diff --git a/blind_watermark/mlwm/__init__.py b/blind_watermark/mlwm/__init__.py
index 6b395dc..723ef21 100644
--- a/blind_watermark/mlwm/__init__.py
+++ b/blind_watermark/mlwm/__init__.py
@@ -2,16 +2,24 @@
 
 from .codec import (
   ENCODED_BYTES,
+  KEYED_PROTOCOL,
   PAYLOAD_BITS,
   MAX_TEXT_BYTES,
   decode_payload_bits,
+  decode_payload_logits,
   encode_text_payload,
+  key_payload_bits,
+  unkey_payload_bits,
 )
 
 __all__ = [
   'ENCODED_BYTES',
+  'KEYED_PROTOCOL',
   'PAYLOAD_BITS',
   'MAX_TEXT_BYTES',
   'decode_payload_bits',
+  'decode_payload_logits',
   'encode_text_payload',
+  'key_payload_bits',
+  'unkey_payload_bits',
 ]
diff --git a/blind_watermark/mlwm/codec.py b/blind_watermark/mlwm/codec.py
index ae59808..61a1f5c 100644
--- a/blind_watermark/mlwm/codec.py
+++ b/blind_watermark/mlwm/codec.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import hashlib
+import struct
 import zlib
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any
@@ -15,6 +17,7 @@
 ENCODED_BYTES = FRAME_BYTES + RS_NSYM
 PAYLOAD_BITS = ENCODED_BYTES * 8
 WHITENING_SEED = 0x4d4c574d
+KEYED_PROTOCOL = 'keyed-v2'
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -25,6 +28,8 @@ class PayloadEnvelope:
   encoded: bytes
   bits: np.ndarray
   flags: int = 0
+  protocol: str = KEYED_PROTOCOL
+  password_protected: bool = False
 
 
 def _whitening_mask() -> np.ndarray:
@@ -35,6 +40,25 @@ def _whitening_mask() -> np.ndarray:
 _PAYLOAD_WHITENING_MASK = _whitening_mask()
 
 
+def _normalize_password(password: int | None) -> int | None:
+  if password is None:
+    return None
+  return int(password) & 0xffffffff
+
+
+def _password_mask(password: int | None) -> np.ndarray:
+  normalized = _normalize_password(password)
+  if normalized is None:
+    return np.zeros(PAYLOAD_BITS, dtype=np.float32)
+  seed = b'LuminCrypt-MLWM-keyed-v2' + struct.pack('>I', normalized)
+  stream = bytearray()
+  counter = 0
+  while len(stream) < ENCODED_BYTES:
+    stream.extend(hashlib.sha256(seed + struct.pack('>I', counter)).digest())
+    counter += 1
+  return bytes_to_bits(bytes(stream[:ENCODED_BYTES]))
+
+
 def _rs_codec() -> reedsolo.RSCodec:
   return reedsolo.RSCodec(RS_NSYM)
 
@@ -72,6 +96,27 @@ def unwhiten_payload_bits(bits: np.ndarray | list[float] | list[int]) -> np.ndar
   return whiten_payload_bits(bits)
 
 
+def key_payload_bits(bits: np.ndarray | list[float] | list[int], password: int | None = None) -> np.ndarray:
+  flat = np.asarray(bits, dtype=np.float32).reshape(-1)
+  if flat.size != PAYLOAD_BITS:
+    raise ValueError(f'expected {PAYLOAD_BITS} payload bits, got {flat.size}')
+  hard = (flat >= 0.5).astype(np.float32)
+  return np.abs(hard - _password_mask(password)).astype(np.float32)
+
+
+def unkey_payload_bits(bits: np.ndarray | list[float] | list[int], password: int | None = None) -> np.ndarray:
+  return key_payload_bits(bits, password)
+
+
+def unkey_payload_logits(logits: np.ndarray, password: int | None = None) -> np.ndarray:
+  arr = np.asarray(logits, dtype=np.float32).reshape(-1)
+  if arr.size != PAYLOAD_BITS:
+    raise ValueError(f'expected {PAYLOAD_BITS} logits, got {arr.size}')
+  mask = _password_mask(password)
+  signs = np.where(mask >= 0.5, -1.0, 1.0).astype(np.float32)
+  return arr * signs
+
+
 def build_frame(payload_bytes: bytes, *, flags: int = 0) -> bytes:
   if len(payload_bytes) > MAX_TEXT_BYTES:
     raise ValueError(f'neural payload supports up to {MAX_TEXT_BYTES} UTF-8 bytes')
@@ -96,17 +141,19 @@ def encode_frame(frame: bytes) -> bytes:
   return bytes(_rs_codec().encode(frame))
 
 
-def encode_text_payload(text: str, *, flags: int = 0) -> PayloadEnvelope:
+def encode_text_payload(text: str, password: int | None = None, *, flags: int = 0) -> PayloadEnvelope:
   payload_bytes = text.encode('utf-8')
   frame = build_frame(payload_bytes, flags=flags)
   encoded = encode_frame(frame)
+  whitened = whiten_payload_bits(bytes_to_bits(encoded))
   return PayloadEnvelope(
     text=text,
     text_bytes=payload_bytes,
     frame=frame,
     encoded=encoded,
-    bits=whiten_payload_bits(bytes_to_bits(encoded)),
+    bits=key_payload_bits(whitened, password),
     flags=flags,
+    password_protected=password is not None,
   )
 
 
@@ -135,22 +182,28 @@ def decode_frame(encoded_bytes: bytes) -> dict[str, Any]:
   }
 
 
-def decode_payload_bits(bits: np.ndarray | list[float] | list[int]) -> dict[str, Any]:
-  raw_bits = unwhiten_payload_bits(bits)
+def decode_payload_bits(bits: np.ndarray | list[float] | list[int], password: int | None = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
+  unkeyed = unkey_payload_bits(bits, password)
+  raw_bits = unwhiten_payload_bits(unkeyed)
   encoded = bits_to_bytes(raw_bits)
   result = decode_frame(encoded)
   result['encoded'] = encoded
   result['rawBits'] = raw_bits
+  result['protocol'] = KEYED_PROTOCOL if password is not None else 'unkeyed-v1'
+  result['passwordProtected'] = password is not None
   return result
 
 
-def decode_payload_logits(logits: np.ndarray) -> dict[str, Any]:
+def decode_payload_logits(logits: np.ndarray, password: int | None = None) -> dict[str, Any]:
   logits = np.asarray(logits, dtype=np.float32).reshape(-1)
   if logits.size != PAYLOAD_BITS:
     raise ValueError(f'expected {PAYLOAD_BITS} logits, got {logits.size}')
-  probs = 1.0 / (1.0 + np.exp(-logits))
+  decoded_logits = unkey_payload_logits(logits, password)
+  probs = 1.0 / (1.0 + np.exp(-decoded_logits))
   bits = (probs >= 0.5).astype(np.float32)
-  decoded = decode_payload_bits(bits)
+  decoded = decode_payload_bits(bits, None)
   decoded['probabilities'] = probs
   decoded['bitConfidence'] = float(np.mean(np.maximum(probs, 1.0 - probs)))
+  decoded['protocol'] = KEYED_PROTOCOL if password is not None else 'unkeyed-v1'
+  decoded['passwordProtected'] = password is not None
   return decoded
diff --git a/blind_watermark/mlwm/infer.py b/blind_watermark/mlwm/infer.py
index b265b48..38c983a 100644
--- a/blind_watermark/mlwm/infer.py
+++ b/blind_watermark/mlwm/infer.py
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ def neural_decode_views(
   *,
   models_dir: str | None = None,
   use_cuda: bool = False,
+  password: int | None = None,
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
   status = probe_runtime(models_dir)
   if not status.ready:
@@ -167,7 +168,7 @@ def neural_decode_views(
     weighted_logits += logits * confidence
     total_weight += confidence
     try:
-      decoded = decode_payload_logits(logits)
+      decoded = decode_payload_logits(logits, password=password)
       decoded['confidence'] = confidence
       decoded['attemptIndex'] = index
       decoded['strategy'] = 'single-view'
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ def neural_decode_views(
     raise NeuralRuntimeUnavailable('decoder produced no usable confidence scores')
 
   aggregated_logits = weighted_logits / total_weight
-  decoded = decode_payload_logits(aggregated_logits)
+  decoded = decode_payload_logits(aggregated_logits, password=password)
   decoded['confidence'] = float(total_weight / max(len(views_rgb), 1))
   decoded['attempts'] = [{'index': a['index'], 'confidence': a['confidence']} for a in attempts]
   decoded['strategy'] = 'weighted-aggregate'
diff --git a/blind_watermark/rwm_engine.py b/blind_watermark/rwm_engine.py
index f56c745..55c5bdc 100644
--- a/blind_watermark/rwm_engine.py
+++ b/blind_watermark/rwm_engine.py
@@ -82,17 +82,23 @@
 # v2 compat constants
 _V2_RS_NSYM = 20
 _V2_REDUNDANCY = 3
-RWM_VERSION = '3.1.0'
+RWM_VERSION = '3.2.0'
 NEURAL_MAX_TEXT_BYTES = 16
 NEURAL_PROFILES = {
+    'invisible': {
+        'residual_strength': 0.35,
+        'template_strength': 0.0,
+        'template_peaks': 0,
+        'sync_enabled': False,
+    },
     'balanced': {
-        'residual_strength': 1.0,
+        'residual_strength': 0.55,
         'template_strength': 0.0,
         'template_peaks': 0,
         'sync_enabled': False,
     },
-    'aggressive': {
-        'residual_strength': 1.35,
+    'robust': {
+        'residual_strength': 1.0,
         'template_strength': 0.0,
         'template_peaks': 0,
         'sync_enabled': False,
@@ -517,8 +523,8 @@ def _try_all_presets(gray_ch, preset_order=None):
 
 
 def _resolve_neural_profile(quality):
-    if quality == 'robust':
-        return 'aggressive'
+    if quality in NEURAL_PROFILES:
+        return quality
     return 'balanced'
 
 
@@ -600,7 +606,7 @@ def _neural_embed_impl(img, text, password=1, quality='balanced', models_dir=Non
     profile = NEURAL_PROFILES[profile_name]
     alpha = img[:, :, 3].copy() if img.ndim == 3 and img.shape[2] == 4 else None
     base = img[:, :, :3] if alpha is not None else img.copy()
-    payload = encode_text_payload(text)
+    payload = encode_text_payload(text, password=password)
     rgb = cv2.cvtColor(base, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB)
     try:
         encoded = neural_encode_residual(rgb, payload.bits, models_dir=models_dir, use_cuda=False)
@@ -622,6 +628,9 @@ def _neural_embed_impl(img, text, password=1, quality='balanced', models_dir=Non
 
     diagnostics = {
         'profile': profile_name,
+        'protocol': payload.protocol,
+        'passwordProtected': payload.password_protected,
+        'visualStrength': profile['residual_strength'],
         'payloadBytes': len(payload.text_bytes),
         'modelVersion': encoded.get('modelVersion'),
         'modelsDir': models_dir,
@@ -658,7 +667,7 @@ def _neural_extract_impl(img, password=1, quality='balanced', models_dir=None):
         geo = {'angle': 0.0, 'scale': 1.0, 'confidence': 0.0, 'peaks': 0, 'syncEnabled': False}
     views = _build_neural_views(corrected)
     try:
-        decoded = neural_decode_views(views, models_dir=models_dir, use_cuda=False)
+        decoded = neural_decode_views(views, models_dir=models_dir, use_cuda=False, password=password)
     except NeuralRuntimeUnavailable:
         raise
 
