +++++++++-
 temoa/db_schema/temoa_schema_v4.sql           |   5 +-
 .../economies_of_scale/core/data_puller.py    | 187 ++++++++++++++++++
 tests/test_table_writer.py                    |  12 +-
 7 files changed, 325 insertions(+), 124 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/data_puller.py

diff --git a/temoa/__init__.py b/temoa/__init__.py
index 67ef283b..75a8d241 100644
--- a/temoa/__init__.py
+++ b/temoa/__init__.py
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
     solve_instance,
 )
 from temoa._internal.table_data_puller import (
-    loan_costs,
     poll_capacity_results,
     poll_cost_results,
     poll_emissions,
@@ -27,6 +26,7 @@
 )
 from temoa._internal.table_writer import TableWriter
 from temoa._internal.temoa_sequencer import TemoaSequencer
+from temoa.components.costs import poll_loan_costs
 from temoa.core.config import TemoaConfig
 from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
 from temoa.core.modes import TemoaMode
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
     'solve_instance',
     'handle_results',
     'save_lp',
-    'loan_costs',
+    'poll_loan_costs',
     'poll_capacity_results',
     'poll_emissions',
     'poll_flow_results',
diff --git a/temoa/_internal/exchange_tech_cost_ledger.py b/temoa/_internal/exchange_tech_cost_ledger.py
index 12b170f5..361ad8dd 100644
--- a/temoa/_internal/exchange_tech_cost_ledger.py
+++ b/temoa/_internal/exchange_tech_cost_ledger.py
@@ -57,7 +57,11 @@ def add_cost_record(
         if not r1 and r2:
             raise ValueError(f'problem splitting region-region: {link}')
         # add to the "seen" records for appropriate cost type
-        self.cost_records[cost_type][r1, r2, tech, vintage, period] = cost
+        key = (r1, r2, tech, vintage, period)
+        if key in self.cost_records[cost_type]:
+            self.cost_records[cost_type][key] += cost
+        else:
+            self.cost_records[cost_type][key] = cost
 
     def get_use_ratio(
         self, exporter: Region, importer: Region, period: Period, tech: Technology, vintage: Vintage
diff --git a/temoa/_internal/table_data_puller.py b/temoa/_internal/table_data_puller.py
index 832d3557..3973832a 100644
--- a/temoa/_internal/table_data_puller.py
+++ b/temoa/_internal/table_data_puller.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 from temoa._internal.exchange_tech_cost_ledger import CostType, ExchangeTechCostLedger
 from temoa.components import costs
 from temoa.components.utils import get_variable_efficiency
+from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.core import data_puller as eos
 from temoa.types.model_types import EI, FI, SLI, CapData, FlowType
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -340,30 +341,30 @@ def poll_cost_results(
         cap = value(model.v_new_capacity[r, t, v])
         if abs(cap) < epsilon:
             continue
+        cost_invest = value(model.cost_invest[r, t, v])
         loan_life = value(loan_lifetime_process[r, t, v])
-        loan_rate = value(model.loan_rate[r, t, v])
+        loan_annualize = value(model.loan_annualize[r, t, v])
 
         if model.is_survival_curve_process[r, t, v]:
-            model_loan_cost, undiscounted_cost = loan_costs_survival_curve(
+            discounted_cost, undiscounted_cost = costs.poll_loan_costs_survival_curve(
                 model=model,
                 r=r,
                 t=t,
                 v=v,
-                loan_rate=loan_rate,
                 loan_life=loan_life,
+                loan_annualize=loan_annualize,
                 capacity=cap,
-                invest_cost=value(model.cost_invest[r, t, v]),
+                invest_cost=cost_invest,
                 p_0=p_0_true,
                 p_e=p_e,
                 global_discount_rate=global_discount_rate,
-                vintage=v,
             )
         else:
-            model_loan_cost, undiscounted_cost = loan_costs(
-                loan_rate=loan_rate,
+            discounted_cost, undiscounted_cost = costs.poll_loan_costs(
                 loan_life=loan_life,
+                loan_annualize=loan_annualize,
                 capacity=cap,
-                invest_cost=value(model.cost_invest[r, t, v]),
+                invest_cost=cost_invest,
                 process_life=value(model.lifetime_process[r, t, v]),
                 p_0=p_0_true,
                 p_e=p_e,
@@ -377,7 +378,7 @@ def poll_cost_results(
                 period=v,
                 tech=t,
                 vintage=v,
-                cost=model_loan_cost,
+                cost=discounted_cost,
                 cost_type=CostType.D_INVEST,
             )
             exchange_costs.add_cost_record(
@@ -392,7 +393,7 @@ def poll_cost_results(
             # The period `p` for an investment cost is its vintage `v`.
             key = (cast('Region', r), cast('Period', v), cast('Technology', t), cast('Vintage', v))
             entries[key].update(
-                {CostType.D_INVEST: model_loan_cost, CostType.INVEST: undiscounted_cost}
+                {CostType.D_INVEST: discounted_cost, CostType.INVEST: undiscounted_cost}
             )
 
     for r, p, t, v in model.cost_fixed.sparse_keys():
@@ -489,107 +490,18 @@ def poll_cost_results(
                     CostType.VARIABLE: float(value(undiscounted_var_cost)),
                 }
             )
-    exchange_entries = exchange_costs.get_entries()
-    return entries, exchange_entries
-
 
-def loan_costs(
-    loan_rate: float,  # this is referred to as loan_rate in parameters
-    loan_life: float,
-    capacity: float,
-    invest_cost: float,
-    process_life: int,
-    p_0: int,
-    p_e: int,
-    global_discount_rate: float,
-    vintage: int,
-    **kwargs: object,
-) -> tuple[float, float]:
-    """
-    Calculate Loan costs by calling the loan annualize and loan cost functions in temoa_rules
-    :return: tuple of [model-view discounted cost, un-discounted annuity]
-    """
-    # dev note:  this is a passthrough function.  Sole intent is to use the EXACT formula the
-    #            model uses for these costs
-    loan_ar = costs.pv_to_annuity(rate=loan_rate, periods=int(loan_life))
-    model_ic = costs.loan_cost(
-        capacity,
-        invest_cost,
-        loan_annualize=float(value(loan_ar)),
-        lifetime_loan_process=loan_life,
-        lifetime_process=process_life,
-        p_0=p_0,
-        p_e=p_e,
-        global_discount_rate=global_discount_rate,
-        vintage=vintage,
-    )
-    # Override the GDR to get the undiscounted value
-    global_discount_rate = 0
-    undiscounted_cost = costs.loan_cost(
-        capacity,
-        invest_cost,
-        loan_annualize=float(value(loan_ar)),
-        lifetime_loan_process=loan_life,
-        lifetime_process=process_life,
-        p_0=p_0,
-        p_e=p_e,
-        global_discount_rate=global_discount_rate,
-        vintage=vintage,
+    # Get nonlinear costs from the EOS extension, if active
+    eos.poll_costs(
+        model=model,
+        exchange_costs=exchange_costs,
+        entries=entries,
+        p_0=p_0_true,
+        epsilon=epsilon,
     )
-    return float(value(model_ic)), float(value(undiscounted_cost))
-
-
-def loan_costs_survival_curve(
-    model: TemoaModel,
-    r: Region,
-    t: Technology,
-    v: Vintage,
-    loan_rate: float,  # this is referred to as loan_rate in parameters
-    loan_life: float,
-    capacity: float,
-    invest_cost: float,
-    p_0: Period,
-    p_e: Period,
-    global_discount_rate: float,
-    vintage: Vintage,
-    **kwargs: object,
-) -> tuple[float, float]:
-    """
-    Calculate Loan costs by calling the loan annualize and loan cost functions in temoa_rules
-    :return: tuple of [model-view discounted cost, un-discounted annuity]
-    """
-    # dev note:  this is a passthrough function.  Sole intent is to use the EXACT formula the
-    #            model uses for these costs
-    loan_ar = costs.pv_to_annuity(rate=loan_rate, periods=int(loan_life))
-    model_ic = costs.loan_cost_survival_curve(
-        model,
-        r,
-        t,
-        v,
-        capacity,
-        invest_cost,
-        loan_annualize=float(value(loan_ar)),
-        lifetime_loan_process=loan_life,
-        p_0=p_0,
-        p_e=p_e,
-        global_discount_rate=global_discount_rate,
-    )
-    # Override the GDR to get the undiscounted value
-    global_discount_rate = 0
-    undiscounted_cost = costs.loan_cost_survival_curve(
-        model,
-        r,
-        t,
-        v,
-        capacity,
-        invest_cost,
-        loan_annualize=float(value(loan_ar)),
-        lifetime_loan_process=loan_life,
-        p_0=p_0,
-        p_e=p_e,
-        global_discount_rate=global_discount_rate,
-    )
-    return float(value(model_ic)), float(value(undiscounted_cost))
+
+    exchange_entries = exchange_costs.get_entries()
+    return entries, exchange_entries
 
 
 def poll_emissions(
diff --git a/temoa/components/costs.py b/temoa/components/costs.py
index 7814c2c4..9edaf1a2 100644
--- a/temoa/components/costs.py
+++ b/temoa/components/costs.py
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def lifetime_loan_process_indices(model: TemoaModel) -> set[tuple[Region, Techno
 
 def loan_cost(
     capacity: float | Var | ComponentData,
-    invest_cost: float,
+    invest_cost: float | Expression,
     loan_annualize: float,
     lifetime_loan_process: float | int,
     lifetime_process: float,
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ def loan_cost_survival_curve(
     t: Technology,
     v: Vintage,
     capacity: float | Var | ComponentData,
-    invest_cost: float,
+    invest_cost: float | Expression,
     loan_annualize: float,
     lifetime_loan_process: float | int,
     p_0: Period,
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ def loan_cost_survival_curve(
 
