diff --git a/ml-kem/src/decapsulation_key.rs b/ml-kem/src/decapsulation_key.rs
index 50e62af..5ad75e5 100644
--- a/ml-kem/src/decapsulation_key.rs
+++ b/ml-kem/src/decapsulation_key.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::{
     B32, EncapsulationKey, Seed, SharedKey,
     crypto::{G, J},
     param::{DecapsulationKeySize, ExpandedDecapsulationKey, KemParams},
-    pke::{DecryptionKey, EncryptionKey},
+    pke::{Ciphertext1, Ciphertext2, DecryptionKey, EncryptionKey},
 };
 use array::{
     Array, ArraySize,
@@ -110,6 +110,16 @@ where
         let d = Some(d);
         Self { dk_pke, ek, d, z }
     }
+
+    /// Decapsulates the given [`Ciphertext1`] and [`Ciphertext2`] a.k.a. "incremental encapsulated key".
+    pub fn decapsulate_incremental(&self, c1: &Ciphertext1<P>, c2: &Ciphertext2<P>) -> SharedKey {
+        let mp = self.dk_pke.decrypt_split(c1, c2);
+        let (Kp, rp) = G(&[&mp, &self.ek.h()]);
+        let Kbar = J(&[self.z.as_slice(), c1.as_ref(), c2.as_ref()]);
+        let cp = self.ek.ek_pke().encrypt(&mp, &rp);
+        let (cp1, cp2) = P::split_ct(&cp);
+        B32::conditional_select(&Kbar, &Kp, cp1.ct_eq(c1) & cp2.ct_eq(c2))
+    }
 }
 
 // Handwritten to omit `d` in the comparisons, so keys initialized from seeds compare equally to
diff --git a/ml-kem/src/encapsulation_key.rs b/ml-kem/src/encapsulation_key.rs
index f09e246..7c9f8f7 100644
--- a/ml-kem/src/encapsulation_key.rs
+++ b/ml-kem/src/encapsulation_key.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,45 @@
 use crate::{
     B32, SharedKey,
+    algebra::NttVector,
     crypto::{G, H},
     kem::{InvalidKey, Kem, Key, KeyExport, KeySizeUser, TryKeyInit},
     param::{EncapsulationKeySize, KemParams},
-    pke::EncryptionKey,
+    pke::{Ciphertext1, Ciphertext2, EncryptionKey},
 };
 use array::sizes::U32;
 use kem::{Ciphertext, Encapsulate, Generate};
 use rand_core::CryptoRng;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "zeroize")]
+use zeroize::{Zeroize, ZeroizeOnDrop};
+
+/// A temporary secret produced by the first incremental encapsulation step,
+/// to be used by the second one to finish encapsulation.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct EncapsulationSecret<P>
+where
+    P: KemParams,
+{
+    m: B32,
+    r: B32,
+    es: NttVector<P::K>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "zeroize")]
+impl<P> Drop for EncapsulationSecret<P>
+where
+    P: KemParams,
+{
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.m.zeroize();
+        self.r.zeroize();
+        self.es.zeroize();
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "zeroize")]
+impl<P> ZeroizeOnDrop for EncapsulationSecret<P> where P: KemParams {}
+
 /// An `EncapsulationKey` provides the ability to encapsulate a shared key so that it can only be
 /// decapsulated by the holder of the corresponding decapsulation key.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@@ -61,6 +92,45 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn h(&self) -> B32 {
         self.h
     }
+
+    /// Encapsulates incrementally with the given randomness. This is useful for testing against known vectors.
+    ///
+    /// # Warning
+    /// Do NOT use this function unless you know what you're doing. If you fail to use all uniform
+    /// random bytes even once, you can have catastrophic security failure.
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "hazmat"), doc(hidden))]
+    pub fn encapsulate_incremental_1_deterministic(
+        &self,
+        m: &B32,
+    ) -> (Ciphertext1<P>, EncapsulationSecret<P>, SharedKey) {
+        let (K, r) = G(&[m, &self.h]);
+        let (c1, es) = self.ek_pke.encrypt_incremental_1(&r);
+        (c1, EncapsulationSecret { m: *m, r, es }, K)
+    }
+
+    /// Finish incremental encapsulation.
+    pub fn encapsulate_incremental_2(
+        &self,
+        encapsulation_secret: EncapsulationSecret<P>,
+    ) -> Ciphertext2<P> {
+        self.ek_pke.encrypt_incremental_2(
+            &encapsulation_secret.m,
+            &encapsulation_secret.r,
+            &encapsulation_secret.es,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Encapsulates incrementally a fresh [`SharedKey`] generated using the supplied random number generator `R`.
+    pub fn encapsulate_incremental_1_with_rng<R>(
+        &self,
+        rng: &mut R,
+    ) -> (Ciphertext1<P>, EncapsulationSecret<P>, SharedKey)
+    where
+        R: CryptoRng + ?Sized,
+    {
+        let m = B32::generate_from_rng(rng);
+        self.encapsulate_incremental_1_deterministic(&m)
+    }
 }
 