@@ -671,6 +680,9 @@ def _neural_extract_impl(img, password=1, quality='balanced', models_dir=None):
         'confidence': confidence,
         'diagnostics': {
             'profile': profile_name,
+            'protocol': decoded.get('protocol', 'keyed-v2'),
+            'passwordProtected': bool(decoded.get('passwordProtected', True)),
+            'visualStrength': profile['residual_strength'],
             'bitConfidence': float(decoded.get('bitConfidence', 0.0)),
             'decodeStrategy': decoded.get('strategy'),
             'geometricCorrection': geo,
diff --git a/blind_watermark/tests/test_mlwm_codec.py b/blind_watermark/tests/test_mlwm_codec.py
index 443855d..f25b5b1 100644
--- a/blind_watermark/tests/test_mlwm_codec.py
+++ b/blind_watermark/tests/test_mlwm_codec.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
   bits_to_bytes,
   bytes_to_bits,
   decode_payload_bits,
+  decode_payload_logits,
   encode_frame,
   encode_text_payload,
   unwhiten_payload_bits,
@@ -22,6 +23,31 @@ def test_roundtrip_short_text(self):
     self.assertEqual(decoded['text'], 'TRACE-42')
     self.assertEqual(len(envelope.encoded), ENCODED_BYTES)
 
+  def test_password_protected_payload_roundtrip(self):
+    envelope = encode_text_payload('LOCKED-42', password=2468)
+    decoded = decode_payload_bits(envelope.bits, password=2468)
+    self.assertEqual(decoded['text'], 'LOCKED-42')
+    self.assertTrue(envelope.password_protected)
+    self.assertTrue(decoded['passwordProtected'])
+
+  def test_wrong_password_rejects_payload(self):
+    envelope = encode_text_payload('LOCKED-42', password=2468)
+    with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+      decode_payload_bits(envelope.bits, password=2469)
+
+  def test_different_passwords_produce_different_payload_bits(self):
+    a = encode_text_payload('LOCKED-42', password=2468)
+    b = encode_text_payload('LOCKED-42', password=2469)
+    self.assertFalse(np.array_equal(a.bits, b.bits))
+
+  def test_password_protected_logits_roundtrip(self):
+    envelope = encode_text_payload('LOGITS-42', password=2468)
+    logits = (envelope.bits * 2.0 - 1.0) * 8.0
+    decoded = decode_payload_logits(logits, password=2468)
+    self.assertEqual(decoded['text'], 'LOGITS-42')
+    with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+      decode_payload_logits(logits, password=2469)
+
   def test_reject_long_text(self):
     with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
       encode_text_payload('X' * (MAX_TEXT_BYTES + 1))
diff --git a/blind_watermark/tests/test_mlwm_runtime.py b/blind_watermark/tests/test_mlwm_runtime.py
index f8c714d..21a6b53 100644
--- a/blind_watermark/tests/test_mlwm_runtime.py
+++ b/blind_watermark/tests/test_mlwm_runtime.py
@@ -9,6 +9,11 @@ def test_alpha1_neural_profiles_do_not_inject_untrained_sync_template(self):
       self.assertFalse(profile.get('sync_enabled', False))
       self.assertEqual(profile.get('template_strength'), 0.0)
 
+  def test_neural_profiles_expose_three_visual_strengths(self):
+    self.assertEqual(set(rwm_engine.NEURAL_PROFILES.keys()), {'invisible', 'balanced', 'robust'})
+    self.assertLess(rwm_engine.NEURAL_PROFILES['invisible']['residual_strength'], rwm_engine.NEURAL_PROFILES['balanced']['residual_strength'])
+    self.assertLess(rwm_engine.NEURAL_PROFILES['balanced']['residual_strength'], rwm_engine.NEURAL_PROFILES['robust']['residual_strength'])
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   unittest.main()
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/App.tsx b/src/renderer/src/App.tsx
index 421550a..1ab6511 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/App.tsx
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import { useClipboard } from './hooks/useClipboard'
 import { useSettings } from './contexts/SettingsContext'
 import { useBatch } from './hooks/useBatch'
 import { cleanAll } from './core/cleaner'
+import { useI18n } from './i18n'
 
 const CompareView = lazy(() => import('./components/CompareView'))
 const SettingsPage = lazy(() => import('./components/SettingsPage'))
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ function App(): React.JSX.Element {
   const [cleaned, setCleaned] = useState<string | null>(null)
   const [bgImageUrl, setBgImageUrl] = useState<string | null>(null)
   const [showBgPanel, setShowBgPanel] = useState(false)
+  const { t } = useI18n()
 
   const { settings, updateSettings } = useSettings()
   const batchHook = useBatch()
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ function App(): React.JSX.Element {
                           className="cosmic-btn flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs px-3 py-2 rounded-xl cursor-pointer no-drag"
                         >
                           <Broom size={13} weight="regular" />
-                          清理
+                          {t('common.clean')}
                         </motion.button>
                       )}
                     </div>
@@ -164,7 +166,7 @@ function App(): React.JSX.Element {
                         className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-zinc-600 hover:text-cyan-300 transition-colors duration-300 cursor-pointer no-drag"
                       >
                         <ArrowCounterClockwise size={12} weight="regular" />
-                        重置
+                        {t('common.reset')}
                       </motion.button>
                     )}
                   </div>
@@ -210,11 +212,9 @@ function App(): React.JSX.Element {
                         </div>
                         <div className="text-center">
                           <p className="text-sm font-medium text-white">
-                            粘贴文本，按{' '}
-                            <kbd className="font-mono text-[11px] bg-white/[0.07] border border-white/[0.1] px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded-md text-cyan-300/80">Ctrl+↵</kbd>
-                            {' '}开始扫描
+                            {t('detect.empty', { shortcut: 'Ctrl+Enter' })}
                           </p>
-                          <p className="text-xs text-zinc-600 mt-2 tracking-wide">检测零宽字符、同形字、BiDi 控制码、Tags 区块等</p>
+                          <p className="text-xs text-zinc-400 mt-2 tracking-wide">{t('detect.emptyHint')}</p>
                         </div>
                       </motion.div>
                     )}
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ function App(): React.JSX.Element {
                           <div className="absolute inset-5 rounded-full bg-cyan-400/10 animate-pulse" />
                         </div>
                         <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-1">
-                          <p className="text-sm text-cyan-300/70 font-medium tracking-wide">正在分析字符</p>
+                          <p className="text-sm text-cyan-300/70 font-medium tracking-wide">{t('detect.analyzing')}</p>
                           <p className="text-xs text-zinc-600 font-mono">SCANNING UNICODE STREAM...</p>
                         </div>
                       </motion.div>
@@ -254,8 +254,8 @@ function App(): React.JSX.Element {
                           <WarningCircle size={24} weight="regular" className="text-red-400" />
                         </div>
                         <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-1 text-center">
-                          <p className="text-sm text-red-400 font-medium">扫描失败</p>
-                          <p className="text-xs text-zinc-500 max-w-xs">{errorMessage || '未知错误，请重试'}</p>
+                          <p className="text-sm text-red-400 font-medium">{t('detect.error')}</p>
+                          <p className="text-xs text-zinc-500 max-w-xs">{errorMessage || t('detect.unknownError')}</p>
                         </div>
                         <motion.button
                           whileTap={{ scale: 0.97 }}
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ function App(): React.JSX.Element {
                           className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-zinc-500 hover:text-cyan-300 transition-colors cursor-pointer no-drag mt-2"
                         >
                           <ArrowCounterClockwise size={12} weight="regular" />
-                          重置
+                          {t('common.reset')}
                         </motion.button>
                       </motion.div>
                     )}
@@ -280,10 +280,10 @@ function App(): React.JSX.Element {
                         <div className="flex items-center justify-between px-5 py-3 border-b border-white/[0.06] flex-shrink-0">
                           <div className="flex items-center gap-1 bg-white/[0.03] rounded-xl p-0.5 border border-white/[0.06]">
                             {([
-                              { id: 'highlight' as const, label: '标注视图' },
+                              { id: 'highlight' as const, label: t('detect.highlight') },
                               ...(cleaned ? [
-                                { id: 'cleaned' as const, label: '净化文本' },
-                                { id: 'compare' as const, label: '对比' },
+                                { id: 'cleaned' as const, label: t('detect.cleaned') },
+                                { id: 'compare' as const, label: t('detect.compare') },
                               ] : []),
                             ]).map(({ id, label }) => (
                               <button
@@ -296,7 +296,9 @@ function App(): React.JSX.Element {
                             ))}
                           </div>
                           <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                            <span className="text-xs font-mono text-zinc-600 tabular-nums">发现 {result.suspiciousCount} 处</span>
+                            <span className="text-xs font-mono text-zinc-400 tabular-nums">
+                              {t('detect.found', { count: result.suspiciousCount })}
+                            </span>
                             <ExportMenu result={result} originalText={text} />
                           </div>
                         </div>
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/BackgroundSwitcher.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/BackgroundSwitcher.tsx
index 1f92a6a..843b270 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/BackgroundSwitcher.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/BackgroundSwitcher.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useRef } from 'react'
 import { motion, AnimatePresence } from 'framer-motion'
 import { X, ImagesSquare, UploadSimple, Trash } from '@phosphor-icons/react'
+import { useI18n } from '../i18n'
 
 interface BackgroundSwitcherProps {
   open: boolean
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ export default function BackgroundSwitcher({
   onSelect,
   onClose,
 }: BackgroundSwitcherProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const fileInputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
 
   const handleFileChange = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ export default function BackgroundSwitcher({
                     <ImagesSquare size={15} className="text-cyan-400" weight="duotone" />
                   </div>
                   <span className="text-sm font-semibold text-white/90">
-                    背景图片
+                    {t('background.title')}
                   </span>
                 </div>
                 <button
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ export default function BackgroundSwitcher({
                     />
                     <div className="absolute inset-0 bg-black/20" />
                     <div className="absolute bottom-2 left-2 right-2 flex justify-between items-center">
-                      <span className="text-[10px] text-white/60">当前自定义背景</span>
+                      <span className="text-[10px] text-white/60">{t('background.currentCustom')}</span>
                     </div>
                   </div>
                 ) : (
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ export default function BackgroundSwitcher({
                     style={{ aspectRatio: '16/9', background: 'rgba(255,255,255,0.03)', border: '1px dashed rgba(255,255,255,0.08)' }}
                   >
                     <ImagesSquare size={24} weight="duotone" />
-                    <span className="text-[11px]">当前：动态宇宙背景</span>
+                    <span className="text-[11px]">{t('background.currentCosmic')}</span>
                   </div>
                 )}
 
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ export default function BackgroundSwitcher({
                   "
                 >
                   <UploadSimple size={14} weight="bold" />
-                  上传背景图片
+                  {t('background.upload')}
                 </button>
 