 def fixed_or_variable_cost(
     cap_or_flow: float | Var | ComponentData,
-    cost_factor: float,
+    cost_factor: float | Expression,
     cost_years: float | ComponentData,
     global_discount_rate: float | None,
     p_0: float,
@@ -715,3 +715,102 @@ def param_loan_annualize_rule(
     lln = value(model.loan_lifetime_process[r, t, v])
     annualized_rate = pv_to_annuity(dr, lln)
     return annualized_rate
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# DATA PULLING UTILITIES
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def poll_loan_costs(
+    loan_life: float,
+    loan_annualize: float,
+    capacity: float,
+    invest_cost: float,
+    process_life: int,
+    p_0: int,
+    p_e: int,
+    global_discount_rate: float,
+    vintage: int,
+    **kwargs: object,
+) -> tuple[float, float]:
+    """
+    Calculate Loan costs by calling the loan annualize and loan cost functions in temoa_rules
+    :return: tuple of [model-view discounted cost, un-discounted annuity]
+    """
+    # dev note:  this is a passthrough function.  Sole intent is to use the EXACT formula the
+    #            model uses for these costs
+    discounted_cost = loan_cost(
+        capacity,
+        invest_cost,
+        loan_annualize=loan_annualize,
+        lifetime_loan_process=loan_life,
+        lifetime_process=process_life,
+        p_0=p_0,
+        p_e=p_e,
+        global_discount_rate=global_discount_rate,
+        vintage=vintage,
+    )
+    # Override the GDR to get the undiscounted value
+    undiscounted_cost = loan_cost(
+        capacity,
+        invest_cost,
+        loan_annualize=loan_annualize,
+        lifetime_loan_process=loan_life,
+        lifetime_process=process_life,
+        p_0=p_0,
+        p_e=p_e,
+        global_discount_rate=0,
+        vintage=vintage,
+    )
+    return float(value(discounted_cost)), float(value(undiscounted_cost))
+
+
+def poll_loan_costs_survival_curve(
+    model: TemoaModel,
+    r: Region,
+    t: Technology,
+    v: Vintage,
+    loan_life: float,
+    loan_annualize: float,
+    capacity: float,
+    invest_cost: float,
+    p_0: Period,
+    p_e: Period,
+    global_discount_rate: float,
+    **kwargs: object,
+) -> tuple[float, float]:
+    """
+    Calculate Loan costs by calling the loan annualize and loan cost functions in temoa_rules
+    :return: tuple of [model-view discounted cost, un-discounted annuity]
+    """
+    # dev note:  this is a passthrough function.  Sole intent is to use the EXACT formula the
+    #            model uses for these costs
+    discounted_cost = loan_cost_survival_curve(
+        model,
+        r,
+        t,
+        v,
+        capacity,
+        invest_cost,
+        loan_annualize,
+        lifetime_loan_process=loan_life,
+        p_0=p_0,
+        p_e=p_e,
+        global_discount_rate=global_discount_rate,
+    )
+    # Override the GDR to get the undiscounted value
+    undiscounted_cost = loan_cost_survival_curve(
+        model,
+        r,
+        t,
+        v,
+        capacity,
+        invest_cost,
+        loan_annualize,
+        lifetime_loan_process=loan_life,
+        p_0=p_0,
+        p_e=p_e,
+        global_discount_rate=0,
+    )
+    return float(value(discounted_cost)), float(value(undiscounted_cost))
diff --git a/temoa/db_schema/temoa_schema_v4.sql b/temoa/db_schema/temoa_schema_v4.sql
index 69eef34a..c97f741b 100644
--- a/temoa/db_schema/temoa_schema_v4.sql
+++ b/temoa/db_schema/temoa_schema_v4.sql
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS output_cost
     region   TEXT,
     sector   TEXT REFERENCES sector_label (sector),
     period   INTEGER REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    tech     TEXT REFERENCES technology (tech),
+    tech     TEXT,
     vintage  INTEGER REFERENCES time_period (period),
     d_invest REAL,
     d_fixed  REAL,
@@ -934,8 +934,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS output_cost
     emiss    REAL,
     units    TEXT,
     PRIMARY KEY (scenario, region, period, tech, vintage),
-    FOREIGN KEY (vintage) REFERENCES time_period (period),
-    FOREIGN KEY (tech) REFERENCES technology (tech)
+    FOREIGN KEY (vintage) REFERENCES time_period (period)
 );
 
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS time_season
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/data_puller.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/data_puller.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2713483e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/data_puller.py
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
+
+from pyomo.environ import value
+
+from temoa._internal.exchange_tech_cost_ledger import CostType, ExchangeTechCostLedger
+from temoa.components import costs
+from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components import (
+    cost_fixed_eos,
+    cost_invest_eos,
+    cost_variable_eos,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
+    from temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.core.model import EOSModel
+    from temoa.types import Period, Region, Technology, Vintage
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# --- Poll cost results ---
+def poll_costs(
+    model: TemoaModel,
+    exchange_costs: ExchangeTechCostLedger,
+    entries: dict[tuple[Region, Period, Technology, Vintage], dict[CostType, float]],
+    p_0: Period,
+    epsilon: float,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Poll the fixed and variable costs for all EOS clusters in the planning horizon
+    and add them to the cost entries for the model.
+    """
+    if 'eos' not in model.enabled_extensions:
+        return
+    model = cast('EOSModel', model)
+
+    global_discount_rate = value(model.global_discount_rate)
+
+    for r, p, t in model.cost_invest_eos_period_rpt:
+        cost = value(cost_invest_eos.period_cost(model, r, p, t))
+        if cost < epsilon:
+            continue
+
+        # gather details...
+        r0, t0 = model.cost_invest_eos_reference_process[r, p, t]
+        loan_life = value(model.loan_lifetime_process[r0, t0, p])
+        loan_annualize = value(model.loan_annualize[r0, t0, p])
+        life = value(model.lifetime_process[r0, t0, p])
+
+        if model.is_survival_curve_process[r0, t0, p]:
+            discounted_cost, undiscounted_cost = costs.poll_loan_costs_survival_curve(
+                model=model,
+                r=r0,
+                t=t0,
+                v=p,
+                loan_life=loan_life,
+                loan_annualize=loan_annualize,
+                capacity=1,
+                invest_cost=cost,
+                p_0=p_0,
+                p_e=model.time_future.last(),
+                global_discount_rate=global_discount_rate,
+            )
+        else:
+            discounted_cost, undiscounted_cost = costs.poll_loan_costs(
+                loan_life=loan_life,
+                loan_annualize=loan_annualize,
+                capacity=1,
+                invest_cost=cost,
+                process_life=life,
+                p_0=p_0,
+                p_e=model.time_future.last(),
+                global_discount_rate=global_discount_rate,
+                vintage=p,
+            )
+
+        # screen for linked region...
+        if '-' in r:
+            exchange_costs.add_cost_record(
+                r,
+                period=p,
+                tech=t,
+                vintage=p,
+                cost=discounted_cost,
+                cost_type=CostType.D_INVEST,
+            )
+            exchange_costs.add_cost_record(
+                r,
+                period=p,
+                tech=t,
+                vintage=p,
+                cost=undiscounted_cost,
+                cost_type=CostType.INVEST,
+            )
+        else:
+            # The period `p` for an investment cost is its vintage `v`.
+            key = (cast('Region', r), cast('Period', p), cast('Technology', t), cast('Vintage', p))
+            if CostType.INVEST in entries.get(key, {}):
+                entries[key][CostType.D_INVEST] += discounted_cost
+                entries[key][CostType.INVEST] += undiscounted_cost
+            else:
+                entries[key].update(
+                    {CostType.D_INVEST: discounted_cost, CostType.INVEST: undiscounted_cost}
+                )
+
+    for r, p, t in model.cost_fixed_eos_period_rpt:
+        fixed_cost = value(cost_fixed_eos.period_cost(model, r, p, t))
+        if fixed_cost < epsilon:
+            continue
+
+        undiscounted_fixed_cost = fixed_cost * value(model.period_length[p])
+        discounted_fixed_cost = costs.fixed_or_variable_cost(
+            1,
+            fixed_cost,
+            value(model.period_length[p]),
+            global_discount_rate=global_discount_rate,
+            p_0=p_0,
+            p=p,
+        )
+
+        if '-' in r:
+            exchange_costs.add_cost_record(
+                r,
+                period=p,
+                tech=t,
+                vintage=p,
+                cost=float(value(discounted_fixed_cost)),
+                cost_type=CostType.D_FIXED,
+            )
+            exchange_costs.add_cost_record(
+                r,
+                period=p,
+                tech=t,
+                vintage=p,
+                cost=float(undiscounted_fixed_cost),
+                cost_type=CostType.FIXED,
+            )
+        else:
+            entries[r, p, t, p].update(
+                {
+                    CostType.D_FIXED: float(value(discounted_fixed_cost)),
+                    CostType.FIXED: float(undiscounted_fixed_cost),
+                }
+            )
+
+    for r, p, t in model.cost_fixed_eos_period_rpt:
+        variable_cost = value(cost_variable_eos.period_cost(model, r, p, t))
+        if variable_cost < epsilon:
+            continue
+
+        undiscounted_variable_cost = variable_cost * value(model.period_length[p])
+        discounted_variable_cost = costs.fixed_or_variable_cost(
+            1,
+            variable_cost,
+            value(model.period_length[p]),
+            global_discount_rate=global_discount_rate,
+            p_0=p_0,
+            p=p,
+        )
+
+        if '-' in r:
+            exchange_costs.add_cost_record(
+                r,
+                period=p,
+                tech=t,
+                vintage=p,
+                cost=float(value(discounted_variable_cost)),
+                cost_type=CostType.D_VARIABLE,
+            )
+            exchange_costs.add_cost_record(
+                r,
+                period=p,
+                tech=t,
+                vintage=p,
+                cost=float(undiscounted_variable_cost),
+                cost_type=CostType.VARIABLE,
+            )
+        else:
+            entries[r, p, t, p].update(
+                {
+                    CostType.D_VARIABLE: float(value(discounted_variable_cost)),
+                    CostType.VARIABLE: float(undiscounted_variable_cost),
+                }
+            )
diff --git a/tests/test_table_writer.py b/tests/test_table_writer.py
index 3f30d2e1..646c0a47 100644
--- a/tests/test_table_writer.py
+++ b/tests/test_table_writer.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 import pytest
 
