diff --git a/docs/release_notes.rst b/docs/release_notes.rst
index 65ed4ba5..e55bbc30 100644
--- a/docs/release_notes.rst
+++ b/docs/release_notes.rst
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ Upcoming Release
 ..   The features listed below are not released yet, but will be part of the next release! 
 ..   To use the features already you have to use the ``master`` branch.
 
+* Update electricity transmission and offshore wind connection costs based on latest DEA data (https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, July 2025).
+  Align unit costs of offshore wind connection and general transmission. For offshore wind connections, include missing FOM.
 * Changed currency year from 2020 to 2025 for all cost assumptions using updated Eurostat inflation rates.
 
 * Update fossil fuel (gas, oil, lignite) and nuclear fuel (nuclear, uranium) costs based on TYNDP 2024 scenarios data.
diff --git a/inputs/costs_PyPSA.csv b/inputs/costs_PyPSA.csv
index c226ac4c..7fdc4d50 100644
--- a/inputs/costs_PyPSA.csv
+++ b/inputs/costs_PyPSA.csv
@@ -189,10 +189,4 @@ electricity grid connection,2030,FOM,2,%/year,TODO
 decentral oil boiler,2030,investment,156.0140915953699,EUR/kWth,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf) (+eigene Berechnung)
 decentral oil boiler,2030,lifetime,20.0,years,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)
 decentral oil boiler,2030,FOM,2.0,%/year,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)
-decentral oil boiler,2030,efficiency,0.9,per unit,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)
-offwind-ac-station,2030,investment,250,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,2030,investment,2685,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,2030,investment,1342,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data
-offwind-dc-station,2030,investment,400,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,2030,investment,2000,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,2030,investment,1000,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction
\ No newline at end of file
+decentral oil boiler,2030,efficiency,0.9,per unit,Palzer thesis (https://energiesysteme-zukunft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/PDFs/ESYS_Materialien_Optimierungsmodell_REMod-D.pdf)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/inputs/manual_input.csv b/inputs/manual_input.csv
index de69ac11..c49112ee 100644
--- a/inputs/manual_input.csv
+++ b/inputs/manual_input.csv
@@ -39,21 +39,62 @@ CH4 (g) pipeline,electricity-input,2020,0.01,MW_e/1000km/MW_CH4,2015,"Danish Ene
 CH4 (g) fill compressor station,investment,2040,1654.96,EUR/MW_CH4,2020,"Guesstimate, based on H2 (g) pipeline and fill compressor station cost.","Assume same ratio as between H2 (g) pipeline and fill compressor station, i.e. 1:19 , due to a lack of reliable numbers."
 CH4 (g) fill compressor station,lifetime,2040,20,years,2020,Assume same as for H2 (g) fill compressor station.,-
 CH4 (g) fill compressor station,FOM,2040,1.7,%/year,2020,Assume same as for H2 (g) fill compressor station.,-
-HVAC overhead,investment,2030,400,EUR/MW/km,2011,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,2030,40,years,2011,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2030,2,%/year,2011,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",
-HVDC overhead,investment,2030,400,EUR/MW/km,2011,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,2030,40,years,2011,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2030,2,%/year,2011,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",
-HVDC submarine,investment,2030,970,EUR/MW/km,2017,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1
-HVDC submarine,FOM,2030,0.35,%/year,2018,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables."
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,2030,40,years,2018,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables."