                 {/* Remove button (only when custom bg is set) */}
@@ -149,12 +151,12 @@ export default function BackgroundSwitcher({
                     "
                   >
                     <Trash size={13} weight="regular" />
-                    恢复动态背景
+                    {t('background.restore')}
                   </button>
                 )}
 
                 <p className="text-[10px] text-zinc-700 text-center">
-                  支持 PNG · JPG · WebP · GIF
+                  {t('background.supports')}
                 </p>
               </div>
             </div>
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/BatchMode.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/BatchMode.tsx
index ea2c06e..bc9c7c1 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/BatchMode.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/BatchMode.tsx
@@ -16,10 +16,12 @@ import {
 } from '@phosphor-icons/react'
 import { BatchItem, useBatch } from '../hooks/useBatch'
 import StatsPanel from './StatsPanel'
+import { useI18n } from '../i18n'
 
 type BatchHook = ReturnType<typeof useBatch>
 
 export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const {
     items,
     scanning,
@@ -77,9 +79,9 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
       <div className="flex items-center justify-between px-6 py-4 border-b border-white/[0.06] flex-shrink-0">
         <div>
           <h1 className="text-base text-white leading-none font-display tracking-[0.02em]">
-            批量检测
+            {t('batch.title')}
           </h1>
-          <p className="text-xs text-zinc-300 mt-1">同时检测多个文件或多段文本</p>
+          <p className="text-xs text-zinc-300 mt-1">{t('batch.subtitle')}</p>
         </div>
 
         {items.length > 0 && (
@@ -87,10 +89,10 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
             {doneCount > 0 && (
               <div className="flex items-center gap-3 px-3 py-1.5 bg-white/[0.04] rounded-lg border border-white/[0.07]">
                 <span className="text-xs text-zinc-200">
-                  <span className="text-white font-mono font-semibold">{doneCount}</span>/{items.length} 已扫描
+                  {t('batch.scanned', { done: doneCount, total: items.length })}
                 </span>
                 <span className="text-xs text-zinc-200">
-                  平均风险{' '}
+                  {t('batch.avgRisk')}{' '}
                   <span
                     className="font-mono font-semibold"
                     style={{
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
                 className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-white hover:text-white bg-white/[0.04] hover:bg-white/[0.07] border border-white/[0.07] px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg transition-all cursor-pointer no-drag"
               >
                 <Broom size={13} weight="regular" />
-                全部清理
+                {t('batch.cleanAll')}
               </button>
             )}
             {/* Scan selected / scan all */}
@@ -119,7 +121,7 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
                 className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-white bg-[#3b7cd4] hover:bg-[#4d8de0] disabled:opacity-40 disabled:cursor-not-allowed px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg transition-all cursor-pointer no-drag font-medium"
               >
                 <Play size={13} weight="fill" />
-                {scanning ? '扫描中…' : `扫描已选 (${selectedCount})`}
+                {scanning ? t('common.scanning') : t('batch.scanSelected', { count: selectedCount })}
               </button>
             ) : (
               <button
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
                 className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-white bg-[#3b7cd4] hover:bg-[#4d8de0] disabled:opacity-40 disabled:cursor-not-allowed px-3 py-1.5 rounded-lg transition-all cursor-pointer no-drag font-medium"
               >
                 <Play size={13} weight="fill" />
-                {scanning ? '扫描中…' : '扫描全部'}
+                {scanning ? t('common.scanning') : t('batch.scanAll')}
               </button>
             )}
             <button
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
               className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-zinc-300 hover:text-red-400 transition-colors cursor-pointer no-drag"
             >
               <Trash size={13} weight="regular" />
-              清空
+              {t('common.clear')}
             </button>
           </div>
         )}
@@ -148,8 +150,8 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
           {/* Mode toggle */}
           <div className="flex items-center gap-1 bg-white/[0.04] rounded-lg p-0.5">
             {([
-              { id: 'file' as const, label: '文件', icon: <FileText size={12} /> },
-              { id: 'text' as const, label: '文本', icon: <TextT size={12} /> },
+              { id: 'file' as const, label: t('batch.file'), icon: <FileText size={12} /> },
+              { id: 'text' as const, label: t('batch.text'), icon: <TextT size={12} /> },
             ]).map(({ id, label, icon }) => (
               <button
                 key={id}
@@ -183,8 +185,8 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
                 <UploadSimple size={22} weight="regular" className="text-zinc-200" />
               </div>
               <div className="text-center">
-                <p className="text-sm text-white font-medium">拖入多个文件</p>
-                <p className="text-xs text-zinc-300 mt-1">点击或拖放 · .txt .md .docx .pdf</p>
+                <p className="text-sm text-white font-medium">{t('batch.dropFiles')}</p>
+                <p className="text-xs text-zinc-300 mt-1">{t('batch.dropHint')}</p>
               </div>
               <input
                 ref={fileInputRef}
@@ -201,7 +203,7 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
               <textarea
                 value={segmentText}
                 onChange={(e) => setSegmentText(e.target.value)}
-                placeholder={`粘贴多段文本，用\n---\n分隔各段`}
+                placeholder={t('batch.segmentPlaceholder')}
                 className="flex-1 bg-white/[0.03] rounded-xl border border-white/[0.07] text-sm text-zinc-200 leading-relaxed font-['Geist_Mono',monospace] resize-none px-4 py-3 focus:outline-none focus:border-[#3b7cd4]/40 placeholder:text-zinc-600"
                 spellCheck={false}
               />
@@ -210,7 +212,7 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
                 disabled={!segmentText.trim()}
                 className="flex items-center justify-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-zinc-200 bg-white/[0.06] hover:bg-white/[0.09] disabled:opacity-40 disabled:cursor-not-allowed border border-white/[0.08] px-3 py-2 rounded-lg transition-all cursor-pointer no-drag"
               >
-                添加文本段落
+                {t('batch.addSegments')}
               </button>
             </div>
           )}
@@ -223,7 +225,7 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
               <div className="w-16 h-16 rounded-2xl border border-white/[0.07] bg-white/[0.02] flex items-center justify-center">
                 <UploadSimple size={28} weight="regular" className="text-zinc-600" />
               </div>
-              <p className="text-sm text-zinc-200">拖入文件或粘贴文本段落开始批量检测</p>
+              <p className="text-sm text-zinc-200">{t('batch.empty')}</p>
             </div>
           ) : (
             <div className="p-5 flex flex-col gap-2">
@@ -240,10 +242,10 @@ export default function BatchMode({ batchHook }: { batchHook: BatchHook }) {
                   ) : (
                     <Square size={15} weight="regular" className="text-zinc-600" />
                   )}
-                  {allSelected ? '取消全选' : '全选'}
+                  {allSelected ? t('batch.unselectAll') : t('batch.selectAll')}
                 </button>
                 {selectedCount > 0 && (
-                  <span className="text-xs text-zinc-300">已选 {selectedCount} 项</span>
+                  <span className="text-xs text-zinc-300">{t('batch.selected', { count: selectedCount })}</span>
                 )}
               </div>
 
@@ -283,10 +285,18 @@ function BatchItemCard({
   onRemove: () => void
   onSelect: () => void
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const score = item.result?.riskScore ?? 0
   const scoreColor = score < 30 ? '#10b981' : score < 65 ? '#f59e0b' : '#ef4444'
-  const riskLabel = score < 30 ? '低风险' : score < 65 ? '中等' : '高风险'
-  const actionLabel = score === 0 ? '无异常' : score < 30 ? '可忽略' : score < 65 ? '建议清理' : '建议重写'
+  const riskLabel = score < 30 ? t('stats.low') : score < 65 ? t('stats.medium') : t('stats.high')
+  const actionLabel =
+    score === 0
+      ? t('risk.none')
+      : score < 30
+        ? t('stats.action.ignore')
+        : score < 65
+          ? t('stats.action.clean')
+          : t('stats.action.rewrite')
 
   return (
     <motion.div
@@ -340,7 +350,10 @@ function BatchItemCard({
           <p className="text-sm text-white truncate font-medium">{item.name}</p>
           {item.status === 'done' && item.result && (
             <p className="text-xs text-zinc-300 mt-0.5">
-              {item.result.totalChars.toLocaleString()} 字符 · 发现 {item.result.suspiciousCount} 处
+              {t('batch.itemSummary', {
+                chars: item.result.totalChars.toLocaleString(),
+                count: item.result.suspiciousCount,
+              })}
             </p>
           )}
           {item.status === 'error' && (
@@ -381,7 +394,7 @@ function BatchItemCard({
             <button
               onClick={(e) => { e.stopPropagation(); onClean() }}
               className="p-1.5 text-zinc-300 hover:text-zinc-200 hover:bg-white/[0.06] rounded transition-colors cursor-pointer"
-              title="清理"
+              title={t('common.clean')}
             >
               <Broom size={13} weight="regular" />
             </button>
@@ -389,7 +402,7 @@ function BatchItemCard({
           <button
             onClick={(e) => { e.stopPropagation(); onRemove() }}
             className="p-1.5 text-zinc-300 hover:text-red-400 hover:bg-red-500/10 rounded transition-colors cursor-pointer"
-            title="移除"
+            title={t('common.remove')}
           >
             <X size={13} weight="regular" />
           </button>
@@ -410,7 +423,7 @@ function BatchItemCard({
               <StatsPanel result={item.result} />
               {item.cleanedText && (
                 <div className="mt-4">
-                  <p className="text-xs text-zinc-200 mb-2 uppercase tracking-wider">净化结果</p>
+                  <p className="text-xs text-zinc-200 mb-2 uppercase tracking-wider">{t('batch.cleanResult')}</p>
                   <textarea
                     value={item.cleanedText}
                     readOnly
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/CharTooltip.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/CharTooltip.tsx
index e274276..04240c3 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/CharTooltip.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/CharTooltip.tsx
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
 import { motion } from 'framer-motion'
 import { Finding } from '../core/detector'
-import { CATEGORY_META } from '../core/categories'
+import { Category, CATEGORY_META } from '../core/categories'
 import { X, Copy } from '@phosphor-icons/react'
+import { useI18n } from '../i18n'
+import type { I18nKey } from '../i18n'
 
 interface CharTooltipProps {
   finding: Finding
@@ -11,7 +13,18 @@ interface CharTooltipProps {
   onClose: () => void
 }
 
+const CATEGORY_LABEL_KEYS: Record<Category, I18nKey> = {
+  [Category.ZERO_WIDTH]: 'category.zeroWidth',
+  [Category.CONTROL_BIDI]: 'category.bidi',
+  [Category.SPECIAL_SPACE]: 'category.specialSpace',
+  [Category.TAGS_BLOCK]: 'category.tagsBlock',
+  [Category.HOMOGLYPH]: 'category.homoglyph',
+  [Category.VARIATION_SELECTOR]: 'category.variation',
+  [Category.TYPO_PUNCT]: 'category.typoPunct',
+}
+
 export default function CharTooltip({ finding, x, y, onClose }: CharTooltipProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
   const meta = CATEGORY_META[finding.category]
   const codePointStr = `U+${finding.codePoint.toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(4, '0')}`
@@ -68,7 +81,7 @@ export default function CharTooltip({ finding, x, y, onClose }: CharTooltipProps
       <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-2 mb-3">
         <div>
           <span className={`text-[10px] font-semibold uppercase tracking-widest ${meta.textColor}`}>
-            {meta.label}
+            {t(CATEGORY_LABEL_KEYS[finding.category])}
           </span>
           <p className="text-xs font-medium text-zinc-200 mt-0.5 leading-snug">
             {finding.label}
@@ -88,7 +101,7 @@ export default function CharTooltip({ finding, x, y, onClose }: CharTooltipProps
         <button
           onClick={copyCode}
           className="text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-200 transition-colors cursor-pointer"
-          title="复制码点"
+          title={t('tooltip.copyCode')}
         >
           <Copy size={12} />
         </button>
@@ -99,7 +112,7 @@ export default function CharTooltip({ finding, x, y, onClose }: CharTooltipProps
 