 impl<P> Encapsulate for EncapsulationKey<P>
diff --git a/ml-kem/src/lib.rs b/ml-kem/src/lib.rs
index 4c7cf7a..f3e28d5 100644
--- a/ml-kem/src/lib.rs
+++ b/ml-kem/src/lib.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub use array::{self, ArraySize};
 pub use decapsulation_key::DecapsulationKey;
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 pub use decapsulation_key::ExpandedKeyEncoding;
-pub use encapsulation_key::EncapsulationKey;
+pub use encapsulation_key::{EncapsulationKey, EncapsulationSecret};
 pub use kem::{
     self, Ciphertext, Decapsulate, Encapsulate, FromSeed, Generate, InvalidKey, Kem, Key,
     KeyExport, KeyInit, KeySizeUser, TryKeyInit,
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ pub use ml_kem_512::MlKem512;
 pub use ml_kem_768::MlKem768;
 pub use ml_kem_1024::MlKem1024;
 pub use param::{ExpandedDecapsulationKey, ParameterSet};
+pub use pke::{Ciphertext1, Ciphertext2};
 
 use array::{
     Array,
@@ -133,9 +134,18 @@ pub mod ml_kem_512 {
     /// can only be decapsulated by the holder of the corresponding decapsulation key.
     pub type EncapsulationKey = crate::EncapsulationKey<MlKem512>;
 
+    /// An ML-KEM-512 `EncapsulationSecret` is a temporary secret used for incremental encapsulation.
+    pub type EncapsulationSecret = crate::EncapsulationSecret<MlKem512>;
+
     /// Encoded ML-KEM-512 ciphertexts.
     pub type Ciphertext = kem::Ciphertext<MlKem512>;
 
+    /// Encoded ML-KEM-512 first incremental ciphertexts.
+    pub type Ciphertext1 = crate::Ciphertext1<MlKem512>;
+
+    /// Encoded ML-KEM-512 second incrementalciphertexts.
+    pub type Ciphertext2 = crate::Ciphertext2<MlKem512>;
+
     /// Legacy expanded decapsulation keys. Prefer seeds instead.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[deprecated(since = "0.3.0", note = "use `Seed` instead")]
@@ -181,9 +191,18 @@ pub mod ml_kem_768 {
     /// can only be decapsulated by the holder of the corresponding decapsulation key.
     pub type EncapsulationKey = crate::EncapsulationKey<MlKem768>;
 
-    /// Encoded ML-KEM-512 ciphertexts.
+    /// An ML-KEM-768 `EncapsulationSecret` is a temporary secret used for incremental encapsulation.
+    pub type EncapsulationSecret = crate::EncapsulationSecret<MlKem768>;
+
+    /// Encoded ML-KEM-768 ciphertexts.
     pub type Ciphertext = kem::Ciphertext<MlKem768>;
 
+    /// Encoded ML-KEM-768 first incremental ciphertexts.
+    pub type Ciphertext1 = crate::Ciphertext1<MlKem768>;
+
+    /// Encoded ML-KEM-768 second incrementalciphertexts.
+    pub type Ciphertext2 = crate::Ciphertext2<MlKem768>;
+
     /// Legacy expanded decapsulation keys. Prefer seeds instead.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[deprecated(since = "0.3.0", note = "use `Seed` instead")]
@@ -228,9 +247,18 @@ pub mod ml_kem_1024 {
     /// it can only be decapsulated by the holder of the corresponding decapsulation key.
     pub type EncapsulationKey = crate::EncapsulationKey<MlKem1024>;
 
-    /// Encoded ML-KEM-512 ciphertexts.
+    /// An ML-KEM-1024 `EncapsulationSecret` is a temporary secret used for incremental encapsulation.
+    pub type EncapsulationSecret = crate::EncapsulationSecret<MlKem1024>;
+
+    /// Encoded ML-KEM-1024 ciphertexts.
     pub type Ciphertext = kem::Ciphertext<MlKem1024>;
 