-HVDC underground,investment,2030,970,EUR/MW/km,2017,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine)
-HVDC underground,FOM,2030,0.35,%/year,2018,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)"
-HVDC underground,lifetime,2030,40,years,2018,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)"
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,2030,150000,EUR/MW,2011,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,2030,40,years,2011,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2030,2,%/year,2011,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",
+HVAC overhead,investment,2025,750,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVAC overhead,investment,2030,750,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVAC overhead,investment,2035,720,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVAC overhead,investment,2040,680,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVAC overhead,investment,2045,650,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVAC overhead,investment,2050,620,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVAC overhead,FOM,2025,1.5,%,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVDC overhead,investment,2025,600,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVDC overhead,investment,2030,600,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVDC overhead,investment,2035,580,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVDC overhead,investment,2040,550,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVDC overhead,investment,2045,530,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVDC overhead,investment,2050,500,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVDC overhead,FOM,2025,1.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",
+HVAC underground,investment,2025,4510,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC underground,investment,2030,4510,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC underground,investment,2035,4320,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC underground,investment,2040,4130,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC underground,investment,2045,3940,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC underground,investment,2050,3750,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC underground,FOM,2025,2.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC underground,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC underground,investment,2025,4070,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC underground,investment,2030,4070,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC underground,investment,2035,3910,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC underground,investment,2040,3740,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC underground,investment,2045,3570,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC underground,investment,2050,3400,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC underground,FOM,2025,2.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC underground,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC submarine,investment,2025,4510,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC submarine,investment,2030,4510,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC submarine,investment,2035,4320,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC submarine,investment,2040,4130,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC submarine,investment,2045,3940,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC submarine,investment,2050,3750,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2025,2.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC submarine,investment,2025,3220,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC submarine,investment,2030,3220,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC submarine,investment,2035,3090,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC submarine,investment,2040,2950,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC submarine,investment,2045,2820,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC submarine,investment,2050,2680,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2025,2.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,2025,640,EUR/kW,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,2030,640,EUR/kW,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,2035,600,EUR/kW,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,2040,580,EUR/kW,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,2045,560,EUR/kW,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,2050,540,EUR/kW,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,2030,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2025,1.5,%/year,2011,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",
 CH4 (g) submarine pipeline,investment,2002,112.64,EUR/MW/km,2014,Kaiser (2017): 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.003 .,"Based on Gulfstream pipeline costs (430 mi long pipeline for natural gas in deep/shallow waters) of 2.72e6 USD/mi and 1.31 bn ft^3/d capacity (36 in diameter), LHV of methane 13.8888 MWh/t and density of 0.657 kg/m^3 and 1.17 USD:1EUR conversion rate = 102.4 EUR/MW/km. Number is without booster station cost. Estimation of additional cost for booster stations based on H2 (g) pipeline numbers from Guidehouse (2020): European Hydrogen Backbone report and Danish Energy Agency (2021): Technology Data for Energy Transport, were booster stations make ca. 6% of pipeline cost; here add additional 10% for booster stations as they need to be constructed submerged or on plattforms. (102.4*1.1)."
 CH4 (g) submarine pipeline,FOM,2015,3,%/year,2015,"d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material.",-
 CH4 (g) submarine pipeline,lifetime,2015,30,years,2015,"d’Amore-Domenech et al (2021): 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116625 , supplementary material.",-
@@ -330,9 +371,78 @@ offwind-float,investment,2040,1960,EUR/kWel,2020,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adape
 offwind-float,FOM,2040,1.22,%/year,2020,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,
 offwind-float,investment,2050,1580,EUR/kWel,2020,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,
 offwind-float,FOM,2050,1.39,%/year,2020,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,
-offwind-float-station,investment,2030,400,EUR/kWel,2017,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2030,2000,EUR/MW/km,2014,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,2030,1000,EUR/MW/km,2017,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction
+offwind-ac-station,investment,2025,850,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-ac-station,investment,2030,850,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-ac-station,investment,2035,820,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-ac-station,investment,2040,780,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-ac-station,investment,2045,750,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-ac-station,investment,2050,710,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,2025,1.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",
+offwind-dc-station,investment,2025,1070,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-dc-station,investment,2030,1070,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-dc-station,investment,2035,1020,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-dc-station,investment,2040,980,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-dc-station,investment,2045,940,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-dc-station,investment,2050,900,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,2025,1.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",
+offwind-float-station,investment,2025,1070,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-float-station,investment,2030,1070,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-float-station,investment,2035,1020,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-float-station,investment,2040,980,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-float-station,investment,2045,940,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-float-station,investment,2050,900,EUR/kWel,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",
+offwind-float-station,FOM,2025,1.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,2025,4510,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,2030,4510,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,2035,4320,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,2040,4130,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,2045,3940,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,2050,3750,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2025,2.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,2025,4510,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,2030,4510,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,2035,4320,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,2040,4130,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,2045,3940,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,2050,3750,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2025,2.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2025,3220,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2030,3220,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2035,3090,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2040,2950,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2045,2820,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2050,2680,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2025,2.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,2025,4070,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,2030,4070,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,2035,3910,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,2040,3740,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,2045,3570,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,2050,3400,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2025,2.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2025,3220,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2030,3220,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2035,3090,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2040,2950,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2045,2820,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2050,2680,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2025,2.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,2025,4070,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,2030,4070,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,2035,3910,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,2040,3740,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,2045,3570,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,2050,3400,EUR/MW/km,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2025,2.5,%/year,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,2025,40,years,2025,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",
 nuclear,investment,2020,10275,EUR/kW_e,2023,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","U.S. specific costs including newly commissioned Vogtle plant, average of range and currency converted, i.e. (8475+13925)/2 USD/kW_e / (1.09 USD/EUR) ."