-from temoa._internal.table_data_puller import loan_costs
+from temoa.components.costs import poll_loan_costs
 
 
 class LoanCostInput(TypedDict):
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class LoanCostTestCase(TypedDict):
             'capacity': 100_000.0,  # units
             'invest_cost': 1.0,  # $/unit of capacity
             'loan_life': 40.0,
-            'loan_rate': 0.10,
+            'loan_annualize': 0.102259414,
             'global_discount_rate': 0.000000000001,
             'process_life': 40,
             'p_0': 2020,  # the "myopic base year" to which all prices are discounted
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class LoanCostTestCase(TypedDict):
             'capacity': 100_000.0,
             'invest_cost': 1.0,
             'loan_life': 40.0,
-            'loan_rate': 0.08,
+            'loan_annualize': 0.083860162,
             'global_discount_rate': 0.05,
             'process_life': 50,
             'p_0': 2020,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class LoanCostTestCase(TypedDict):
             'capacity': 100_000.0,  # units
             'invest_cost': 1.0,  # $/unit of capacity
             'loan_life': 40.0,
-            'loan_rate': 0.10,
+            'loan_annualize': 0.102259414,
             'global_discount_rate': 0,
             'process_life': 40,
             'p_0': 2020,  # the "myopic base year" to which all prices are discounted
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def test_loan_costs(test_case: LoanCostTestCase) -> None:
     Test the loan cost calculations
     """
     # we will test with a 1% error to accommodate the approximation of GDR=0
-    model_cost, undiscounted_cost = loan_costs(**test_case['input'])
+    model_cost, undiscounted_cost = poll_loan_costs(**test_case['input'])
     assert model_cost == pytest.approx(test_case['expected_model_cost'], rel=0.01)
     assert undiscounted_cost == pytest.approx(test_case['expected_undiscounted_cost'], rel=0.01)
 
@@ -99,6 +99,6 @@ def test_loan_costs_with_zero_gdr(test_case: LoanCostTestCase) -> None:
     Test the formula with zero for GDR to make sure it is handled correctly.  The formula
     risks division by zero if this is not correct.
     """
-    model_cost, undiscounted_cost = loan_costs(**test_case['input'])
+    model_cost, undiscounted_cost = poll_loan_costs(**test_case['input'])
     assert model_cost == pytest.approx(test_case['expected_model_cost'], abs=0.01)
     assert undiscounted_cost == pytest.approx(test_case['expected_undiscounted_cost'], abs=0.01)

From b311769cdbc61c9076eadc3689c38ae16e16b607 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2026 14:44:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 25/28] Create documentation for economies of scale extension

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 docs/source/extensions.rst            |   1 +
 docs/source/extensions/eos.rst        | 306 +++++++++++
 docs/source/images/eos_cost_curve.png | Bin 0 -> 75291 bytes
 docs/source/images/eos_cost_curve.svg | 702 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 docs/source/images/etl_cost_curve.png | Bin 0 -> 75182 bytes
 docs/source/images/etl_cost_curve.svg | 683 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 scripts/generate_etl_figure.py        | 223 ++++++++
 7 files changed, 1915 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 docs/source/extensions/eos.rst
 create mode 100644 docs/source/images/eos_cost_curve.png
 create mode 100644 docs/source/images/eos_cost_curve.svg
 create mode 100644 docs/source/images/etl_cost_curve.png
 create mode 100644 docs/source/images/etl_cost_curve.svg
 create mode 100644 scripts/generate_etl_figure.py

diff --git a/docs/source/extensions.rst b/docs/source/extensions.rst
index 06cc597c..47c0fd7d 100644
--- a/docs/source/extensions.rst
+++ b/docs/source/extensions.rst
@@ -245,3 +245,4 @@ as new extensions are added.
 