+    /// Encoded ML-KEM-1024 first incremental ciphertexts.
+    pub type Ciphertext1 = crate::Ciphertext1<MlKem1024>;
+
+    /// Encoded ML-KEM-1024 second incrementalciphertexts.
+    pub type Ciphertext2 = crate::Ciphertext2<MlKem1024>;
+
     /// Legacy expanded decapsulation keys. Prefer seeds instead.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[deprecated(since = "0.3.0", note = "use `Seed` instead")]
diff --git a/ml-kem/src/pke.rs b/ml-kem/src/pke.rs
index fae743b..8d9d0b4 100644
--- a/ml-kem/src/pke.rs
+++ b/ml-kem/src/pke.rs
@@ -88,6 +88,10 @@ where
     pub(crate) fn decrypt(&self, ciphertext: &Ciphertext<P>) -> B32 {
         let (c1, c2) = P::split_ct(ciphertext);
 
+        self.decrypt_split(c1, c2)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn decrypt_split(&self, c1: &Ciphertext1<P>, c2: &Ciphertext2<P>) -> B32 {
         let mut u: Vector<P::K> = Encode::<P::Du>::decode(c1);
         u.decompress::<P::Du>();
 
@@ -123,6 +127,11 @@ where
     rho: B32,
 }
 
+/// First ciphertext for incremental encapsulation
+pub type Ciphertext1<P> = array::Array<u8, crate::param::EncodedUSize<P>>;
+/// Second ciphertext for incremental encapsulation
+pub type Ciphertext2<P> = array::Array<u8, crate::param::EncodedVSize<P>>;
+
 impl<P> EncryptionKey<P>
 where
     P: PkeParams,
@@ -152,6 +161,45 @@ where
         P::concat_ct(c1, c2)
     }
 
+    /// Encrypt the specified message for the holder of the corresponding decryption key, using the
+    /// provided randomness, according the `K-PKE.Encrypt` procedure.
+    pub(crate) fn encrypt_incremental_1(
+        &self,
+        randomness: &B32,
+    ) -> (Ciphertext1<P>, NttVector<P::K>) {
+        let r = sample_poly_vec_cbd::<P::Eta1, P::K>(randomness, 0);
+        let e1 = sample_poly_vec_cbd::<P::Eta2, P::K>(randomness, P::K::U8);
+
+        let A_hat_t: NttMatrix<P::K> = matrix_sample_ntt(&self.rho, true);
+        let r_hat: NttVector<P::K> = r.ntt();
+        let ATr: Vector<P::K> = (&A_hat_t * &r_hat).ntt_inverse();
+        let mut u = ATr + e1;
+
+        let c1 = Encode::<P::Du>::encode(u.compress::<P::Du>());
+
+        (c1, r_hat)
+    }
+
+    /// Encrypt the specified message for the holder of the corresponding decryption key, using the
+    /// provided randomness, according the `K-PKE.Encrypt` procedure.
+    pub(crate) fn encrypt_incremental_2(
+        &self,
+        message: &B32,
+        randomness: &B32,
+        r_hat: &NttVector<P::K>,
+    ) -> Ciphertext2<P> {
+        let prf_output = PRF::<P::Eta2>(randomness, 2 * P::K::U8);
+        let e2: Polynomial = sample_poly_cbd::<P::Eta2>(&prf_output);
+
+        let mut mu: Polynomial = Encode::<U1>::decode(message);
+        mu.decompress::<U1>();
+
+        let tTr: Polynomial = (&self.t_hat * r_hat).ntt_inverse();
+        let mut v = &(&tTr + &e2) + &mu;
+
+        Encode::<P::Dv>::encode(v.compress::<P::Dv>())
+    }
+
     /// Represent this encryption key as a byte array `(t_hat || rho)`
     pub(crate) fn to_bytes(&self) -> EncodedEncryptionKey<P> {
         let t_hat = P::encode_u12(&self.t_hat);
diff --git a/ml-kem/tests/encap-decap.rs b/ml-kem/tests/encap-decap.rs
index 4109f27..84a3364 100644
--- a/ml-kem/tests/encap-decap.rs
+++ b/ml-kem/tests/encap-decap.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ use std::{fs::read_to_string, path::PathBuf};
 pub trait EncapsulateDeterministic {
     /// Returns `(ciphertext, shared_secret)`.
     fn encapsulate_deterministic(&self, m: &ArrayN<u8, 32>) -> (Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>);
+    /// Returns `(ciphertext, shared_secret)`.
+    fn encapsulate_incremental_deterministic(&self, m: &ArrayN<u8, 32>) -> (Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>);
 }
 