       {finding.latinEquivalent && (
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-zinc-300">
-          <span className="text-zinc-600">形似：</span>
+          <span className="text-zinc-600">{t('tooltip.looksLike')}</span>
           <span className="font-mono text-white bg-white/5 px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded">
             {finding.latinEquivalent}
           </span>
@@ -111,7 +124,7 @@ export default function CharTooltip({ finding, x, y, onClose }: CharTooltipProps
 
       <div className="mt-3 pt-3 border-t border-white/[0.06]">
         <div className="flex items-center justify-between text-[10px] text-zinc-600">
-          <span>位置</span>
+          <span>{t('tooltip.position')}</span>
           <span className="font-mono text-zinc-300">{finding.index.toLocaleString()}</span>
         </div>
       </div>
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/ClipboardNotification.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/ClipboardNotification.tsx
index 489392d..61307bd 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/ClipboardNotification.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/ClipboardNotification.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { motion } from 'framer-motion'
 import { Clipboard, MagnifyingGlass, X } from '@phosphor-icons/react'
+import { useI18n } from '../i18n'
 
 interface ClipboardNotificationProps {
   text: string
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ export default function ClipboardNotification({
   onScan,
   onDismiss,
 }: ClipboardNotificationProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const preview = text.length > 60 ? text.slice(0, 60).replace(/\n/g, ' ') + '…' : text.replace(/\n/g, ' ')
 
   return (
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ export default function ClipboardNotification({
           className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-amber-200 hover:text-white bg-amber-500/15 hover:bg-amber-500/25 border border-amber-500/25 px-2.5 py-1 rounded-lg transition-all duration-300 cursor-pointer no-drag"
         >
           <MagnifyingGlass size={11} weight="regular" />
-          扫描
+          {t('clipboard.scan')}
         </button>
         <button
           onClick={onDismiss}
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/CompareView.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/CompareView.tsx
index 412a4ba..b79e3ce 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/CompareView.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/CompareView.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { ScanResult } from '../core/detector'
 import HighlightView from './HighlightView'
+import { useI18n } from '../i18n'
 
 interface CompareViewProps {
   originalText: string
@@ -8,14 +9,15 @@ interface CompareViewProps {
 }
 
 export default function CompareView({ originalText, cleanedText, result }: CompareViewProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   return (
     <div className="h-full grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
       {/* Original with highlights */}
       <div className="flex flex-col min-h-0">
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2 flex-shrink-0">
-          <span className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-zinc-600 uppercase tracking-widest">原文</span>
+          <span className="text-xs font-semibold text-zinc-300">{t('detect.original')}</span>
           <span className="text-[10px] text-zinc-700 font-mono tabular-nums">
-            {result.suspiciousCount} 处可疑
+            {t('detect.suspiciousCount', { count: result.suspiciousCount })}
           </span>
         </div>
         <div className="flex-1 min-h-0">
@@ -26,9 +28,9 @@ export default function CompareView({ originalText, cleanedText, result }: Compa
       {/* Cleaned text */}
       <div className="flex flex-col min-h-0">
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2 flex-shrink-0">
-          <span className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-emerald-600 uppercase tracking-widest">净化后</span>
+          <span className="text-xs font-semibold text-emerald-300">{t('detect.cleanAfter')}</span>
           <span className="text-[10px] text-zinc-700 font-mono tabular-nums">
-            已移除 {result.suspiciousCount} 处
+            {t('detect.removedCount', { count: result.suspiciousCount })}
           </span>
         </div>
         <textarea
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/DropZone.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/DropZone.tsx
index 027789f..e15a78d 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/DropZone.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/DropZone.tsx
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 import { motion, AnimatePresence } from 'framer-motion'
 import { FileText, FilePdf, FileDoc, UploadSimple, X, WarningCircle } from '@phosphor-icons/react'
 import { parseFile } from '../core/parsers'
+import { useI18n } from '../i18n'
 
 interface DropZoneProps {
   text: string
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ interface DropZoneProps {
 }
 
 export default function DropZone({ text, onChange, disabled }: DropZoneProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [isDragging, setIsDragging] = useState(false)
   const [isParsing, setIsParsing] = useState(false)
   const [parseError, setParseError] = useState<string | null>(null)
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ export default function DropZone({ text, onChange, disabled }: DropZoneProps) {
       <div className="flex items-center justify-between flex-shrink-0">
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
           <span className="text-xs font-semibold text-cyan-300/60 uppercase tracking-widest">
-            输入文本
+            {t('drop.label')}
           </span>
           {fileName && (
             <span className="flex items-center gap-1 text-xs text-zinc-300 bg-white/5 px-2 py-0.5 rounded-full">
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ export default function DropZone({ text, onChange, disabled }: DropZoneProps) {
         <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
           {charCount > 0 && (
             <span className="text-xs text-zinc-600 font-mono tabular-nums">
-              {charCount.toLocaleString()} 字符
+              {t('drop.chars', { count: charCount.toLocaleString() })}
             </span>
           )}
           <button
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ export default function DropZone({ text, onChange, disabled }: DropZoneProps) {
             "
           >
             <UploadSimple size={13} weight="regular" />
-            <span>导入文件</span>
+            <span>{t('drop.import')}</span>
           </button>
           <input
             ref={fileInputRef}
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ export default function DropZone({ text, onChange, disabled }: DropZoneProps) {
               <div className="w-10 h-10 rounded-xl bg-cyan-400/10 border border-cyan-400/30 flex items-center justify-center">
                 <UploadSimple size={20} weight="regular" className="text-cyan-400" />
               </div>
-              <span className="text-sm text-cyan-300 font-medium">松开以导入文件</span>
+              <span className="text-sm text-cyan-300 font-medium">{t('drop.release')}</span>
               <span className="text-xs text-cyan-400/60">.txt .md .docx .pdf</span>
             </motion.div>
           )}
@@ -161,7 +163,7 @@ export default function DropZone({ text, onChange, disabled }: DropZoneProps) {
           onDragOver={onDragOver}
           onDragLeave={onDragLeave}
           disabled={disabled}
-          placeholder="粘贴或输入文本 — 或拖入 .txt .md .docx .pdf 文件…"
+          placeholder={t('drop.placeholder')}
           className="
             w-full h-full
             desktop-input
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ export default function DropZone({ text, onChange, disabled }: DropZoneProps) {
                 <FileDoc size={14} />
               </div>
               <span className="text-xs text-zinc-700 whitespace-nowrap">
-                Supports .txt .md .docx .pdf
+                {t('drop.supports')}
               </span>
             </motion.div>
           )}
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/ExportMenu.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/ExportMenu.tsx
index 5ed06da..ce8d88b 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/ExportMenu.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/ExportMenu.tsx
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { Export, FilePdf, FileJs, FileCsv, CaretDown } from '@phosphor-icons/rea
 import { ScanResult } from '../core/detector'
 import { CATEGORY_META } from '../core/categories'
 import { generateCSV } from '../core/csvExport'
+import { useI18n } from '../i18n'
 
 interface ExportMenuProps {
   result: ScanResult
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ interface ExportMenuProps {
 }
 
 export default function ExportMenu({ result }: ExportMenuProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [open, setOpen] = useState(false)
   const [exporting, setExporting] = useState(false)
 
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ export default function ExportMenu({ result }: ExportMenuProps) {
         "
       >
         <Export size={13} />
-        <span>{exporting ? '导出中\u2026' : '导出'}</span>
+        <span>{exporting ? t('export.exporting') : t('export.button')}</span>
         <CaretDown size={10} className={`transition-transform ${open ? 'rotate-180' : ''}`} />
       </button>
 
@@ -112,11 +114,11 @@ export default function ExportMenu({ result }: ExportMenuProps) {
                 w-52 overflow-hidden desktop-menu
               "
             >
-              <MenuItem icon={<FileJs size={14} className="text-emerald-400" />} onClick={exportJSON} label="导出 JSON" sub="完整结构化报告" />
+              <MenuItem icon={<FileJs size={14} className="text-emerald-400" />} onClick={exportJSON} label={t('export.json')} sub={t('export.jsonSub')} />
               <div className="h-px bg-white/[0.05]" />
-              <MenuItem icon={<FileCsv size={14} className="text-sky-400" />} onClick={exportCSV} label="导出 CSV" sub="可在 Excel 中打开" />
+              <MenuItem icon={<FileCsv size={14} className="text-sky-400" />} onClick={exportCSV} label={t('export.csv')} sub={t('export.csvSub')} />
               <div className="h-px bg-white/[0.05]" />
-              <MenuItem icon={<FilePdf size={14} className="text-red-400" />} onClick={exportPDF} label="导出 PDF" sub="格式化扫描报告" />
+              <MenuItem icon={<FilePdf size={14} className="text-red-400" />} onClick={exportPDF} label={t('export.pdf')} sub={t('export.pdfSub')} />
             </motion.div>
           </>
         )}
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/ImageWatermarkPanel.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/ImageWatermarkPanel.tsx
index 4fb7978..7a14ea3 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/ImageWatermarkPanel.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/ImageWatermarkPanel.tsx
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   WarningCircle,
   CheckCircle,
 } from '@phosphor-icons/react'
+import { I18nKey, useI18n } from '../i18n'
 
 type PyStatus = 'idle' | 'checking' | 'ok' | 'no-python' | 'no-lib'
 type WatermarkQuality = 'invisible' | 'balanced' | 'robust'
@@ -27,7 +28,8 @@ interface DiagnosticsRecord {
   [key: string]: unknown
 }
 