    extensions/growth_rates
    extensions/discrete_capacity
+   extensions/eos
diff --git a/docs/source/extensions/eos.rst b/docs/source/extensions/eos.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d71d34e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/source/extensions/eos.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+.. _extension-eos:
+
+Economies of Scale (EOS)
+========================
+
+The **eos** extension adds piecewise-linear cost curves to three cost
+types: investment (:code:`cost_invest_eos`), fixed O&M
+(:code:`cost_fixed_eos`), and variable O&M (:code:`cost_variable_eos`).
+It is disabled by default and enabled per run through configuration:
+
+.. code-block:: toml
+
+   extensions = ["eos"]
+
+All three features share the same binary-integer formulation: a set of
+contiguous segments, exactly one of which is active per cluster per period.
+They differ in what quantity drives the cost curve (cumulative capacity,
+available capacity, or activity) and in how the resulting cost is
+discounted and added to the objective.
+
+.. figure:: ../images/eos_cost_curve.png
+   :align: center
+   :width: 90%
+   :alt: EOS piecewise-linear cost curve
+
+   **EOS piecewise-linear cost curve.** The curve is composed of contiguous
+   segments :math:`n=0,1,2` (three shown here), each with its own quantity
+   bounds :math:`[\underline{Q}_{n}, \overline{Q}_{n}]` and corresponding
+   total-cost bounds :math:`[\underline{C}_{n}, \overline{C}_{n}]`.  The
+   slope :math:`m_n` is the marginal cost within segment :math:`n`.  In this
+   period, segment :math:`n=1` is **active** (red shading): the binary
+   variable is 1, and the quantity variable :math:`\textbf{Q}_p` lies within
+   its bounds.
+
+Overview
+--------
+
+.. list-table::
+   :header-rows: 1
+   :widths: 22 20 20 38
+
+   * - Feature
+     - Table
+     - Cost type
+     - Curve driven by
+   * - :ref:`cost_invest_eos <eos-invest>`
+     - :code:`cost_invest_eos`
+     - Investment (:code:`cost_invest`)
+     - **Cumulative capacity** built up to period :math:`p` (learning curve)
+   * - :ref:`cost_fixed_eos <eos-fixed>`
+     - :code:`cost_fixed_eos`
+     - Fixed O&M (:code:`cost_fixed`)
+     - **Available capacity** in period :math:`p`
+   * - :ref:`cost_variable_eos <eos-variable>`
+     - :code:`cost_variable_eos`
+     - Variable O&M (:code:`cost_variable`)
+     - **Total activity** (output flow) in period :math:`p`
+
+Technologies subject to EOS are specified as *clusters* identified by a
+region/group label :math:`r` and a technology/group label :math:`t`.
+Each cluster has a piecewise-linear cost curve defined by contiguous
+segments :math:`n \in N_{r,t}` (for invest) or
+:math:`n \in N_{r,p,t}` (for fixed/variable, which are
+period-specific).
+
+.. note::
+
+   The :code:`tech_or_group` column accepts either an individual technology
+   name or a technology-group name.  When a group is used, all member
+   technologies share the same cost curve and their contributions to the
+   driving quantity (capacity or activity) are summed.  For
+   :code:`cost_invest_eos`, all technologies in a cluster must share the
+   same :code:`lifetime_process`, :code:`lifetime_survival_curve`,
+   :code:`loan_lifetime_process`, and :code:`loan_rate` in every period
+   they appear together.
+
+.. _eos-invest:
+
+cost_invest_eos — Investment Cost Curve
+----------------------------------------
+
+Concept
+~~~~~~~
+
+:code:`cost_invest_eos` replaces (or supplements) the flat per-unit
+investment cost for a cluster with a piecewise-linear curve whose marginal
+cost changes with *cumulative* installed capacity — a learning-curve
+effect.  The curve is global across time: each successive period inherits
+the capacity built in all previous periods.  The incremental investment cost
+charged in period :math:`p` is the difference between the curve evaluated at
+cumulative capacity up to :math:`p` and the curve evaluated at the end of
+the previous period, so that each unit of new capacity is charged at the
+marginal cost appropriate to the total deployment level at the time of
+construction.
+
+.. note::
+
+   The cumulative capacity **includes pre-existing capacity** (from the
+   :code:`existing_capacity` table), but pre-existing capacity does not
+   incur an investment cost — it is subtracted out when computing the
+   incremental period cost.  The first segment's lower bound can almost
+   always be set to 0 regardless of how much capacity already exists.
+
+.. note::
+
+   EOS invest processes can carry a flat investment cost via
+   :code:`cost_invest` in addition to the piecewise curve.
+
+Table: cost_invest_eos
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`{CIEOS}_{r \in R,\, t \in T,\, n \in \mathbb{Z}^+}`
+
+The segment index :math:`n` is an integer; segments must be numbered
+consecutively and their capacity bounds must be contiguous.  All four bound
+columns must be non-negative and strictly increasing within a segment.
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header: "Column", "Symbol", "Description"
+   :widths: 22, 18, 60
+
+   ":code:`region`", ":math:`r`", "region or region-group label"
+   ":code:`tech_or_group`", ":math:`t`", "technology or technology-group label"
+   ":code:`segment`", ":math:`n`", "integer segment index (contiguous)"
+   ":code:`capacity_lower`", ":math:`\underline{K}_{r,t,n}`", "lower cumulative-capacity bound of the segment"
+   ":code:`capacity_upper`", ":math:`\overline{K}_{r,t,n}`", "upper cumulative-capacity bound of the segment"
+   ":code:`cost_lower`", ":math:`\underline{C}_{r,t,n}`", "investment cost at :math:`\underline{K}_{r,t,n}` (same units as :code:`cost_invest`)"
+   ":code:`cost_upper`", ":math:`\overline{C}_{r,t,n}`", "investment cost at :math:`\overline{K}_{r,t,n}`"
+
+Sets
+~~~~
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header: "Set", "Indices", "Description"
+   :widths: 38, 18, 44
+
+   ":code:`cost_invest_eos_rtn`", ":math:`(r, t, n)`", "valid cluster–segment combinations; populated directly from the table"
+   ":code:`cost_invest_eos_segment_rptn`", ":math:`(r, p, t, n)`", "valid cluster–period–segment combinations; derived from :code:`cost_invest_eos_rtn` and :code:`process_vintages`"
+   ":code:`cost_invest_eos_period_rpt`", ":math:`(r, p, t)`", "projection of :code:`cost_invest_eos_segment_rptn` onto :math:`(r, p, t)`"
+
+Variables
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header: "Variable", "Domain", "Indices", "Description"
+   :widths: 36, 12, 24, 28
+
+   ":math:`\textbf{CIECAP}_{r,p,t,n}` (:code:`v_cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity`)", ":math:`\mathbb{R}_{\ge 0}`", ":math:`(r, p, t, n) \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_invest\_eos\_segment\_rptn}}`", "cumulative capacity assigned to segment :math:`n` of cluster :math:`(r,t)` in period :math:`p`"
+   ":math:`\textbf{CIEB}_{r,p,t,n}` (:code:`v_cost_invest_eos_segment_binary`)", ":math:`\{0, 1\}`", ":math:`(r, p, t, n) \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_invest\_eos\_segment\_rptn}}`", "1 if segment :math:`n` is the active segment for cluster :math:`(r,t)` in period :math:`p`"
+
+Constraints
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_invest_eos.cost_invest_eos_segment_binary_constraint
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_invest_eos.cost_invest_eos_capacity_lower_bound_constraint
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_invest_eos.cost_invest_eos_capacity_upper_bound_constraint
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_invest_eos.cost_invest_eos_cumulative_capacity_constraint
+
+Objective Contribution
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_invest_eos.period_cost
+
+
+.. _eos-fixed:
+
+cost_fixed_eos — Fixed O&M Cost Curve
+--------------------------------------
+
+Concept
+~~~~~~~
+
+:code:`cost_fixed_eos` replaces (or supplements) the flat per-unit fixed
+O&M cost for a cluster with a piecewise-linear curve whose unit cost
+changes with *available capacity* in each period independently.  Unlike
+:code:`cost_invest_eos`, the cost curve is period-specific: segments can
+differ from one period to the next, allowing the modeller to represent
+O&M cost trends over time separately from capacity-scale effects.
+
+Table: cost_fixed_eos
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`{CFEOS}_{r \in R,\, p \in P,\, t \in T,\, n \in \mathbb{Z}^+}`
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header: "Column", "Symbol", "Description"
+   :widths: 22, 18, 60
+
+   ":code:`region`", ":math:`r`", "region or region-group label"
+   ":code:`period`", ":math:`p`", "model period"
+   ":code:`tech_or_group`", ":math:`t`", "technology or technology-group label"
+   ":code:`segment`", ":math:`n`", "integer segment index (contiguous)"
+   ":code:`capacity_lower`", ":math:`\underline{K}_{r,p,t,n}`", "lower capacity bound of the segment"
+   ":code:`capacity_upper`", ":math:`\overline{K}_{r,p,t,n}`", "upper capacity bound of the segment"
+   ":code:`cost_lower`", ":math:`\underline{C}_{r,p,t,n}`", "fixed O&M cost at :math:`\underline{K}_{r,p,t,n}` (same units as :code:`cost_fixed`)"
+   ":code:`cost_upper`", ":math:`\overline{C}_{r,p,t,n}`", "fixed O&M cost at :math:`\overline{K}_{r,p,t,n}`"
+
+Sets
+~~~~
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header: "Set", "Indices", "Description"
+   :widths: 36, 20, 44
+
+   ":code:`cost_fixed_eos_rptn`", ":math:`(r, p, t, n)`", "valid cluster–period–segment combinations"
+   ":code:`cost_fixed_eos_period_rpt`", ":math:`(r, p, t)`", "projection of :code:`cost_fixed_eos_rptn` onto :math:`(r, p, t)`"
+
+Variables
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header: "Variable", "Domain", "Indices", "Description"
+   :widths: 36, 12, 24, 28
+
+   ":math:`\textbf{CFECAP}_{r,p,t,n}` (:code:`v_cost_fixed_eos_capacity`)", ":math:`\mathbb{R}_{\ge 0}`", ":math:`(r, p, t, n) \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_fixed\_eos\_rptn}}`", "capacity assigned to segment :math:`n` of cluster :math:`(r,p,t)`"
+   ":math:`\textbf{CFEB}_{r,p,t,n}` (:code:`v_cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary`)", ":math:`\{0, 1\}`", ":math:`(r, p, t, n) \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_fixed\_eos\_rptn}}`", "1 if segment :math:`n` is active for cluster :math:`(r,p,t)`"
+
+Constraints
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_fixed_eos.cost_fixed_eos_segment_binary_constraint
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_fixed_eos.cost_fixed_eos_capacity_lower_bound_constraint
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_fixed_eos.cost_fixed_eos_capacity_upper_bound_constraint
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_fixed_eos.cost_fixed_eos_capacity_constraint
+
+Objective Contribution
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_fixed_eos.period_cost
+
+
+.. _eos-variable:
+
+cost_variable_eos — Variable O&M Cost Curve
+--------------------------------------------
+
+Concept
+~~~~~~~
+
+:code:`cost_variable_eos` replaces (or supplements) the flat per-unit
+variable O&M cost for a cluster with a piecewise-linear curve whose unit
+cost changes with *total activity* (output flow) in each period
+independently.  Like :code:`cost_fixed_eos`, the cost curve is
+period-specific.  This allows the modeller to represent dispatch-scale
+economies (e.g. fuel-handling efficiency at high utilisation rates) that
+vary over time.
+
+Table: cost_variable_eos
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+:math:`{CVEOS}_{r \in R,\, p \in P,\, t \in T,\, n \in \mathbb{Z}^+}`
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header: "Column", "Symbol", "Description"
+   :widths: 22, 18, 60
+
+   ":code:`region`", ":math:`r`", "region or region-group label"
+   ":code:`period`", ":math:`p`", "model period"
+   ":code:`tech_or_group`", ":math:`t`", "technology or technology-group label"
+   ":code:`segment`", ":math:`n`", "integer segment index (contiguous)"
+   ":code:`activity_lower`", ":math:`\underline{A}_{r,p,t,n}`", "lower activity bound of the segment"
+   ":code:`activity_upper`", ":math:`\overline{A}_{r,p,t,n}`", "upper activity bound of the segment"
+   ":code:`cost_lower`", ":math:`\underline{C}_{r,p,t,n}`", "variable O&M cost at :math:`\underline{A}_{r,p,t,n}` (same units as :code:`cost_variable`)"
+   ":code:`cost_upper`", ":math:`\overline{C}_{r,p,t,n}`", "variable O&M cost at :math:`\overline{A}_{r,p,t,n}`"
+
+Sets
+~~~~
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header: "Set", "Indices", "Description"
+   :widths: 36, 20, 44
+
+   ":code:`cost_variable_eos_rptn`", ":math:`(r, p, t, n)`", "valid cluster–period–segment combinations"
+   ":code:`cost_variable_eos_period_rpt`", ":math:`(r, p, t)`", "projection of :code:`cost_variable_eos_rptn` onto :math:`(r, p, t)`"
+
+Variables
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. csv-table::
+   :header: "Variable", "Domain", "Indices", "Description"
+   :widths: 36, 12, 24, 28
+
+   ":math:`\textbf{CVEACT}_{r,p,t,n}` (:code:`v_cost_variable_eos_activity`)", ":math:`\mathbb{R}_{\ge 0}`", ":math:`(r, p, t, n) \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_variable\_eos\_rptn}}`", "activity assigned to segment :math:`n` of cluster :math:`(r,p,t)`"
+   ":math:`\textbf{CVEB}_{r,p,t,n}` (:code:`v_cost_variable_eos_segment_binary`)", ":math:`\{0, 1\}`", ":math:`(r, p, t, n) \in \Theta_{\text{cost\_variable\_eos\_rptn}}`", "1 if segment :math:`n` is active for cluster :math:`(r,p,t)`"
+
+Constraints
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_variable_eos.cost_variable_eos_segment_binary_constraint
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_variable_eos.cost_variable_eos_activity_lower_bound_constraint
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_variable_eos.cost_variable_eos_activity_upper_bound_constraint
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_variable_eos.cost_variable_eos_activity_constraint
+
+Objective Contribution
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. autofunction:: temoa.extensions.economies_of_scale.components.cost_variable_eos.period_cost
diff --git a/docs/source/images/eos_cost_curve.png b/docs/source/images/eos_cost_curve.png
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/docs/source/images/eos_cost_curve.svg b/docs/source/images/eos_cost_curve.svg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75ad57d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/source/images/eos_cost_curve.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
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+      <g>