 impl EncapsulateDeterministic for EncapsulationKey512 {
@@ -19,6 +21,13 @@ impl EncapsulateDeterministic for EncapsulationKey512 {
         let (c, k) = self.encapsulate_deterministic(m);
         (c.to_vec(), k.to_vec())
     }
+    fn encapsulate_incremental_deterministic(&self, m: &ArrayN<u8, 32>) -> (Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>) {
+        let (c1, es, k) = self.encapsulate_incremental_1_deterministic(m);
+        let c2 = self.encapsulate_incremental_2(es);
+        let mut c = c1.to_vec();
+        c.extend_from_slice(&c2);
+        (c, k.to_vec())
+    }
 }
 
 impl EncapsulateDeterministic for EncapsulationKey768 {
@@ -26,6 +35,13 @@ impl EncapsulateDeterministic for EncapsulationKey768 {
         let (c, k) = self.encapsulate_deterministic(m);
         (c.to_vec(), k.to_vec())
     }
+    fn encapsulate_incremental_deterministic(&self, m: &ArrayN<u8, 32>) -> (Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>) {
+        let (c1, es, k) = self.encapsulate_incremental_1_deterministic(m);
+        let c2 = self.encapsulate_incremental_2(es);
+        let mut c = c1.to_vec();
+        c.extend_from_slice(&c2);
+        (c, k.to_vec())
+    }
 }
 
 impl EncapsulateDeterministic for EncapsulationKey1024 {
@@ -33,6 +49,40 @@ impl EncapsulateDeterministic for EncapsulationKey1024 {
         let (c, k) = self.encapsulate_deterministic(m);
         (c.to_vec(), k.to_vec())
     }
+    fn encapsulate_incremental_deterministic(&self, m: &ArrayN<u8, 32>) -> (Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>) {
+        let (c1, es, k) = self.encapsulate_incremental_1_deterministic(m);
+        let c2 = self.encapsulate_incremental_2(es);
+        let mut c = c1.to_vec();
+        c.extend_from_slice(&c2);
+        (c, k.to_vec())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A helper trait for deterministic incremental decapsulation tests
+pub trait DecapsulateIncremental<C> {
+    /// Returns `shared_secret`.
+    fn decapsulate_incremental(&self, c: &C) -> Vec<u8>;
+}
+
+impl DecapsulateIncremental<ml_kem_512::Ciphertext> for DecapsulationKey512 {
+    fn decapsulate_incremental(&self, c: &ml_kem_512::Ciphertext) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let (c1, c2) = c.split_ref();
+        self.decapsulate_incremental(c1, c2).to_vec()
+    }
+}
+
+impl DecapsulateIncremental<ml_kem_768::Ciphertext> for DecapsulationKey768 {
+    fn decapsulate_incremental(&self, c: &ml_kem_768::Ciphertext) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let (c1, c2) = c.split_ref();
+        self.decapsulate_incremental(c1, c2).to_vec()
+    }
+}
+
+impl DecapsulateIncremental<ml_kem_1024::Ciphertext> for DecapsulationKey1024 {
+    fn decapsulate_incremental(&self, c: &ml_kem_1024::Ciphertext) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let (c1, c2) = c.split_ref();
+        self.decapsulate_incremental(c1, c2).to_vec()
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -76,6 +126,11 @@ where
 
     assert_eq!(k.as_slice(), tc.k.as_slice());
     assert_eq!(c.as_slice(), tc.c.as_slice());
+
+    let (c, k) = ek.encapsulate_incremental_deterministic(&m);
+
+    assert_eq!(k.as_slice(), tc.k.as_slice());
+    assert_eq!(c.as_slice(), tc.c.as_slice());
 }
 
 fn verify_decap_group(tg: &acvp::DecapTestGroup) {
@@ -92,12 +147,19 @@ fn verify_decap_group(tg: &acvp::DecapTestGroup) {
 fn verify_decap<K>(tc: &acvp::DecapTestCase, dk_slice: &[u8])
 where
     K: Kem,
-    K::DecapsulationKey: Decapsulate + Decapsulator<Kem = K> + ExpandedKeyEncoding,
+    K::DecapsulationKey: Decapsulate
+        + DecapsulateIncremental<Ciphertext<K>>
+        + Decapsulator<Kem = K>
+        + ExpandedKeyEncoding,
 {
     let dk = K::DecapsulationKey::from_expanded_bytes(dk_slice.try_into().unwrap()).unwrap();
     let c = Ciphertext::<K>::try_from(tc.c.as_slice()).unwrap();
+
     let k = dk.decapsulate(&c);
     assert_eq!(k.as_slice(), tc.k.as_slice());
+
+    let k = dk.decapsulate_incremental(&c);
+    assert_eq!(k.as_slice(), tc.k.as_slice());
 }
 
 mod acvp {