-function CopyButton({ text }: { text: string }) {
+function CopyButton({ text, labelKey = 'common.copy' }: { text: string; labelKey?: I18nKey }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [copied, setCopied] = useState(false)
   const handle = useCallback(async () => {
     await navigator.clipboard.writeText(text)
@@ -37,30 +39,34 @@ function CopyButton({ text }: { text: string }) {
   return (
     <button
       onClick={handle}
-      title="Copy"
-      className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-zinc-300 hover:text-zinc-100 transition-colors cursor-pointer no-drag px-2 py-1 rounded hover:bg-white/[0.06]"
+      title={t(labelKey)}
+      className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm text-zinc-300 hover:text-zinc-100 transition-colors cursor-pointer no-drag px-2.5 py-1.5 rounded-lg hover:bg-white/[0.06]"
     >
-      {copied ? <Check size={13} className="text-emerald-400" /> : <Copy size={13} />}
-      {copied ? 'Copied' : 'Copy'}
+      {copied ? <Check size={14} className="text-emerald-400" /> : <Copy size={14} />}
+      {copied ? t('common.copied') : t(labelKey)}
     </button>
   )
 }
 
 function Label({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
-  return <span className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-zinc-600 uppercase tracking-widest">{children}</span>
+  return <span className="text-sm font-semibold text-zinc-200">{children}</span>
+}
+
+function HelpText({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return <span className="text-xs text-zinc-400 leading-relaxed px-0.5">{children}</span>
 }
 
 function StatusBadge({ kind, message }: PanelStatus) {
   const styles = {
-    ok: 'bg-emerald-500/10 border-emerald-500/25 text-emerald-300',
-    error: 'bg-red-500/10 border-red-500/25 text-red-300',
-    warn: 'bg-amber-500/10 border-amber-500/25 text-amber-300',
+    ok: 'bg-emerald-500/10 border-emerald-500/25 text-emerald-200',
+    error: 'bg-red-500/10 border-red-500/25 text-red-200',
+    warn: 'bg-amber-500/10 border-amber-500/25 text-amber-200',
   }
   const Icon = kind === 'ok' ? CheckCircle : kind === 'warn' ? Warning : WarningCircle
   return (
-    <div className={`flex items-start gap-2 rounded-lg px-3.5 py-2.5 text-xs leading-relaxed border ${styles[kind]}`}>
-      <Icon size={13} weight="regular" className="flex-shrink-0 mt-0.5" />
-      <span className="whitespace-pre-wrap break-all">{message}</span>
+    <div className={`flex items-start gap-2.5 rounded-xl px-4 py-3 text-sm leading-relaxed border ${styles[kind]}`}>
+      <Icon size={16} weight="regular" className="flex-shrink-0 mt-0.5" />
+      <span className="whitespace-pre-wrap break-words">{message}</span>
     </div>
   )
 }
@@ -89,9 +95,9 @@ function ActionButton({
     <button
       onClick={onClick}
       disabled={disabled || loading}
-      className={`flex items-center gap-2 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg text-sm font-medium text-white ${colors[color]} border border-white/10 shadow-[inset_0_1px_0_rgba(255,255,255,0.12)] transition-all duration-200 cursor-pointer no-drag disabled:opacity-40 disabled:cursor-not-allowed`}
+      className={`flex items-center justify-center gap-2 px-5 py-3 rounded-xl text-sm font-semibold text-white ${colors[color]} border border-white/10 shadow-[inset_0_1px_0_rgba(255,255,255,0.12)] transition-all duration-200 cursor-pointer no-drag disabled:opacity-40 disabled:cursor-not-allowed active:scale-[0.99]`}
     >
-      {loading ? <CircleNotch size={14} className="animate-spin" /> : icon}
+      {loading ? <CircleNotch size={16} className="animate-spin" /> : icon}
       {label}
     </button>
   )
@@ -110,19 +116,20 @@ function PathRow({
   onBrowse: () => void
   icon: React.ReactNode
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   return (
-    <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
       <Label>{label}</Label>
-      <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-3 rounded-xl border border-white/[0.08] bg-black/25 p-2">
         <button
           onClick={onBrowse}
-          className="flex items-center gap-1.5 px-3 py-2 rounded-lg text-xs text-zinc-200 bg-black/25 border border-white/[0.07] hover:border-white/[0.15] hover:text-zinc-100 transition-colors cursor-pointer no-drag"
+          className="flex items-center gap-2 px-3.5 py-2.5 rounded-lg text-sm text-zinc-100 bg-white/[0.06] border border-white/[0.08] hover:border-white/[0.16] transition-colors cursor-pointer no-drag"
         >
           {icon}
-          Browse
+          {t('common.browse')}
         </button>
-        <span className="text-xs text-zinc-300 truncate font-mono min-w-0">
-          {path || <span className="text-zinc-700">{placeholder}</span>}
+        <span className="text-sm text-zinc-300 truncate font-mono min-w-0">
+          {path || <span className="text-zinc-500 font-sans">{placeholder}</span>}
         </span>
       </div>
     </div>
@@ -133,13 +140,13 @@ function ImagePreview({ path, label }: { path: string; label: string }) {
   if (!path) return null
   const fileUrl = 'file:///' + path.replace(/\\/g, '/')
   return (
-    <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
       <Label>{label}</Label>
-      <div className="rounded-xl overflow-hidden border border-white/[0.07] bg-black/30 max-h-48 flex items-center justify-center">
+      <div className="rounded-xl overflow-hidden border border-white/[0.08] bg-black/30 max-h-64 flex items-center justify-center">
         <img
           src={fileUrl}
           alt={label}
-          className="max-h-48 max-w-full object-contain"
+          className="max-h-64 max-w-full object-contain"
           onError={(e) => { (e.target as HTMLImageElement).style.display = 'none' }}
         />
       </div>
@@ -148,46 +155,48 @@ function ImagePreview({ path, label }: { path: string; label: string }) {
 }
 
 function PwdInput({ value, onChange }: { value: number; onChange: (v: number) => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   return (
-    <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
-      <Label>Password</Label>
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+      <Label>{t('img.password')}</Label>
       <input
         type="number"
         min={0}
         step={1}
         value={value}
         onChange={(e) => onChange(Math.max(0, Math.floor(Number(e.target.value) || 0)))}
-        className="w-full bg-black/25 rounded-lg border border-white/[0.07] focus:border-white/[0.18] text-sm text-white px-3 py-2 focus:outline-none transition-colors duration-200 [appearance:textfield] [&::-webkit-inner-spin-button]:appearance-none"
+        className="w-full bg-black/25 rounded-xl border border-white/[0.08] focus:border-white/[0.18] text-base text-white px-4 py-3 focus:outline-none transition-colors duration-200 [appearance:textfield] [&::-webkit-inner-spin-button]:appearance-none"
       />
-      <span className="text-[10px] text-zinc-700 px-0.5">Embed and extract must use the same integer password.</span>
+      <HelpText>{t('img.passwordHelp')}</HelpText>
     </div>
   )
 }
 
 function EngineSelector({ value, onChange }: { value: ImageEngine; onChange: (engine: ImageEngine) => void }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const options: Array<{ id: ImageEngine; label: string; desc: string }> = [
-    { id: 'auto', label: 'Auto', desc: 'Short text prefers neural; longer payloads fall back to legacy.' },
-    { id: 'legacy', label: 'Legacy', desc: 'Existing DCT + RS engine. Best for longer text and full backward compatibility.' },
-    { id: 'neural', label: 'Neural', desc: 'Short payload neural engine with stronger transport robustness.' },
+    { id: 'auto', label: t('img.engine.auto'), desc: t('img.engine.autoDesc') },
+    { id: 'legacy', label: t('img.engine.legacy'), desc: t('img.engine.legacyDesc') },
+    { id: 'neural', label: t('img.engine.neural'), desc: t('img.engine.neuralDesc') },
   ]
 
   return (
-    <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
-      <Label>Engine</Label>
-      <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-1 bg-black/30 rounded-xl border border-white/[0.06] p-1">
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+      <Label>{t('img.engine')}</Label>
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-2 bg-black/25 rounded-xl border border-white/[0.08] p-2">
         {options.map((option) => (
           <button
             key={option.id}
             type="button"
             onClick={() => onChange(option.id)}
-            className={`flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 py-2 px-2 rounded-lg text-center transition-all duration-200 cursor-pointer ${
+            className={`flex min-h-[86px] flex-col items-start justify-start gap-1.5 rounded-lg px-3 py-3 text-left transition-all duration-200 cursor-pointer border ${
               value === option.id
-                ? 'bg-black/35 border border-white/[0.18] text-white'
-                : 'border border-transparent text-zinc-300 hover:bg-white/[0.03] hover:border-white/[0.08]'
+                ? 'bg-white/[0.1] border-white/[0.18] text-white'
+                : 'border-transparent text-zinc-300 hover:bg-white/[0.04] hover:border-white/[0.08]'
             }`}
           >
-            <span className="text-xs font-semibold">{option.label}</span>
-            <span className="text-[9px] text-zinc-600 leading-tight">{option.desc}</span>
+            <span className="text-sm font-semibold">{option.label}</span>
+            <span className="text-xs text-zinc-400 leading-relaxed">{option.desc}</span>
           </button>
         ))}
       </div>
@@ -195,53 +204,36 @@ function EngineSelector({ value, onChange }: { value: ImageEngine; onChange: (en
   )
 }
 
-const QUALITY_PRESETS: Array<{ id: WatermarkQuality; label: string; desc: string; hint: string; color: string }> = [
-  {
-    id: 'invisible',
-    label: 'Invisible',
-    desc: 'Appearance first',
-    hint: 'Legacy uses the lightest perturbation. Neural maps this to its balanced profile.',
-    color: 'text-white',
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'balanced',
-    label: 'Balanced',
-    desc: 'Recommended',
-    hint: 'Default tradeoff between image quality and extraction robustness.',
-    color: 'text-emerald-400',
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'robust',
-    label: 'Robust',
-    desc: 'Strongest',
-    hint: 'Legacy uses the strongest preset. Neural maps this to its aggressive profile.',
-    color: 'text-amber-400',
-  },
-]
-
 function QualitySelector({ value, onChange }: { value: WatermarkQuality; onChange: (v: WatermarkQuality) => void }) {
-  const current = QUALITY_PRESETS.find((preset) => preset.id === value)!
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  const presets: Array<{ id: WatermarkQuality; label: string; desc: string; hint: string; color: string }> = [
+    { id: 'invisible', label: t('img.quality.invisible'), desc: t('img.quality.invisibleDesc'), hint: t('img.quality.invisibleHint'), color: 'text-sky-200' },
+    { id: 'balanced', label: t('img.quality.balanced'), desc: t('img.quality.balancedDesc'), hint: t('img.quality.balancedHint'), color: 'text-emerald-300' },
+    { id: 'robust', label: t('img.quality.robust'), desc: t('img.quality.robustDesc'), hint: t('img.quality.robustHint'), color: 'text-amber-300' },
+  ]
+  const current = presets.find((preset) => preset.id === value)!
+
   return (
-    <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
-      <Label>Quality / strength</Label>
-      <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-1 bg-black/30 rounded-xl border border-white/[0.06] p-1">
-        {QUALITY_PRESETS.map((preset) => (
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+      <Label>{t('img.quality')}</Label>
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-2 bg-black/25 rounded-xl border border-white/[0.08] p-2">
+        {presets.map((preset) => (
           <button
             key={preset.id}
             type="button"
             onClick={() => onChange(preset.id)}
-            className={`flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 py-2 px-1 rounded-lg text-center transition-all duration-200 cursor-pointer ${
+            className={`flex min-h-[76px] flex-col items-start gap-1 rounded-lg px-3 py-3 text-left transition-all duration-200 cursor-pointer border ${
               value === preset.id
-                ? 'bg-black/35 border border-white/[0.18]'
-                : 'border border-transparent hover:bg-white/[0.03] hover:border-white/[0.08]'
+                ? 'bg-white/[0.1] border-white/[0.18]'
+                : 'border-transparent hover:bg-white/[0.04] hover:border-white/[0.08]'
             }`}
           >
-            <span className={`text-xs font-semibold ${value === preset.id ? preset.color : 'text-zinc-300'}`}>{preset.label}</span>
-            <span className="text-[9px] text-zinc-600 leading-tight">{preset.desc}</span>
+            <span className={`text-sm font-semibold ${value === preset.id ? preset.color : 'text-zinc-300'}`}>{preset.label}</span>
+            <span className="text-xs text-zinc-400 leading-relaxed">{preset.desc}</span>
           </button>
         ))}
       </div>
-      <p className="text-[10px] text-zinc-600 px-0.5 leading-relaxed">{current.hint}</p>
+      <HelpText>{current.hint}</HelpText>
     </div>
   )
 }
@@ -263,22 +255,25 @@ function PythonBanner({
   neuralReady?: boolean
   neuralModelVersion?: string | null
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   if (status === 'idle' || status === 'checking') {
     return (
-      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-zinc-600 py-1">
-        <CircleNotch size={13} className={status === 'checking' ? 'animate-spin' : ''} />
-        {status === 'checking' ? 'Checking watermark backend...' : 'Preparing backend check...'}
+      <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm text-zinc-400 py-1">
+        <CircleNotch size={15} className={status === 'checking' ? 'animate-spin' : ''} />
+        {status === 'checking' ? t('img.backend.checking') : t('img.backend.preparing')}
       </div>
     )
   }
 