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+     </g>
+     <g id="text_10">
+      <!-- $\bar{C}_{n=2}$ -->
+      <g style="fill: #333333" transform="translate(56.737344 67.021398)">
+       <text>
+        <tspan x="5.827515" y="-1.671875" style="font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">̄</tspan>
+        <tspan x="0" y="-0.015625" style="font-style: oblique; font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">C</tspan>
+        <tspan x="6.016406" y="1.259371" style="font-style: oblique; font-size: 5.95px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">n</tspan>
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+       </text>
+      </g>
+     </g>
+    </g>
+    <g id="text_11">
+     <!-- Total cost  $C$ -->
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+       <tspan x="5.108398" y="-0.40625" style="font-size: 10px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'">o</tspan>
+       <tspan x="11.226562" y="-0.40625" style="font-size: 10px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'">t</tspan>
+       <tspan x="15.147461" y="-0.40625" style="font-size: 10px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'">a</tspan>
+       <tspan x="21.275391" y="-0.40625" style="font-size: 10px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'">l</tspan>
+       <tspan x="24.053711" y="-0.40625" style="font-size: 10px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'"> </tspan>
+       <tspan x="27.232422" y="-0.40625" style="font-size: 10px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'">c</tspan>
+       <tspan x="32.730469" y="-0.40625" style="font-size: 10px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'">o</tspan>
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+       <tspan x="44.058594" y="-0.40625" style="font-size: 10px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'">t</tspan>
+       <tspan x="47.979492" y="-0.40625" style="font-size: 10px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'"> </tspan>
+       <tspan x="51.158203" y="-0.40625" style="font-size: 10px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'"> </tspan>
+       <tspan x="54.336914" y="-0.40625" style="font-style: oblique; font-size: 10px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'">C</tspan>
+      </text>
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+    </g>
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+   <g id="text_12">
+    <!-- $m_n = \frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Q}$  (slope) -->
+    <g style="fill: #555555" transform="translate(287.909344 160.729775)">
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+      <tspan x="27.319116" y="2.51875" style="font-style: oblique; font-size: 5.95px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #555555">Q</tspan>
+      <tspan x="13.939502" y="-0.571875" style="font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #555555">=</tspan>
+      <tspan x="32.533667" y="-0.571875" style="font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #555555"> </tspan>
+      <tspan x="35.235571" y="-0.571875" style="font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #555555"> </tspan>
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+      <tspan x="7.45752" y="-0.3125" style="font-size: 9px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #555555">=</tspan>
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+      <g>
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+      </g>
+     </g>
+     <g id="text_3">
+      <!-- $\bar{K}_{t,2} = \underline{K}_{t,3}$ -->
+      <g style="fill: #333333" transform="translate(286.420161 322.943516)">
+       <text>
+        <tspan x="5.737244" y="-1.671875" style="font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">̄</tspan>
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+        <tspan x="0" y="-0.125" style="font-style: oblique; font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">K</tspan>
+        <tspan x="25.490869" y="-0.125" style="font-style: oblique; font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">K</tspan>
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+     </g>
+    </g>
+    <g id="xtick_4">
+     <g id="line2d_16">
+      <g>
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+      </g>
+     </g>
+     <g id="text_4">
+      <!-- $\bar{K}_{t,3}$ -->
+      <g style="fill: #333333" transform="translate(494.689268 322.943516)">
+       <text>
+        <tspan x="5.737244" y="-1.671875" style="font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">̄</tspan>
+        <tspan x="0" y="-0.125" style="font-style: oblique; font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">K</tspan>
+        <tspan x="5.655322" y="1.149996" style="font-style: oblique; font-size: 5.95px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">t</tspan>
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+    <g id="xtick_5">
+     <g id="line2d_17">
+      <g>
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+      </g>
+     </g>
+     <g id="text_5">
+      <!-- $\mathbf{ETLCAP}_p$ -->
+      <g style="fill: #333333" transform="translate(213.312996 321.496523)">
+       <text>
+        <tspan x="0" y="-0.6875" style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">E</tspan>
+        <tspan x="5.806396" y="-0.6875" style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">T</tspan>
+        <tspan x="11.604492" y="-0.6875" style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 8.5px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">L</tspan>
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+        <tspan x="36.148242" y="0.587496" style="font-style: oblique; font-size: 5.95px; font-family: 'DejaVu Sans'; fill: #333333">p</tspan>
+       </text>
+      </g>
+     </g>
+    </g>
+    <g id="text_6">
+     <!-- Cumulative installed capacity  $K$ -->
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+      <text>
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+      </text>
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+      <!-- $\overline{C}_{t,1}$ -->
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+    <!-- $n=3$ -->
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+   </g>
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+      </text>
+     </g>
+    </g>
+    <g id="line2d_36">
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+    </g>
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+    </g>
+    <g id="line2d_38">
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+    </g>
+    <g id="text_21">
+     <!-- $\mathbf{ETLCAP}_p$ (current period) -->
+     <g transform="translate(77.272344 74.841406)">
+      <text>
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+ </defs>
+</svg>
diff --git a/scripts/generate_etl_figure.py b/scripts/generate_etl_figure.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20079f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/generate_etl_figure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+"""
+Generates docs/source/images/eos_cost_curve.{png,svg} — a labelled diagram
+of the piecewise-linear cost curve shared by all three features of the
+economies of scale (EOS) extension: cost_invest_eos, cost_fixed_eos, and
+cost_variable_eos.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import matplotlib
+import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import matplotlib.ticker as ticker
+
+matplotlib.rcParams.update(
+    {
+        'font.family': 'sans-serif',
+        'font.size': 10,
+        'axes.spines.top': False,
+        'axes.spines.right': False,
+        'pdf.fonttype': 42,
+        'svg.fonttype': 'none',
+    }
+)
+
+OUT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent.parent / 'docs' / 'source' / 'images'
+
+# ——— Segment data (decreasing marginal cost — economies of scale) —————————————
+# Each entry: (q_lower, q_upper, cost_lower, cost_upper)
+segments = [
+    (0.0, 2.0, 0.0, 6.0),  # n=1  slope = 3.0
+    (2.0, 5.0, 6.0, 12.0),  # n=2  slope = 2.0
+    (5.0, 9.0, 12.0, 16.0),  # n=3  slope = 1.0
+]
+
+PALETTE = {
+    'curve': '#1f1f1f',
+    'active': '#d44040',
+    'inactive': '#aaaaaa',
+    'fill': '#fde8e8',
+    'grid': '#e8e8e8',
+    'annot': '#555555',
+    'tick': '#333333',
+}
+
+# Active segment (0-indexed) — the one the optimizer has selected in this period
+ACTIVE = 1
+# Quantity realised in this period (sits inside the active segment)
+Q_P = 3.5
+
+fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8.0, 5.0))
+fig.patch.set_facecolor('white')
+ax.set_facecolor('white')
+
+# ——— Shade the active segment background ——————————————————————————————————————
+ql_a, qu_a, cl_a, cu_a = segments[ACTIVE]
+ax.axvspan(ql_a, qu_a, color=PALETTE['fill'], zorder=0, linewidth=0)
+
+# ——— Draw all segment lines ————————————————————————————————————————————————————
+for i, (ql, qu, cl, cu) in enumerate(segments):
+    color = PALETTE['active'] if i == ACTIVE else PALETTE['curve']
+    lw = 2.2 if i == ACTIVE else 1.6
+    ax.plot([ql, qu], [cl, cu], color=color, linewidth=lw, solid_capstyle='round', zorder=3)
+    dot_color = PALETTE['active'] if i == ACTIVE else PALETTE['curve']
+    ax.plot(ql, cl, 'o', ms=5, color=dot_color, zorder=4)
+    ax.plot(qu, cu, 'o', ms=5, color=dot_color, zorder=4)
+
+# ——— Vertical line at current-period quantity —————————————————————————————————
+slope_a = (cu_a - cl_a) / (qu_a - ql_a)
+cost_p = cl_a + slope_a * (Q_P - ql_a)
+
+# ——— Capacity/activity bound tick labels on x-axis ———————————————————————————
+boundaries = []
+for i, (ql, _qu, _cl, _cu) in enumerate(segments):
+    n = i  # 0-based
+    if ql == 0:
+        boundaries.append((ql, r'$\underline{Q}_{n=0} = 0$'))
+    else:
+        boundaries.append((ql, rf'$\bar{{Q}}_{{n={n - 1}}} = \underline{{Q}}_{{n={n}}}$'))
+
+_, qu_last, _, _ = segments[-1]
+boundaries.append((qu_last, rf'$\bar{{Q}}_{{n={len(segments) - 1}}}$'))
+
+x_ticks = [b[0] for b in boundaries] + [Q_P]
+x_labels = [b[1] for b in boundaries] + [r'$\mathbf{Q}_p$']
+
+ax.set_xticks(x_ticks)
+ax.set_xticklabels(x_labels, fontsize=8.5, color=PALETTE['tick'])
+
+# ——— Cost bound tick labels on y-axis ————————————————————————————————————————
+y_boundaries = []
+for i, (_ql, _qu, cl, _cu) in enumerate(segments):
+    n = i  # 0-based
+    if cl == 0:
+        y_boundaries.append((cl, r'$\underline{C}_{n=0} = 0$'))
+    else:
+        # shared upper bound of prev segment / lower bound of this segment
+        y_boundaries.append((cl, rf'$\bar{{C}}_{{n={n - 1}}} = \underline{{C}}_{{n={n}}}$'))
+
+_, _, _, cu_last = segments[-1]
+y_boundaries.append((cu_last, rf'$\bar{{C}}_{{n={len(segments) - 1}}}$'))
+
+y_ticks = [b[0] for b in y_boundaries]
+y_labels = [b[1] for b in y_boundaries]
+
+ax.set_yticks(y_ticks)
+ax.set_yticklabels(y_labels, fontsize=8.5, color=PALETTE['tick'])
+
+# ——— Dashed reference lines to axes from segment endpoints ———————————————————
+dash_kw = {'color': PALETTE['inactive'], 'linewidth': 0.8, 'linestyle': ':', 'zorder': 1}
+for ql, qu, cl, cu in segments:
+    ax.plot([ql, ql], [0, cl], **dash_kw)
+    ax.plot([qu, qu], [0, cu], **dash_kw)
+    ax.plot([0, ql], [cl, cl], **dash_kw)
+    ax.plot([0, qu], [cu, cu], **dash_kw)
+
+# dashed lines from Q_P up to cost curve, then across to y-axis
+ax.plot([Q_P, Q_P], [0, cost_p], color=PALETTE['active'], linewidth=0.9, linestyle='--', zorder=2)
+ax.plot(
+    [0, Q_P], [cost_p, cost_p], color=PALETTE['active'], linewidth=0.9, linestyle='--', zorder=2
+)
+ax.plot(0, cost_p, '<', ms=5, color=PALETTE['active'], zorder=4, clip_on=False)
+ax.plot(Q_P, 0, 'v', ms=5, color=PALETTE['active'], zorder=4, clip_on=False)
+
+# ——— Slope annotation on active segment ——————————————————————————————————————
+mid_q = (ql_a + qu_a) / 2
+mid_c = cl_a + slope_a * (mid_q - ql_a)
+dq, dc = 0.6, slope_a * 0.6
+ax.annotate(
+    '',
+    xy=(mid_q + dq, mid_c + dc),
+    xytext=(mid_q + dq, mid_c),
+    arrowprops={'arrowstyle': '-', 'color': PALETTE['annot'], 'lw': 0.9},
+)
+ax.annotate(
+    '',
+    xy=(mid_q + dq, mid_c),
+    xytext=(mid_q, mid_c),
+    arrowprops={'arrowstyle': '-', 'color': PALETTE['annot'], 'lw': 0.9},
+)
+ax.text(
+    mid_q + dq + 0.08,
+    mid_c + dc / 2,
+    r'$m_n = \frac{\Delta C}{\Delta Q}$  (slope)',
+    va='center',
+    ha='left',
+    fontsize=8.5,
+    color=PALETTE['annot'],
+)
+
+# ——— Segment labels ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
+for i, (ql, qu, cl, cu) in enumerate(segments):
+    n = i  # 0-based
+    mid_q = (ql + qu) / 2
+    mid_c = (cl + cu) / 2
+    color = PALETTE['active'] if i == ACTIVE else PALETTE['annot']
+    weight = 'bold' if i == ACTIVE else 'normal'
+    ax.text(
+        mid_q,
+        mid_c + 0.7,
+        f'$n={n}$',
+        ha='center',
+        va='bottom',
+        fontsize=9,
+        color=color,
+        fontweight=weight,
+    )
+
+# ——— Active-segment label —————————————————————————————————————————————————————
+ax.text(
+    (ql_a + qu_a) / 2,
+    1.5,
+    'active segment\n' r'$b_{n=1} = 1$',
+    ha='center',
+    va='bottom',
+    fontsize=8.5,
+    color=PALETTE['active'],
+    bbox={'boxstyle': 'round,pad=0.3', 'fc': PALETTE['fill'], 'ec': PALETTE['active'], 'lw': 0.8},
+)
+
+# ——— Axes formatting ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
+ax.set_xlim(-0.3, 10.2)
+ax.set_ylim(-0.3, 18.5)
+ax.set_xlabel('Quantity  $Q$  (capacity or activity)', labelpad=8)
+ax.set_ylabel('Total cost  $C$', labelpad=8)
+ax.set_title('EOS piecewise-linear cost curve', pad=10, fontsize=11)
+
+ax.xaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
+ax.yaxis.set_minor_locator(ticker.NullLocator())
+
+# ——— Legend ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
+handles = [
+    mpatches.Patch(
+        facecolor=PALETTE['fill'],
+        edgecolor=PALETTE['active'],
+        lw=0.8,
+        label='Active segment in period $p$',
+    ),
+    plt.Line2D([0], [0], color=PALETTE['active'], lw=2.2, label='Active segment cost line'),
+    plt.Line2D([0], [0], color=PALETTE['curve'], lw=1.6, label='Inactive segment cost line'),
+    plt.Line2D(
+        [0],
+        [0],
+        color=PALETTE['active'],
+        lw=1.2,
+        linestyle='--',
+        label=r'$\mathbf{Q}_p$ (current period)',
+    ),
+]
+ax.legend(
+    handles=handles, fontsize=8, loc='upper left', frameon=True, framealpha=0.9, edgecolor='#cccccc'
+)
+
+fig.tight_layout()
+
+for ext in ('png', 'svg'):
+    out = OUT_DIR / f'eos_cost_curve.{ext}'
+    fig.savefig(out, dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight', facecolor='white')
+    print(f'Saved {out}')
+
+plt.close(fig)