 nuclear,FOM,2020,1.27,%/year,2023,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","U.S. specific costs including newly commissioned Vogtle plant, average of range and currency converted, i.e. (131.5+152.75)/2 USD/kW_e / (1.09 USD/EUR) relative to investment costs."
 nuclear,VOM,2020,4.24,EUR/MWh_e,2023,"Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis - version 16.0 (2023): https://www.lazard.com/media/typdgxmm/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf , pg. 49 (Levelized Cost of Energy - Key Assumptions), accessed: 2023-12-14.","U.S. specific costs including newly commissioned Vogtle plant, average of range and currency converted, i.e. (4.25+5)/2 USD/kW_e / (1.09 USD/EUR) ."
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2020.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2020.csv
index 5c579d76..66069c1e 100644
--- a/outputs/US/costs_2020.csv
+++ b/outputs/US/costs_2020.csv
@@ -1033,21 +1033,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0,,
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0,,
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,investment,750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,640.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,investment,600.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0,,
@@ -4189,18 +4195,36 @@ offwind,investment,4257.9601,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?b
 offwind,investment,4859.0424,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2020.0,R&D,Conservative
 offwind,investment,4469.898,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2020.0,R&D,Moderate
 offwind,lifetime,27.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,investment,850.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 offwind-float,FOM,1.15,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,investment,2954.7363,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,,,
 oil,FOM,2.5656,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2025.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2025.csv
index ef143694..6fab6887 100644
--- a/outputs/US/costs_2025.csv
+++ b/outputs/US/costs_2025.csv
@@ -1069,21 +1069,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0,,
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0,,
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,investment,750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,640.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,investment,600.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0,,
@@ -4259,18 +4265,36 @@ offwind,investment,5107.8064,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?b
 offwind,investment,6325.7331,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 offwind,investment,8177.6892,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Conservative
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,investment,850.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 offwind-float,FOM,1.15,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,investment,2954.7363,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,,,
 oil,FOM,2.5143,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2030.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2030.csv
index 33fbdf46..78048c3b 100644
--- a/outputs/US/costs_2030.csv
+++ b/outputs/US/costs_2030.csv
@@ -1069,21 +1069,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0,,
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0,,
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,investment,750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,640.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,investment,600.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0,,
@@ -4451,18 +4457,36 @@ offwind,investment,3495.7119,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?b
 offwind,investment,4789.7757,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 offwind,investment,7472.2998,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Conservative
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,investment,850.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 offwind-float,FOM,1.15,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,investment,2954.7363,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,,,
 oil,FOM,2.463,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2035.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2035.csv
index d983605c..97241fc8 100644
--- a/outputs/US/costs_2035.csv
+++ b/outputs/US/costs_2035.csv
@@ -1069,21 +1069,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0,,
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0,,
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,investment,720.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,investment,4320.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,investment,4320.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,600.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,investment,580.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,investment,3090.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,investment,3910.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0,,
@@ -4475,18 +4481,36 @@ offwind,investment,3148.8979,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?b
 offwind,investment,3697.5736,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 offwind,investment,4370.6162,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Conservative
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,4320.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,4320.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,investment,820.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,3090.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,3910.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,investment,1020.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 offwind-float,FOM,1.185,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,investment,2709.5561,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,3090.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,3910.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,investment,1020.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,,,
 oil,FOM,2.4498,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2040.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2040.csv
index f3cb3606..4bd41637 100644
--- a/outputs/US/costs_2040.csv
+++ b/outputs/US/costs_2040.csv
@@ -1069,21 +1069,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0,,
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0,,
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,investment,680.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,investment,4130.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,investment,4130.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,580.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,investment,550.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,investment,2950.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,investment,3740.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0,,
@@ -4475,18 +4481,36 @@ offwind,investment,2996.6705,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?b
 offwind,investment,3558.1858,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 offwind,investment,4253.5723,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Conservative