   if (status === 'ok') {
-    const runnerText = runnerMode === 'exe' ? 'Bundled helper ready' : `Python backend ready (${python ?? 'unknown'})`
-    const neuralText = neuralReady ? `Neural model ready${neuralModelVersion ? ` · ${neuralModelVersion}` : ''}` : 'Neural model not exported yet; auto mode may fall back to legacy.'
+    const runnerText = runnerMode === 'exe' ? t('img.backend.exeReady') : t('img.backend.pythonReady', { python: python ?? 'unknown' })
+    const neuralText = neuralReady
+      ? t('img.backend.neuralReady', { version: neuralModelVersion ? ` · ${neuralModelVersion}` : '' })
+      : t('img.backend.neuralMissing')
     return (
       <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
-        <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-[11px] text-emerald-500/80 py-0.5">
-          <CheckCircle size={13} weight="fill" />
+        <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm text-emerald-300 py-0.5">
+          <CheckCircle size={15} weight="fill" />
           {runnerText}{version ? ` · engine v${version}` : ''}
         </div>
         <StatusBadge kind={neuralReady ? 'ok' : 'warn'} message={neuralText} />
@@ -289,9 +284,9 @@ function PythonBanner({
   if (status === 'no-lib') {
     return (
       <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
-        <StatusBadge kind="warn" message={`Python was found, but required watermark runtime packages are missing.\n${error ?? ''}`} />
+        <StatusBadge kind="warn" message={t('img.backend.missingLib', { error: error ?? '' })} />
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-          <code className="text-xs bg-black/25 border border-white/[0.07] rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-emerald-400 font-mono select-all">
+          <code className="text-sm bg-black/25 border border-white/[0.08] rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-emerald-300 font-mono select-all">
             pip install -r blind_watermark/requirements.txt
           </code>
           <CopyButton text="pip install -r blind_watermark/requirements.txt" />
@@ -302,11 +297,11 @@ function PythonBanner({
 
   return (
     <div className="flex flex-col gap-3">
-      <StatusBadge kind="error" message={error ?? 'No runnable image watermark backend was found.'} />
-      <div className="text-[10px] text-zinc-600 space-y-1">
-        <div>Developer fallback: install Python and the packaged runtime dependencies.</div>
+      <StatusBadge kind="error" message={error ?? t('img.backend.noRunner')} />
+      <div className="text-xs text-zinc-400 space-y-2">
+        <div>{t('img.backend.devFallback')}</div>
         <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-          <code className="bg-black/25 border border-white/[0.07] rounded px-3 py-1 text-zinc-200 font-mono select-all">
+          <code className="bg-black/25 border border-white/[0.08] rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-zinc-200 font-mono select-all">
             pip install -r blind_watermark/requirements.txt
           </code>
           <CopyButton text="pip install -r blind_watermark/requirements.txt" />
@@ -317,27 +312,53 @@ function PythonBanner({
 }
 
 function DiagnosticsList({ diagnostics }: { diagnostics?: DiagnosticsRecord }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   if (!diagnostics || Object.keys(diagnostics).length === 0) return null
   return (
-    <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">
-      {Object.entries(diagnostics).map(([key, value]) => (
-        <div key={key} className="rounded-lg border border-white/[0.06] bg-black/20 px-3 py-2">
-          <div className="text-[10px] uppercase tracking-widest text-zinc-600">{key}</div>
-          <div className="text-xs text-zinc-200 break-all mt-1">{typeof value === 'string' ? value : JSON.stringify(value)}</div>
-        </div>
-      ))}
+    <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+      <Label>{t('img.diagnostics')}</Label>
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">
+        {Object.entries(diagnostics).map(([key, value]) => (
+          <div key={key} className="rounded-xl border border-white/[0.08] bg-black/20 px-3.5 py-3">
+            <div className="text-xs font-medium text-zinc-300">{key}</div>
+            <div className="text-xs text-zinc-400 break-all mt-1.5">{typeof value === 'string' ? value : JSON.stringify(value)}</div>
+          </div>
+        ))}
+      </div>
     </div>
   )
 }
 
-function normalizeExtractError(message: string) {
+function normalizeExtractError(message: string, fallback: string) {
   const lower = message.toLowerCase()
-  if (lower.includes('no valid watermark found')) {
-    return 'No extractable watermark was found. Make sure you selected the watermarked image and matched the same password and engine.'
+  if (lower.includes('no valid watermark found') || lower.includes('chien search') || lower.includes('crc')) {
+    return fallback
   }
   return message
 }
 
+function ResultMeta({
+  engine,
+  fallback,
+  confidence,
+}: {
+  engine: string
+  fallback?: boolean
+  confidence?: number
+}) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+  return (
+    <div className="rounded-xl border border-white/[0.08] bg-black/20 px-4 py-3 text-sm text-zinc-200">
+      {t('img.engineResult', { engine })}
+      <span className="text-zinc-400">
+        {' · '}
+        {fallback ? t('img.fallbackUsed') : t('img.directSuccess')}
+        {typeof confidence === 'number' && ` · ${t('img.confidence', { value: Math.round(confidence * 100) })}`}
+      </span>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+
 export function ImageEmbedPanel({
   pyStatus,
   python,
@@ -355,6 +376,7 @@ export function ImageEmbedPanel({
   neuralReady?: boolean
   neuralModelVersion?: string | null
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [inputPath, setInputPath] = useState('')
   const [outputPath, setOutputPath] = useState('')
   const [wmText, setWmText] = useState('')
@@ -414,19 +436,17 @@ export function ImageEmbedPanel({
           confidence: res.confidence,
           diagnostics: res.diagnostics,
         })
-        const engineInfo = res.fallbackUsed
-          ? `Finished with ${res.engineUsed ?? 'legacy'} after fallback.`
-          : `Finished with ${res.engineUsed ?? engine}.`
-        setStatus({ kind: 'ok', message: `Watermark embed succeeded. ${engineInfo}` })
+        const engineInfo = res.fallbackUsed ? `${res.engineUsed ?? 'legacy'} · ${t('img.fallbackUsed')}` : `${res.engineUsed ?? engine} · ${t('img.directSuccess')}`
+        setStatus({ kind: 'ok', message: t('img.embedOk', { engineInfo }) })
       } else {
-        setStatus({ kind: 'error', message: res.error ?? 'Embed failed' })
+        setStatus({ kind: 'error', message: res.error ?? t('img.embedFail') })
       }
     } catch (e) {
       setStatus({ kind: 'error', message: String(e) })
     } finally {
       setLoading(false)
     }
-  }, [inputPath, outputPath, wmText, pwd, quality, engine])
+  }, [inputPath, outputPath, wmText, pwd, quality, engine, t])
 
   const canRun = pyStatus === 'ok' && !!inputPath && !!outputPath && !!wmText.trim() && !loading
 
@@ -442,34 +462,34 @@ export function ImageEmbedPanel({
         neuralModelVersion={neuralModelVersion}
       />
 
-      <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-5">
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-1 xl:grid-cols-[minmax(280px,0.9fr)_minmax(420px,1.1fr)] gap-6">
         <div className="flex flex-col gap-4">
           <PathRow
-            label="Source image"
+            label={t('img.source')}
             path={inputPath}
-            placeholder="No image selected"
+            placeholder={t('img.noImage')}
             onBrowse={handleOpenSrc}
-            icon={<FolderOpen size={13} />}
+            icon={<FolderOpen size={15} />}
           />
-          {inputPath && <ImagePreview path={inputPath} label="Preview" />}
+          {inputPath && <ImagePreview path={inputPath} label={t('img.preview')} />}
         </div>
 
-        <div className="flex flex-col gap-4">
-          <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
-            <Label>Watermark text</Label>
+        <div className="flex flex-col gap-5">
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+            <Label>{t('img.text')}</Label>
             <textarea
               value={wmText}
               onChange={(e) => setWmText(e.target.value)}
-              placeholder="Enter the text or ID to hide in the image..."
+              placeholder={t('img.textPlaceholder')}
               rows={4}
               spellCheck={false}
-              className="w-full bg-black/30 rounded-xl border border-white/[0.06] focus:border-cyan-400/20 text-sm text-white leading-relaxed resize-none px-4 py-3.5 focus:outline-none placeholder:text-zinc-700 transition-all duration-300"
+              className="w-full bg-black/30 rounded-xl border border-white/[0.08] focus:border-cyan-400/25 text-base text-white leading-relaxed resize-none px-4 py-3.5 focus:outline-none placeholder:text-zinc-500 transition-all duration-300"
             />
             {wmText && (
-              <span className="text-[10px] text-zinc-700 px-1">
+              <HelpText>
                 {bytes} bytes
-                {!shortPayloadEligible && <span className="text-amber-500/80"> · neural payload limit is 16 bytes, so Auto will fall back to legacy.</span>}
-              </span>
+                {!shortPayloadEligible && <span className="text-amber-300"> · {t('img.neuralLimitInline')}</span>}
+              </HelpText>
             )}
           </div>
 
@@ -478,23 +498,23 @@ export function ImageEmbedPanel({
           <QualitySelector value={quality} onChange={setQuality} />
 
           <PathRow
-            label="Output path"
+            label={t('img.output')}
             path={outputPath}
-            placeholder="No output path selected"
+            placeholder={t('img.noOutput')}
             onBrowse={handleSaveDst}
-            icon={<FloppyDisk size={13} />}
+            icon={<FloppyDisk size={15} />}
           />
 
           {engine === 'neural' && !shortPayloadEligible && (
-            <StatusBadge kind="warn" message="Neural mode only supports short payloads up to 16 UTF-8 bytes. Use Auto or Legacy for longer text." />
+            <StatusBadge kind="warn" message={t('img.neuralLimitWarn')} />
           )}
 