From 3123bf9a8127fa44b5873d8010dbcfbe2d86a9ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2026 17:48:24 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 26/28] Cleanup for Bugs

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 scripts/generate_etl_figure.py                |  8 ++-
 temoa/_internal/run_actions.py                |  3 +-
 .../economies_of_scale/core/data_puller.py    | 50 ++++++++-----------
 .../economies_of_scale/core/model.py          |  2 +
 temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py   |  2 -
 tests/test_table_writer.py                    |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scripts/generate_etl_figure.py b/scripts/generate_etl_figure.py
index 20079f58..4e42ee48 100644
--- a/scripts/generate_etl_figure.py
+++ b/scripts/generate_etl_figure.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
 
 import matplotlib
 import matplotlib.patches as mpatches
@@ -109,7 +110,12 @@
 ax.set_yticklabels(y_labels, fontsize=8.5, color=PALETTE['tick'])
 
 # ——— Dashed reference lines to axes from segment endpoints ———————————————————
-dash_kw = {'color': PALETTE['inactive'], 'linewidth': 0.8, 'linestyle': ':', 'zorder': 1}
+dash_kw: dict[str, Any] = {
+    'color': PALETTE['inactive'],
+    'linewidth': 0.8,
+    'linestyle': ':',
+    'zorder': 1,
+}
 for ql, qu, cl, cu in segments:
     ax.plot([ql, ql], [0, cl], **dash_kw)
     ax.plot([qu, qu], [0, cu], **dash_kw)
diff --git a/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py b/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py
index 6aecc7dc..7e7b5ec5 100644
--- a/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py
+++ b/temoa/_internal/run_actions.py
@@ -247,7 +247,8 @@ def solve_instance(
             # it also doesn't seem to support duals properly so disable those
             if solver_name == 'appsi_highs':
                 dual_suffix = instance.component('dual')
-                dual_suffix._direction = Suffix.LOCAL
+                if dual_suffix is not None:
+                    dual_suffix.direction = Suffix.LOCAL
                 result = optimizer.solve(instance)
             else:
                 result = optimizer.solve(instance, suffixes=solver_suffixes_list)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/data_puller.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/data_puller.py
index 2713483e..d34a6279 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/data_puller.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/data_puller.py
@@ -98,21 +98,17 @@ def poll_costs(
         else:
             # The period `p` for an investment cost is its vintage `v`.
             key = (cast('Region', r), cast('Period', p), cast('Technology', t), cast('Vintage', p))
-            if CostType.INVEST in entries.get(key, {}):
-                entries[key][CostType.D_INVEST] += discounted_cost
-                entries[key][CostType.INVEST] += undiscounted_cost
-            else:
-                entries[key].update(
-                    {CostType.D_INVEST: discounted_cost, CostType.INVEST: undiscounted_cost}
-                )
+            entry = entries[key]
+            entry[CostType.D_INVEST] = entry.get(CostType.D_INVEST, 0.0) + discounted_cost
+            entry[CostType.INVEST] = entry.get(CostType.INVEST, 0.0) + undiscounted_cost
 
     for r, p, t in model.cost_fixed_eos_period_rpt:
         fixed_cost = value(cost_fixed_eos.period_cost(model, r, p, t))
         if fixed_cost < epsilon:
             continue
 
-        undiscounted_fixed_cost = fixed_cost * value(model.period_length[p])
-        discounted_fixed_cost = costs.fixed_or_variable_cost(
+        ud_fixed = float(fixed_cost * value(model.period_length[p]))
+        d_fixed = costs.fixed_or_variable_cost(
             1,
             fixed_cost,
             value(model.period_length[p]),
@@ -120,6 +116,7 @@ def poll_costs(
             p_0=p_0,
             p=p,
         )
+        d_fixed = float(value(d_fixed))
 
         if '-' in r:
             exchange_costs.add_cost_record(
@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ def poll_costs(
                 period=p,
                 tech=t,
                 vintage=p,
-                cost=float(value(discounted_fixed_cost)),
+                cost=d_fixed,
                 cost_type=CostType.D_FIXED,
             )
             exchange_costs.add_cost_record(
@@ -135,24 +132,22 @@ def poll_costs(
                 period=p,
                 tech=t,
                 vintage=p,
-                cost=float(undiscounted_fixed_cost),
+                cost=ud_fixed,
                 cost_type=CostType.FIXED,
             )
         else:
-            entries[r, p, t, p].update(
-                {
-                    CostType.D_FIXED: float(value(discounted_fixed_cost)),
-                    CostType.FIXED: float(undiscounted_fixed_cost),
-                }
-            )
+            key = (cast('Region', r), cast('Period', p), cast('Technology', t), cast('Vintage', p))
+            entry = entries[key]
+            entry[CostType.D_FIXED] = entry.get(CostType.D_FIXED, 0.0) + d_fixed
+            entry[CostType.FIXED] = entry.get(CostType.FIXED, 0.0) + ud_fixed
 