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,4130.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,4130.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,investment,780.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2950.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,3740.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,investment,980.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 offwind-float,FOM,1.22,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,investment,2464.3758,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2950.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,3740.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,investment,980.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,,,
 oil,FOM,2.4365,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2045.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2045.csv
index 5d5cb3e3..25145b8c 100644
--- a/outputs/US/costs_2045.csv
+++ b/outputs/US/costs_2045.csv
@@ -1069,21 +1069,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0,,
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0,,
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,investment,650.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,investment,3940.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,investment,3940.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,560.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,investment,530.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,investment,2820.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,investment,3570.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0,,
@@ -4475,18 +4481,36 @@ offwind,investment,2883.808,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bu
 offwind,investment,3453.8158,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 offwind,investment,4165.0499,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Conservative
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3940.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,3940.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,investment,750.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2820.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,3570.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,investment,940.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 offwind-float,FOM,1.305,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,investment,2225.4822,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2820.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,3570.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,investment,940.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,,,
 oil,FOM,2.4231,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
diff --git a/outputs/US/costs_2050.csv b/outputs/US/costs_2050.csv
index a74986e1..30466033 100644
--- a/outputs/US/costs_2050.csv
+++ b/outputs/US/costs_2050.csv
@@ -1069,21 +1069,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,,,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0,,
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0,,
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0,,
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0,,
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,investment,620.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,investment,3750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,investment,3750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,540.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,investment,500.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,investment,2680.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,investment,3400.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0,,
@@ -4475,18 +4481,36 @@ offwind,investment,2794.8188,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?b
 offwind,investment,3370.8753,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Moderate
 offwind,investment,4094.142,USD/kW,NREL/ATB-https://data.openei.org/s3_viewer?bucket=oedi-data-lake&prefix=ATB%2Felectricity%2Fcsv%2F2022%2F,Meaning of scenario and financial case: https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2024/definitions#scenarios,2022.0,R&D,Conservative
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,3750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,investment,710.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2680.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,3400.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,investment,900.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 offwind-float,FOM,1.39,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,investment,1986.5887,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0,,
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0,,
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2680.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,3400.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,investment,900.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0,,
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0,,
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,,,
 oil,FOM,2.4095,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0,,
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0,,
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2020.csv b/outputs/costs_2020.csv
index 807af710..1dbe1cc7 100644
--- a/outputs/costs_2020.csv
+++ b/outputs/costs_2020.csv
@@ -351,21 +351,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,investment,750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,640.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,investment,600.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0
@@ -1140,18 +1146,36 @@ offwind,FOM,2.5093,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_a
 offwind,VOM,0.0267,EUR/MWhel,RES costs made up to fix curtailment order, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
 offwind,investment,2505.3781,"EUR/kW_e, 2020","Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","21 Offshore turbines:  Nominal investment [MEUR/MW_e, 2020] grid connection costs subtracted from investment costs",2020.0
 offwind,lifetime,27.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,investment,850.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 offwind-float,FOM,1.15,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,investment,2954.7363,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,
 oil,FOM,2.5656,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2025.csv b/outputs/costs_2025.csv
index ab4d8cf9..bb26c697 100644
--- a/outputs/costs_2025.csv
+++ b/outputs/costs_2025.csv
@@ -351,21 +351,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,investment,750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,640.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,investment,600.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0
@@ -1140,18 +1146,36 @@ offwind,FOM,2.3741,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_a
 offwind,VOM,0.0267,EUR/MWhel,RES costs made up to fix curtailment order, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
 offwind,investment,2224.3721,"EUR/kW_e, 2020","Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","21 Offshore turbines:  Nominal investment [MEUR/MW_e, 2020] grid connection costs subtracted from investment costs",2020.0