           <ActionButton
             onClick={handleEmbed}
             disabled={!canRun}
             loading={loading}
-            icon={<Fingerprint size={15} weight="regular" />}
-            label={loading ? 'Embedding...' : 'Embed watermark'}
+            icon={<Fingerprint size={16} weight="regular" />}
+            label={loading ? t('img.embedding') : t('img.embed')}
             color="blue"
           />
         </div>
@@ -515,25 +535,25 @@ export function ImageEmbedPanel({
             className="flex flex-col gap-3"
           >
             <div className="bg-black/30 rounded-xl border border-emerald-500/25 px-5 py-4">
-              <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-2">
-                <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-emerald-400">
-                  <CheckCircle size={14} weight="fill" />
-                  <span className="text-xs font-semibold">Embed complete</span>
+              <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-3">
+                <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-emerald-300">
+                  <CheckCircle size={16} weight="fill" />
+                  <span className="text-sm font-semibold">{t('img.embedComplete')}</span>
                 </div>
-                <CopyButton text={result.output} />
-              </div>
-              <div className="text-sm font-medium text-emerald-300 tracking-wide text-center py-2">
-                Engine: {result.engineUsed ?? engine}
-                {result.fallbackUsed ? ' · fallback used' : ' · direct success'}
-                {typeof result.confidence === 'number' && ` · confidence ${Math.round(result.confidence * 100)}%`}
+                <CopyButton text={result.output} labelKey="img.copyPath" />
               </div>
-              <p className="text-[10px] text-emerald-700/80 text-center mt-1">
-                Quality: {result.quality}
+              <ResultMeta
+                engine={result.engineUsed ?? engine}
+                fallback={result.fallbackUsed}
+                confidence={result.confidence}
+              />
+              <p className="text-xs text-emerald-300/80 text-center mt-3">
+                {t('img.qualityResult', { quality: result.quality })}
               </p>
             </div>
 
-            <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-zinc-300">
-              <ArrowSquareOut size={12} />
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-sm text-zinc-300">
+              <ArrowSquareOut size={14} />
               <span className="font-mono truncate">{result.output}</span>
             </div>
             <DiagnosticsList diagnostics={result.diagnostics} />
@@ -561,6 +581,7 @@ export function ImageExtractPanel({
   neuralReady?: boolean
   neuralModelVersion?: string | null
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [inputPath, setInputPath] = useState('')
   const [pwd, setPwd] = useState(1)
   const [quality, setQuality] = useState<WatermarkQuality>('balanced')
@@ -608,16 +629,16 @@ export function ImageExtractPanel({
         setEngineUsed(res.engineUsed)
         setFallbackUsed(Boolean(res.fallbackUsed))
         setConfidence(res.confidence)
-        setStatus({ kind: 'ok', message: 'Watermark extract succeeded.' })
+        setStatus({ kind: 'ok', message: t('img.extractOk') })
       } else {
-        setStatus({ kind: 'error', message: normalizeExtractError(res.error ?? 'Extract failed') })
+        setStatus({ kind: 'error', message: normalizeExtractError(res.error ?? t('img.extractFail'), t('img.noWatermark')) })
       }
     } catch (e) {
-      setStatus({ kind: 'error', message: normalizeExtractError(String(e)) })
+      setStatus({ kind: 'error', message: normalizeExtractError(String(e), t('img.noWatermark')) })
     } finally {
       setLoading(false)
     }
-  }, [inputPath, pwd, quality, engine])
+  }, [inputPath, pwd, quality, engine, t])
 
   const canRun = pyStatus === 'ok' && !!inputPath && !loading
 
@@ -633,20 +654,20 @@ export function ImageExtractPanel({
         neuralModelVersion={neuralModelVersion}
       />
 
-      <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-5">
+      <div className="grid grid-cols-1 xl:grid-cols-[minmax(280px,0.9fr)_minmax(420px,1.1fr)] gap-6">
         <div className="flex flex-col gap-4">
           <PathRow
-            label="Watermarked image"
+            label={t('img.watermarked')}
             path={inputPath}
-            placeholder="No image selected"
+            placeholder={t('img.noImage')}
             onBrowse={handleOpenImage}
-            icon={<FolderOpen size={13} />}
+            icon={<FolderOpen size={15} />}
           />
-          {inputPath && <ImagePreview path={inputPath} label="Preview" />}
+          {inputPath && <ImagePreview path={inputPath} label={t('img.preview')} />}
         </div>
 
-        <div className="flex flex-col gap-4">
-          <StatusBadge kind="warn" message="Auto will try neural first and fall back to legacy. Use explicit engine selection when comparing training iterations." />
+        <div className="flex flex-col gap-5">
+          <StatusBadge kind="warn" message={t('img.extractWarn')} />
           <EngineSelector value={engine} onChange={setEngine} />
           <PwdInput value={pwd} onChange={setPwd} />
           <QualitySelector value={quality} onChange={setQuality} />
@@ -654,8 +675,8 @@ export function ImageExtractPanel({
             onClick={handleExtract}
             disabled={!canRun}
             loading={loading}
-            icon={<ScanSmiley size={15} weight="regular" />}
-            label={loading ? 'Extracting...' : 'Extract watermark'}
+            icon={<ScanSmiley size={16} weight="regular" />}
+            label={loading ? t('img.extracting') : t('img.extract')}
             color="violet"
           />
         </div>
@@ -675,18 +696,18 @@ export function ImageExtractPanel({
             exit={{ opacity: 0 }}
             className="flex flex-col gap-3"
           >
-            <div className="bg-black/25 rounded-xl border border-emerald-500/20 px-4 py-3">
-              <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-2">
-                <span className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-zinc-600 uppercase tracking-widest">Extracted watermark</span>
+            <div className="bg-black/25 rounded-xl border border-emerald-500/20 px-5 py-4">
+              <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-3">
+                <span className="text-sm font-semibold text-zinc-200">{t('img.extracted')}</span>
                 <CopyButton text={extracted} />
               </div>
-              <p className="text-sm text-emerald-300 leading-relaxed break-all">{extracted}</p>
-            </div>
-            <div className="rounded-xl border border-white/[0.06] bg-black/20 px-4 py-3 text-xs text-zinc-300">
-              Engine: {engineUsed ?? engine}
-              {fallbackUsed ? ' · fallback used' : ' · direct success'}
-              {typeof confidence === 'number' && ` · confidence ${Math.round(confidence * 100)}%`}
+              <p className="text-lg text-emerald-200 leading-relaxed break-all">{extracted}</p>
             </div>
+            <ResultMeta
+              engine={engineUsed ?? engine}
+              fallback={fallbackUsed}
+              confidence={confidence}
+            />
             <DiagnosticsList diagnostics={diagnostics} />
           </motion.div>
         )}
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/ScanButton.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/ScanButton.tsx
index f4c6920..b977bf8 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/ScanButton.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/ScanButton.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { useRef } from 'react'
 import { motion, useMotionValue, useTransform } from 'framer-motion'
 import { MagnifyingGlass, CircleNotch } from '@phosphor-icons/react'
+import { useI18n } from '../i18n'
 
 interface ScanButtonProps {
   onClick: () => void
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ interface ScanButtonProps {
 }
 
 export default function ScanButton({ onClick, disabled, scanning }: ScanButtonProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const ref = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null)
   const mouseX = useMotionValue(0)
   const mouseY = useMotionValue(0)
@@ -77,9 +79,9 @@ export default function ScanButton({ onClick, disabled, scanning }: ScanButtonPr
         ) : (
           <MagnifyingGlass size={15} weight="regular" />
         )}
-        <span>{scanning ? '扫描中...' : '扫描文本'}</span>
+        <span>{scanning ? t('common.scanning') : t('scan.button')}</span>
         {!disabled && !scanning && (
-          <span className="ml-1 text-[10px] text-white/40 font-mono">⌘↵</span>
+          <span className="ml-1 text-[10px] text-white/40 font-mono">Ctrl+Enter</span>
         )}
       </span>
     </motion.button>
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/SettingsPage.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/SettingsPage.tsx
index cb3e2fc..34de8f3 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/SettingsPage.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/SettingsPage.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-import { ArrowCounterClockwise, Info } from '@phosphor-icons/react'
+import { ArrowCounterClockwise, Info } from '@phosphor-icons/react'
 import { useSettings } from '../contexts/SettingsContext'
 import { Category, CATEGORY_META } from '../core/categories'
+import { LanguageSetting, useI18n } from '../i18n'
+import type { I18nKey } from '../i18n'
 
 const CATEGORY_ORDER = [
   Category.TAGS_BLOCK,
@@ -12,8 +14,19 @@ const CATEGORY_ORDER = [
   Category.TYPO_PUNCT,
 ] as const
 
+const CATEGORY_LABEL_KEYS: Record<Category, { label: I18nKey; desc: I18nKey }> = {
+  [Category.ZERO_WIDTH]: { label: 'category.zeroWidth', desc: 'category.zeroWidthDesc' },
+  [Category.CONTROL_BIDI]: { label: 'category.bidi', desc: 'category.bidiDesc' },
+  [Category.SPECIAL_SPACE]: { label: 'category.specialSpace', desc: 'category.specialSpaceDesc' },
+  [Category.TAGS_BLOCK]: { label: 'category.tagsBlock', desc: 'category.tagsBlockDesc' },
+  [Category.HOMOGLYPH]: { label: 'category.homoglyph', desc: 'category.homoglyphDesc' },
+  [Category.VARIATION_SELECTOR]: { label: 'category.variation', desc: 'category.variationDesc' },
+  [Category.TYPO_PUNCT]: { label: 'category.typoPunct', desc: 'category.typoPunctDesc' },
+}
+
 export default function SettingsPage() {
   const { settings, updateSettings, resetSettings } = useSettings()
+  const { t, languageSetting, setLanguage } = useI18n()
 
   const handleThreshold = (key: 'lowMid' | 'midHigh', raw: string) => {
     const n = parseInt(raw, 10)
@@ -36,30 +49,53 @@ export default function SettingsPage() {
 
   return (
     <div className="h-full overflow-y-auto">
-      <div className="max-w-xl mx-auto px-8 py-8">
-        {/* Header */}
+      <div className="max-w-2xl mx-auto px-8 py-8">
         <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-8">
           <div>
-            <h1 className="text-base text-zinc-200 leading-none font-display tracking-[0.02em]">
-              设置
+            <h1 className="text-xl text-zinc-100 leading-none font-display">
+              {t('settings.title')}
             </h1>
-            <p className="text-xs text-zinc-600 mt-1">自定义检测规则和行为偏好</p>
+            <p className="text-sm text-zinc-400 mt-2">{t('settings.subtitle')}</p>
           </div>
           <button
             onClick={resetSettings}
-            className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-200 transition-colors cursor-pointer no-drag"
+            className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm text-zinc-400 hover:text-zinc-100 transition-colors cursor-pointer no-drag"
           >
-            <ArrowCounterClockwise size={12} weight="regular" />
-            恢复默认
+            <ArrowCounterClockwise size={14} weight="regular" />
+            {t('settings.reset')}
           </button>
         </div>
 