-    for r, p, t in model.cost_fixed_eos_period_rpt:
+    for r, p, t in model.cost_variable_eos_period_rpt:
         variable_cost = value(cost_variable_eos.period_cost(model, r, p, t))
         if variable_cost < epsilon:
             continue
 
-        undiscounted_variable_cost = variable_cost * value(model.period_length[p])
-        discounted_variable_cost = costs.fixed_or_variable_cost(
+        ud_variable = float(variable_cost * value(model.period_length[p]))
+        d_variable = costs.fixed_or_variable_cost(
             1,
             variable_cost,
             value(model.period_length[p]),
@@ -160,6 +155,7 @@ def poll_costs(
             p_0=p_0,
             p=p,
         )
+        d_variable = float(value(d_variable))
 
         if '-' in r:
             exchange_costs.add_cost_record(
@@ -167,7 +163,7 @@ def poll_costs(
                 period=p,
                 tech=t,
                 vintage=p,
-                cost=float(value(discounted_variable_cost)),
+                cost=d_variable,
                 cost_type=CostType.D_VARIABLE,
             )
             exchange_costs.add_cost_record(
@@ -175,13 +171,11 @@ def poll_costs(
                 period=p,
                 tech=t,
                 vintage=p,
-                cost=float(undiscounted_variable_cost),
+                cost=ud_variable,
                 cost_type=CostType.VARIABLE,
             )
         else:
-            entries[r, p, t, p].update(
-                {
-                    CostType.D_VARIABLE: float(value(discounted_variable_cost)),
-                    CostType.VARIABLE: float(undiscounted_variable_cost),
-                }
-            )
+            key = (cast('Region', r), cast('Period', p), cast('Technology', t), cast('Vintage', p))
+            entry = entries[key]
+            entry[CostType.D_VARIABLE] = entry.get(CostType.D_VARIABLE, 0.0) + d_variable
+            entry[CostType.VARIABLE] = entry.get(CostType.VARIABLE, 0.0) + ud_variable
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/model.py b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/model.py
index 82c0d0e2..6b1298a4 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/model.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/economies_of_scale/core/model.py
@@ -169,6 +169,8 @@ def register_model_components(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
         rule=cost_fixed_eos.cost_fixed_eos_capacity_upper_bound_constraint,
     )
 
+    m.append_cost_fixed_eos_to_total_cost = BuildAction(rule=cost_fixed_eos.total_cost)
+
     # -- cost_variable_eos ---
     m.cost_variable_eos_segments = {}
 
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py
index dd981d79..4ae1f308 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris.py
@@ -47,8 +47,6 @@ def evaluate(
     with TableWriter(config) as table_writer:
         table_writer.write_results(model=mdl)
 
-    import contextlib
-
     with contextlib.closing(sqlite3.connect(db_file)) as con:
         cur = con.cursor()
         cur.execute('SELECT * FROM output_objective')
diff --git a/tests/test_table_writer.py b/tests/test_table_writer.py
index 646c0a47..fdfe741f 100644
--- a/tests/test_table_writer.py
+++ b/tests/test_table_writer.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class LoanCostInput(TypedDict):
     capacity: float
     invest_cost: float
     loan_life: float
-    loan_rate: float
+    loan_annualize: float
     global_discount_rate: float
     process_life: int
     p_0: int

From 04f9a16ae297aae045d27783e1bd2b2bc3c8c2ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Jul 2026 21:00:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 27/28] Add economies of scale and discrete capacities to
 myopic capacities test

Signed-off-by: Davey Elder <iandavidelder@gmail.com>
---
 tests/test_full_runs.py                       | 31 +++++-
 .../config_myopic_capacities.toml             |  2 +-
 tests/testing_data/myopic_capacities.sql      | 95 +++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 123 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/test_full_runs.py b/tests/test_full_runs.py
index c71f9b4c..9956449e 100644
--- a/tests/test_full_runs.py
+++ b/tests/test_full_runs.py
@@ -171,18 +171,41 @@ def test_myopic_stress_tests(
 ) -> None:
     """
     The idea of these is that they should be tightly constrained so that if anything
-    is wrong the model will fail to find a feasible solution. Use lots of equality constraints
+    is wrong the model will fail to find a feasible solution. Use lots of equality constraints.
+
+    Two new paths test limit_discrete_capacity and limit_discrete_new_capacity with EoS costs
+    and survival curves.
     """
     _, _, _, sequencer = system_test_run
     import contextlib
 
     with contextlib.closing(sqlite3.connect(sequencer.config.output_database)) as con:
         cur = con.cursor()
+        dc_fixed = cur.execute(
+            "SELECT SUM(fixed) FROM output_cost WHERE tech='tech_discrete_cap'"
+        ).fetchone()[0]
+        dc_variable = cur.execute(
+            "SELECT SUM(var) FROM output_cost WHERE tech='tech_discrete_cap'"
+        ).fetchone()[0]
+        dnc_invest = cur.execute(
+            "SELECT SUM(invest) FROM output_cost WHERE tech='tech_discrete_new_cap'"
+        ).fetchone()[0]
+
+        assert dc_fixed == pytest.approx(37, rel=1e-5), (
+            'tech_discrete_cap fixed cost did not match expected'
+        )
+        assert dc_variable == pytest.approx(24, rel=1e-5), (
+            'tech_discrete_cap variable cost did not match expected'
+        )
+        assert dnc_invest == pytest.approx(2.5, rel=1e-5), (
+            'tech_discrete_new_cap invest cost did not match expected'
+        )
+
+        # This part is just a very rough check on the objective function. Constraints inside the
+        # model are extremely tight so other changes will likely lead to infeasibility
         res = cur.execute('SELECT SUM(total_system_cost) FROM main.output_objective').fetchone()
         obj = res[0]
-        # This part is just a very rough check on the objective function. Constraints inside the
-        # model are extremely tight so any other changes will lead to infeasibility
-        assert obj == pytest.approx(32, abs=1), (
+        assert obj == pytest.approx(309, rel=0.01), (
             'objective function value did not match expected for myopic stress test'
         )
 
diff --git a/tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml b/tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml
index db2d1153..4ff76c5b 100644
--- a/tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml
+++ b/tests/testing_configs/config_myopic_capacities.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 scenario = "test myopic capacities"
 scenario_mode = "myopic"
-extensions= ["growth_rates"]
+extensions= ["growth_rates", "discrete_capacity", "eos"]
 input_database = "tests/testing_outputs/myopic_capacities.sqlite"
 output_database = "tests/testing_outputs/myopic_capacities.sqlite"
 neos = false
diff --git a/tests/testing_data/myopic_capacities.sql b/tests/testing_data/myopic_capacities.sql
index f561e073..ca11c415 100644
--- a/tests/testing_data/myopic_capacities.sql
+++ b/tests/testing_data/myopic_capacities.sql
@@ -240,3 +240,98 @@ REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_current','p','energy',NULL,NULL,0,0,0,0,1,0
 REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_future','p','energy',NULL,NULL,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NULL);
 REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_retire','p','energy',NULL,NULL,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NULL);
 REPLACE INTO time_season VALUES(0,'s',1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO commodity VALUES('demand_dc','d',NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO commodity VALUES('demand_dnc','d',NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_discrete_cap','p','energy',NULL,NULL,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_dc_dummy','p','energy',NULL,NULL,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_discrete_new_cap','p','energy',NULL,NULL,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO technology VALUES('tech_dnc_dummy','p','energy',NULL,NULL,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_tech VALUES('region','tech_discrete_cap',35.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_tech VALUES('region','tech_dc_dummy',35.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_tech VALUES('region','tech_discrete_new_cap',5.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_tech VALUES('region','tech_dnc_dummy',35.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO loan_rate VALUES('region','tech_discrete_new_cap',2025,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO loan_rate VALUES('region','tech_discrete_new_cap',2030,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO loan_rate VALUES('region','tech_discrete_new_cap',2035,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO loan_rate VALUES('region','tech_discrete_new_cap',2040,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO loan_rate VALUES('region','tech_discrete_new_cap',2045,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO loan_rate VALUES('region','tech_discrete_new_cap',2050,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_discrete_cap',2025,'demand_dc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_dc_dummy',2025,'demand_dc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_discrete_new_cap',2025,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_discrete_new_cap',2030,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_discrete_new_cap',2035,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_discrete_new_cap',2040,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_discrete_new_cap',2045,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_discrete_new_cap',2050,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO efficiency VALUES('region','source','tech_dnc_dummy',2025,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2025,'demand_dc',2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2030,'demand_dc',2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2035,'demand_dc',2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2040,'demand_dc',2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2045,'demand_dc',2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2050,'demand_dc',2.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2025,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2030,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2035,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2040,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2045,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO demand VALUES('region',2050,'demand_dnc',1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2025,'tech_dc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2030,'tech_dc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2035,'tech_dc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2040,'tech_dc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2045,'tech_dc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2050,'tech_dc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2025,'tech_dnc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2030,'tech_dnc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2035,'tech_dnc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2040,'tech_dnc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2045,'tech_dnc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable VALUES('region',2050,'tech_dnc_dummy',2025,10.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2025,'tech_discrete_cap',2025,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2030,'tech_discrete_cap',2025,0.8,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2035,'tech_discrete_cap',2025,0.6,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2040,'tech_discrete_cap',2025,0.4,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2045,'tech_discrete_cap',2025,0.2,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2060,'tech_discrete_cap',2025,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2025,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2025,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2030,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2025,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2030,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2030,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2035,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2030,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2035,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2035,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2040,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2035,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2040,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2040,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2045,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2040,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2045,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2045,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2050,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2045,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2050,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2050,1.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO lifetime_survival_curve VALUES('region',2055,'tech_discrete_new_cap',2050,0.0,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_discrete_capacity VALUES('region','tech_discrete_cap',0.2,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO limit_discrete_new_capacity VALUES('region','tech_discrete_new_cap',0.2,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_invest_eos VALUES('region','tech_discrete_new_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_invest_eos VALUES('region','tech_discrete_new_cap',2,0.5,2.0,1.0,2.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2025,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2025,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,1.0,2.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2030,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2030,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,1.0,2.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2035,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2035,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,1.0,2.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2040,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2040,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,1.0,2.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2045,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2045,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,1.0,2.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2050,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,1.0,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_fixed_eos VALUES('region',2050,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,1.0,2.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2025,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,0.75,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2025,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,0.75,1.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2030,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,0.75,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2030,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,0.75,1.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2035,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,0.75,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2035,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,0.75,1.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2040,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,0.75,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2040,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,0.75,1.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2045,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,0.75,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2045,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,0.75,1.5,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2050,'tech_discrete_cap',1,0.0,0.5,0.0,0.75,NULL,NULL);
+REPLACE INTO cost_variable_eos VALUES('region',2050,'tech_discrete_cap',2,0.5,2.0,0.75,1.5,NULL,NULL);