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,investment,850.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 offwind-float,FOM,1.15,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,investment,2954.7363,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,
 oil,FOM,2.5143,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2030.csv b/outputs/costs_2030.csv
index 0bf705cd..aafd3b65 100644
--- a/outputs/costs_2030.csv
+++ b/outputs/costs_2030.csv
@@ -351,21 +351,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,investment,750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,640.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,investment,600.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0
@@ -1140,18 +1146,36 @@ offwind,FOM,2.3185,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_a
 offwind,VOM,0.0267,EUR/MWhel,RES costs made up to fix curtailment order, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
 offwind,investment,2114.991,"EUR/kW_e, 2020","Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","21 Offshore turbines:  Nominal investment [MEUR/MW_e, 2020] grid connection costs subtracted from investment costs",2020.0
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,4510.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,investment,850.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 offwind-float,FOM,1.15,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,investment,2954.7363,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,3220.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,4070.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,investment,1070.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,
 oil,FOM,2.463,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2035.csv b/outputs/costs_2035.csv
index d814a6c1..6b6cb09d 100644
--- a/outputs/costs_2035.csv
+++ b/outputs/costs_2035.csv
@@ -351,21 +351,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,investment,720.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,investment,4320.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,investment,4320.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,600.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,investment,580.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,investment,3090.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,investment,3910.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0
@@ -1140,18 +1146,36 @@ offwind,FOM,2.25,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and
 offwind,VOM,0.0267,EUR/MWhel,RES costs made up to fix curtailment order, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
 offwind,investment,2039.704,"EUR/kW_e, 2020","Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","21 Offshore turbines:  Nominal investment [MEUR/MW_e, 2020] grid connection costs subtracted from investment costs",2020.0
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,4320.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,4320.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,investment,820.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,3090.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,3910.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,investment,1020.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 offwind-float,FOM,1.185,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,investment,2709.5561,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,3090.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,3910.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,investment,1020.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,
 oil,FOM,2.4498,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2040.csv b/outputs/costs_2040.csv
index c39a8086..61c88a65 100644
--- a/outputs/costs_2040.csv
+++ b/outputs/costs_2040.csv
@@ -351,21 +351,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,investment,680.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,investment,4130.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,investment,4130.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,580.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,investment,550.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,investment,2950.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,investment,3740.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0
@@ -1140,18 +1146,36 @@ offwind,FOM,2.1762,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_a
 offwind,VOM,0.0267,EUR/MWhel,RES costs made up to fix curtailment order, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
 offwind,investment,1964.4169,"EUR/kW_e, 2020","Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","21 Offshore turbines:  Nominal investment [MEUR/MW_e, 2020] grid connection costs subtracted from investment costs",2020.0
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,4130.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,4130.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,investment,780.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2950.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,3740.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,investment,980.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 offwind-float,FOM,1.22,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,investment,2464.3758,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2950.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,3740.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,investment,980.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,
 oil,FOM,2.4365,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2045.csv b/outputs/costs_2045.csv
index d82e1109..0a04f69e 100644
--- a/outputs/costs_2045.csv
+++ b/outputs/costs_2045.csv
@@ -351,21 +351,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,investment,650.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,investment,3940.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,investment,3940.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,560.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,investment,530.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,investment,2820.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,investment,3570.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0
@@ -1140,18 +1146,36 @@ offwind,FOM,2.1709,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_a
 offwind,VOM,0.0267,EUR/MWhel,RES costs made up to fix curtailment order, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
 offwind,investment,1940.2541,"EUR/kW_e, 2020","Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","21 Offshore turbines:  Nominal investment [MEUR/MW_e, 2020] grid connection costs subtracted from investment costs",2020.0
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3940.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,3940.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,investment,750.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2820.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,3570.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,investment,940.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 offwind-float,FOM,1.305,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,investment,2225.4822,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2820.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,3570.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,investment,940.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,