From 35e928bb5b0cc98f0ac153701cf29e0445b9aa3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jul 2026 01:01:18 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 28/28] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/model.py   |  2 --
 temoa/extensions/get_comm_tech.py                  |  4 +---
 .../extensions/method_of_morris/morris_evaluate.py | 14 +++++++++++---
 .../manager_factory.py                             |  2 --
 .../tech_activity_vector_manager.py                |  9 ++++++---
 .../vector_manager.py                              |  1 +
 .../modeling_to_generate_alternatives/worker.py    | 11 +++++++----
 temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_worker.py          |  3 ++-
 .../extensions/single_vector_mga/output_summary.py |  1 +
 temoa/extensions/stochastics/stochastic_config.py  |  1 -
 temoa/extensions/template/core/model.py            |  4 +---
 11 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/model.py b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/model.py
index 6cc127b8..d968a243 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/model.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/discrete_capacity/core/model.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
     from temoa.core.model import TemoaModel
 
     class DiscreteCapacityModel(TemoaModel):
-
         limit_discrete_new_capacity: Param
         limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint_rtv: Set
         limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint: Constraint
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@ def register_model_components(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
         rule=discrete_capacity.limit_discrete_new_capacity_constraint_rule,
     )
 
-
     m.limit_discrete_capacity = Param(
         m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, within=NonNegativeReals
     )
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/get_comm_tech.py b/temoa/extensions/get_comm_tech.py
index 8c7167c2..717ee9e5 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/get_comm_tech.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/get_comm_tech.py
@@ -31,9 +31,7 @@ def get_tperiods(inp_f: str) -> dict[str, list[int]]:
     for row in cur:
         x.append(row[0])
     for y in x:
-        cur.execute(
-            'SELECT DISTINCT period FROM output_flow_out WHERE scenario = ?', (y,)
-        )
+        cur.execute('SELECT DISTINCT period FROM output_flow_out WHERE scenario = ?', (y,))
         periods_list[y] = []
         for per in cur:
             z = per[0]
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_evaluate.py b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_evaluate.py
index 1460b775..9695b140 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_evaluate.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/method_of_morris/morris_evaluate.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 This module contains the core "evaluation" function for Method Of Morris.  It needs to be isolated
 (outside of class) to enable parallelization.
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
@@ -19,7 +20,6 @@
     from temoa.core.config import TemoaConfig
 
 
-
 def configure_worker_logger(log_queue: Any, log_level: int) -> logging.Logger:
     """configure the logger"""
     worker_logger = logging.getLogger('MM evaluate')
@@ -35,8 +35,15 @@ def configure_worker_logger(log_queue: Any, log_level: int) -> logging.Logger:
     return worker_logger
 
 
-def evaluate(param_info: dict[int, list[Any]], mm_sample: Any, data: dict[str, Any],
-            i: int, config: TemoaConfig, log_queue: Any, log_level: int) -> list[float]:
+def evaluate(
+    param_info: dict[int, list[Any]],
+    mm_sample: Any,
+    data: dict[str, Any],
+    i: int,
+    config: TemoaConfig,
+    log_queue: Any,
+    log_level: int,
+) -> list[float]:
     """
     Run model for params provided and return objective value and emission value
     Note:  This function needs to be a static instance to enable the parallel
@@ -81,6 +88,7 @@ def evaluate(param_info: dict[int, list[Any]], mm_sample: Any, data: dict[str, A
     with TableWriter(config) as table_writer:
         table_writer.write_mm_results(model=mdl, iteration=i)
     import contextlib
+
     with contextlib.closing(sqlite3.connect(config.input_database)) as con:
         cur = con.cursor()
         scenario_name = config.scenario + f'-{i}'
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/manager_factory.py b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/manager_factory.py
index 3970c4e8..16b41cbc 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/manager_factory.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/manager_factory.py
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
     from temoa.extensions.modeling_to_generate_alternatives.vector_manager import VectorManager
 
 
-
-
 def get_manager(
     axis: MgaAxis,
     weighting: MgaWeighting,
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/tech_activity_vector_manager.py b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/tech_activity_vector_manager.py
index 62f9a99a..5f6c1946 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/tech_activity_vector_manager.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/tech_activity_vector_manager.py
@@ -137,7 +137,9 @@ def initialize(self) -> None:
         for idx_annual in self.base_model.active_flow_rpitvo or set():
             tech = idx_annual[3]
             self.technology_size[tech] += 1
-            self.variable_index_mapping[tech][self.base_model.v_flow_out_annual.name].append(idx_annual)
+            self.variable_index_mapping[tech][self.base_model.v_flow_out_annual.name].append(
+                idx_annual
+            )
         logger.debug('Catalogued %d Technology Variables', sum(self.technology_size.values()))
 
     @property
@@ -364,8 +366,9 @@ def tracker(self) -> None:
         A little function to track the size of the hull, after it is built initially
         Note:  This hull is a "throw away" and only used for volume calc, but it is pretty quick
         """
-        if self.hull is not None and \
-           self.hull_points is not None:  # don't try until after first hull is built
+        if (
+            self.hull is not None and self.hull_points is not None
+        ):  # don't try until after first hull is built
             hull = Hull(self.hull_points)
             volume = hull.volume
             logger.info('Tracking hull at %0.2f', volume)
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/vector_manager.py b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/vector_manager.py
index 3b0d1ea2..e3649e76 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/vector_manager.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/vector_manager.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 An ABC to serve as a framework for future Vector Managers
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/worker.py b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/worker.py
index efb1c3ff..d42dc95a 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/worker.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/modeling_to_generate_alternatives/worker.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Class to contain Workers that execute solves in separate processes
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging.handlers
@@ -52,15 +53,16 @@ def __init__(
         self.solver_name = solver_name
         self.solver_options = solver_options or {}
         self.solver_log_path = solver_log_path
-        self.opt = None # Initialize in run()
+        self.opt = None  # Initialize in run()
 
         self.log_root_name = log_root_name
         self.log_level = log_level
         self.solve_count = 0
 
     def run(self) -> None:
-        logger: logging.Logger = getLogger('.'.join(
-            (self.log_root_name, 'worker', str(self.worker_number))))
+        logger: logging.Logger = getLogger(
+            '.'.join((self.log_root_name, 'worker', str(self.worker_number)))
+        )
         logger.propagate = False  # prevent duplicate logs
         # add a handler that pushes to the queue
         handler = logging.handlers.QueueHandler(self.log_queue)
@@ -133,7 +135,8 @@ def run(self) -> None:
                         status = solve_res['Solver'].termination_condition
                         logger.info(
                             'Worker %d did not solve.  Results status: %s',
-                            self.worker_number, status
+                            self.worker_number,
+                            status,
                         )
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_worker.py b/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_worker.py
index 7bf987ea..5ab992fa 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_worker.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/monte_carlo/mc_worker.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 new obj functions
 
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging.handlers
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.results_queue = results_queue
         self.solver_name = solver_name
         self.solver_options = solver_options
-        self.opt = None # Initialize in run()
+        self.opt = None  # Initialize in run()
         self.log_queue = log_queue
         self.log_level = log_level
         self.root_logger_name = log_root_name
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/output_summary.py b/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/output_summary.py
index 54e387b1..80369ae7 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/output_summary.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/single_vector_mga/output_summary.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 A tabular summation of the results from an SVMGA run
 """
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import sqlite3
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/stochastics/stochastic_config.py b/temoa/extensions/stochastics/stochastic_config.py
index a46df1e3..3164be08 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/stochastics/stochastic_config.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/stochastics/stochastic_config.py
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ class StochasticConfig:
     perturbations: list[Perturbation] = field(default_factory=list)
     solver_options: dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
 
-
     @classmethod
     def from_toml(cls, path: Path) -> Self:
         with open(path, 'rb') as f:
diff --git a/temoa/extensions/template/core/model.py b/temoa/extensions/template/core/model.py
index e66a9291..2e3e5a12 100644
--- a/temoa/extensions/template/core/model.py
+++ b/temoa/extensions/template/core/model.py
@@ -55,9 +55,7 @@ def register_model_components(model: TemoaModel) -> None:
     m = cast('ExampleModel', model)
 
     # Param: a per-(region, tech-or-group) cap on cumulative new capacity.
-    m.example_new_capacity_limit = Param(
-        m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, within=Any
-    )
+    m.example_new_capacity_limit = Param(m.regional_global_indices, m.tech_or_group, within=Any)
 
     # Sparse index set for the constraint, built from the param's populated keys.
     m.example_new_capacity_limit_constraint_rpt = Set(