 oil,FOM,2.4231,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0
diff --git a/outputs/costs_2050.csv b/outputs/costs_2050.csv
index 5395be8e..f5570cf9 100644
--- a/outputs/costs_2050.csv
+++ b/outputs/costs_2050.csv
@@ -351,21 +351,27 @@ H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,electricity-input,0.044,MWh_el/MWh_H
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,investment,750.0063,EUR/kW,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,2010.0
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,lifetime,20.0,years,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
 H2 production solid biomass steam reforming,wood-input,1.36,MWh_wood/MWh_H2,"JRC, 01_JRC-EU-TIMES Full model, https://zenodo.org/records/3544900, file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`  (SBIOH2RC01, H2 Production-Biomass Steam Reforming, centralized) and currency year from file `SubRES_15_TECHS_HYDROGEN.xlsx`, Sheet `INPUT-Data(HP)`",,
-HVAC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,investment,210125.6986,EUR/MW,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,FOM,2.0,%/year,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,investment,560.3352,EUR/MW/km,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Hagspiel et al. (2014): doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.025 , table A.2 .",,2011.0
-HVDC submarine,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC submarine,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1,2017.0
-HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables.",2018.0
-HVDC underground,FOM,0.35,%/year,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
-HVDC underground,investment,1270.2591,EUR/MW/km,Härtel et al. (2017): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.06.008 .,Table 1 (same as for HVDC submarine),2017.0
-HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,Purvins et al. (2018): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.095 .,"Based on estimated costs for a NA-EU connector (bidirectional,4 GW, 3000km length and ca. 3000m depth). Costs in return based on existing/currently under construction undersea cables. (same as for HVDC submarine)",2018.0
+HVAC overhead,FOM,1.5,%,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,investment,620.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,investment,3750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,investment,3750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVAC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations..",,2011.0
+HVDC inverter pair,investment,540.0,EUR/kW,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Based on two DC onshore substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC inverter pair,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,investment,500.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC overhead,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.6 el trans OH.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,investment,2680.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,investment,3400.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+HVDC underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
 Haber-Bosch,FOM,3.0,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,VOM,0.0284,EUR/MWh_NH3,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx",103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  Variable O&M,2015.0
 Haber-Bosch,efficiency-heat,0.146,per unit,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/data_sheets_for_renewable_fuels.xlsx","103 Hydrogen to Ammonia:  High value heat Output + District Heating Output,",2015.0
@@ -1140,18 +1146,36 @@ offwind,FOM,2.1655,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_a
 offwind,VOM,0.0267,EUR/MWhel,RES costs made up to fix curtailment order, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
 offwind,investment,1916.0913,"EUR/kW_e, 2020","Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx","21 Offshore turbines:  Nominal investment [MEUR/MW_e, 2020] grid connection costs subtracted from investment costs",2020.0
 offwind,lifetime,30.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",21 Offshore turbines:  Technical lifetime [years],2020.0
-offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3586.6313,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,1792.6478,EUR/MW/km,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-ac-station,investment,333.9508,EUR/kWel,DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2671.6062,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,1335.8031,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
-offwind-dc-station,investment,534.3212,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction, from old pypsa cost assumptions,2015.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,investment,3750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,investment,3750.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,investment,710.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-ac-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,investment,2680.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,investment,3400.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,investment,900.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-dc-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 offwind-float,FOM,1.39,%/year,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,investment,1986.5887,EUR/kWel,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067,,2020.0
 offwind-float,lifetime,20.0,years,C. Maienza 2020 A life cycle cost model for floating offshore wind farms,,2020.0
-offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2674.2778,EUR/MW/km,DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf,,2014.0
-offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,1309.5454,EUR/MW/km,Haertel 2017, average + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
-offwind-float-station,investment,523.8182,EUR/kWel,Haertel 2017, assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction,2017.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,investment,2680.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-submarine,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,FOM,2.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,investment,3400.0,EUR/MW/km,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-connection-underground,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.7 el trans AC&DC cables.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,FOM,1.5,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,investment,900.0,EUR/kWel,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations. Including onshore and offshore substation.",,2025.0
+offwind-float-station,lifetime,40.0,years,"Danish Energy Agency, Technology Data for Energy Transport (July 2025), https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-transport-energy, Excel datasheet: 1.8 el substations.",,2025.0
 oil,CO2 intensity,0.2571,tCO2/MWh_th,Stoichiometric calculation with 44 GJ/t diesel and -CH2- approximation of diesel,,
 oil,FOM,2.4095,%/year,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Fixed O&M,2015.0
 oil,VOM,8.0148,EUR/MWh,"Danish Energy Agency, inputs/technology_data_for_el_and_dh.xlsx",50 Diesel engine farm:  Variable O&M,2015.0