-        {/* Detection Rules */}
         <section className="mb-8">
-          <SectionHeader title="检测规则" subtitle="控制哪些字符类别参与扫描" />
+          <SectionHeader title={t('settings.language.title')} subtitle={t('settings.language.subtitle')} />
+          <div className="mt-3 grid grid-cols-3 gap-2 rounded-xl border border-white/[0.08] bg-black/25 p-2">
+            {([
+              ['system', t('settings.language.system')],
+              ['zh-CN', t('settings.language.zh')],
+              ['en', t('settings.language.en')],
+            ] as Array<[LanguageSetting, string]>).map(([value, label]) => (
+              <button
+                key={value}
+                type="button"
+                onClick={() => setLanguage(value)}
+                className={`rounded-lg px-3 py-2.5 text-sm font-medium transition-colors cursor-pointer no-drag ${
+                  languageSetting === value
+                    ? 'bg-white/[0.12] text-white border border-white/[0.16]'
+                    : 'text-zinc-300 border border-transparent hover:bg-white/[0.05] hover:text-white'
+                }`}
+              >
+                {label}
+              </button>
+            ))}
+          </div>
+        </section>
+
+        <section className="mb-8">
+          <SectionHeader title={t('settings.rules.title')} subtitle={t('settings.rules.subtitle')} />
           <div className="space-y-1 mt-3">
             {CATEGORY_ORDER.map((cat) => {
               const meta = CATEGORY_META[cat]
+              const categoryText = CATEGORY_LABEL_KEYS[cat]
               const enabled = settings.enabledCategories[cat] ?? true
               return (
                 <label
@@ -69,10 +105,10 @@ export default function SettingsPage() {
                   <div className="flex items-center gap-3">
                     <div className={`w-2 h-2 rounded-full flex-shrink-0 ${meta.color}`} />
                     <div>
-                      <p className={`text-sm font-medium transition-colors ${enabled ? 'text-zinc-200' : 'text-zinc-600'}`}>
-                        {meta.label}
+                      <p className={`text-sm font-medium transition-colors ${enabled ? 'text-zinc-100' : 'text-zinc-500'}`}>
+                        {t(categoryText.label)}
                       </p>
-                      <p className="text-xs text-zinc-600">{meta.description}</p>
+                      <p className="text-xs text-zinc-400">{t(categoryText.desc)}</p>
                     </div>
                   </div>
                   <Toggle
@@ -85,23 +121,22 @@ export default function SettingsPage() {
           </div>
         </section>
 
-        {/* Risk Thresholds */}
         <section className="mb-8">
-          <SectionHeader title="风险阈值" subtitle="调整风险评级的分数分界线" />
+          <SectionHeader title={t('settings.threshold.title')} subtitle={t('settings.threshold.subtitle')} />
           <div className="mt-3 bg-black/25 rounded-xl border border-white/[0.06] p-5 space-y-5">
             <div>
               <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-2">
-                <span className="text-sm text-zinc-200">低 / 中 分界</span>
+                <span className="text-sm text-zinc-200">{t('settings.threshold.lowMid')}</span>
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                  <span className="text-xs text-emerald-500">低风险</span>
-                  <span className="text-xs text-zinc-600">≤</span>
+                  <span className="text-xs text-emerald-500">{t('settings.threshold.low')}</span>
+                  <span className="text-xs text-zinc-500">≤</span>
                   <input
                     type="number"
                     value={settings.thresholds.lowMid}
                     min={1}
                     max={settings.thresholds.midHigh - 1}
                     onChange={(e) => handleThreshold('lowMid', e.target.value)}
-                    className="w-16 bg-white/[0.06] border border-white/[0.1] text-zinc-200 text-sm text-center rounded-lg px-2 py-1 focus:outline-none focus:border-[#3b7cd4]/50 no-drag"
+                    className="w-16 bg-white/[0.06] border border-white/[0.1] text-zinc-100 text-sm text-center rounded-lg px-2 py-1 focus:outline-none focus:border-[#3b7cd4]/50 no-drag"
                   />
                 </div>
               </div>
@@ -109,37 +144,41 @@ export default function SettingsPage() {
             </div>
             <div>
               <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-2">
-                <span className="text-sm text-zinc-200">中 / 高 分界</span>
+                <span className="text-sm text-zinc-200">{t('settings.threshold.midHigh')}</span>
                 <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                  <span className="text-xs text-amber-500">中风险</span>
-                  <span className="text-xs text-zinc-600">≤</span>
+                  <span className="text-xs text-amber-500">{t('settings.threshold.mid')}</span>
+                  <span className="text-xs text-zinc-500">≤</span>
                   <input
                     type="number"
                     value={settings.thresholds.midHigh}
                     min={settings.thresholds.lowMid + 1}
                     max={99}
                     onChange={(e) => handleThreshold('midHigh', e.target.value)}
-                    className="w-16 bg-white/[0.06] border border-white/[0.1] text-zinc-200 text-sm text-center rounded-lg px-2 py-1 focus:outline-none focus:border-[#3b7cd4]/50 no-drag"
+                    className="w-16 bg-white/[0.06] border border-white/[0.1] text-zinc-100 text-sm text-center rounded-lg px-2 py-1 focus:outline-none focus:border-[#3b7cd4]/50 no-drag"
                   />
                 </div>
               </div>
               <RangeBar value={settings.thresholds.midHigh} color="#f59e0b" />
             </div>
-            <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-zinc-600 bg-white/[0.03] rounded-lg px-3 py-2">
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-zinc-400 bg-white/[0.03] rounded-lg px-3 py-2">
               <Info size={12} />
-              当前阈值：0–{settings.thresholds.lowMid} 低风险 · {settings.thresholds.lowMid + 1}–{settings.thresholds.midHigh} 中等风险 · {settings.thresholds.midHigh + 1}–100 高风险
+              {t('settings.threshold.summary', {
+                low: settings.thresholds.lowMid,
+                lowPlus: settings.thresholds.lowMid + 1,
+                mid: settings.thresholds.midHigh,
+                midPlus: settings.thresholds.midHigh + 1,
+              })}
             </div>
           </div>
         </section>
 
-        {/* Clipboard Monitoring */}
         <section className="mb-8">
-          <SectionHeader title="剪贴板监听" subtitle="自动检测剪贴板变化并提示扫描" />
+          <SectionHeader title={t('settings.clipboard.title')} subtitle={t('settings.clipboard.subtitle')} />
           <div className="mt-3 bg-black/25 rounded-xl border border-white/[0.06] p-5 space-y-4">
             <label className="flex items-center justify-between cursor-pointer">
               <div>
-                <p className="text-sm text-white font-medium">启用监听</p>
-                <p className="text-xs text-zinc-600 mt-0.5">复制新文本时显示提示，可快速跳转扫描</p>
+                <p className="text-sm text-white font-medium">{t('settings.clipboard.enable')}</p>
+                <p className="text-xs text-zinc-400 mt-0.5">{t('settings.clipboard.desc')}</p>
               </div>
               <Toggle
                 checked={settings.clipboardEnabled}
@@ -148,7 +187,7 @@ export default function SettingsPage() {
             </label>
 
             <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-              <span className="text-sm text-zinc-200">检测间隔</span>
+              <span className="text-sm text-zinc-200">{t('settings.clipboard.interval')}</span>
               <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                 <input
                   type="number"
@@ -158,9 +197,9 @@ export default function SettingsPage() {
                   step={100}
                   onChange={(e) => handleIntervalChange(e.target.value)}
                   disabled={!settings.clipboardEnabled}
-                  className="w-20 bg-white/[0.06] border border-white/[0.1] text-zinc-200 text-sm text-center rounded-lg px-2 py-1 focus:outline-none focus:border-[#3b7cd4]/50 disabled:opacity-40 no-drag"
+                  className="w-20 bg-white/[0.06] border border-white/[0.1] text-zinc-100 text-sm text-center rounded-lg px-2 py-1 focus:outline-none focus:border-[#3b7cd4]/50 disabled:opacity-40 no-drag"
                 />
-                <span className="text-xs text-zinc-600">ms</span>
+                <span className="text-xs text-zinc-400">ms</span>
               </div>
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -173,8 +212,8 @@ export default function SettingsPage() {
 function SectionHeader({ title, subtitle }: { title: string; subtitle: string }) {
   return (
     <div>
-      <h2 className="text-sm font-semibold text-white tracking-wide">{title}</h2>
-      <p className="text-xs text-zinc-600 mt-0.5">{subtitle}</p>
+      <h2 className="text-base font-semibold text-white">{title}</h2>
+      <p className="text-sm text-zinc-400 mt-1">{subtitle}</p>
     </div>
   )
 }
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/Sidebar.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/Sidebar.tsx
index b1f6957..346404f 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/Sidebar.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/Sidebar.tsx
@@ -7,24 +7,25 @@ import {
   Clipboard,
   ImagesSquare,
 } from '@phosphor-icons/react'
+import { I18nKey, useI18n } from '../i18n'
 
 export type PageId = 'detect' | 'batch' | 'watermark' | 'settings'
 
 interface NavItem {
   id: PageId
-  label: string
+  labelKey: I18nKey
   icon: React.ReactNode
   bottom?: boolean
 }
 
 const NAV_ITEMS: NavItem[] = [
-  { id: 'detect', label: '检测', icon: <MagnifyingGlass size={18} weight="regular" /> },
-  { id: 'batch', label: '批量', icon: <Tray size={18} weight="regular" /> },
-  { id: 'watermark', label: '水印', icon: <Fingerprint size={18} weight="regular" /> },
+  { id: 'detect', labelKey: 'nav.detect', icon: <MagnifyingGlass size={18} weight="regular" /> },
+  { id: 'batch', labelKey: 'nav.batch', icon: <Tray size={18} weight="regular" /> },
+  { id: 'watermark', labelKey: 'nav.watermark', icon: <Fingerprint size={18} weight="regular" /> },
 ]
 
 const BOTTOM_ITEMS: NavItem[] = [
-  { id: 'settings', label: '设置', icon: <GearSix size={18} weight="regular" />, bottom: true },
+  { id: 'settings', labelKey: 'nav.settings', icon: <GearSix size={18} weight="regular" />, bottom: true },
 ]
 
 interface SidebarProps {
@@ -44,11 +45,13 @@ export default function Sidebar({
   onBgSwitcher,
   bgActive,
 }: SidebarProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
+
   return (
     <div className="w-[62px] flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col border-r border-white/[0.08] bg-[#07070b]/88 backdrop-blur-md relative z-10">
       {/* Top nav items */}
       <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-2 pt-3.5 flex-1">
-        {NAV_ITEMS.map(({ id, label, icon }, index) => (
+        {NAV_ITEMS.map(({ id, labelKey, icon }, index) => (
           <motion.div
             key={id}
             initial={{ opacity: 0, x: -12 }}
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ export default function Sidebar({
           >
             <NavButton
               active={activePage === id}
-              label={label}
+              label={t(labelKey)}
               onClick={() => onNavigate(id)}
             >
               {icon}
@@ -87,7 +90,7 @@ export default function Sidebar({
           >
             <ImagesSquare size={17} weight={bgActive ? 'duotone' : 'regular'} />
           </button>
-          <Tooltip label="更换背景" />
+          <Tooltip label={t('nav.background')} />
         </div>
 
         {/* Clipboard toggle */}
@@ -113,14 +116,14 @@ export default function Sidebar({
               />
             )}
           </button>
-          <Tooltip label={clipboardActive ? '剪贴板监听中' : '剪贴板监听'} />
+          <Tooltip label={clipboardActive ? t('nav.clipboardOn') : t('nav.clipboard')} />
         </div>
 
-        {BOTTOM_ITEMS.map(({ id, label, icon }) => (
+        {BOTTOM_ITEMS.map(({ id, labelKey, icon }) => (
           <NavButton
             key={id}
             active={activePage === id}
-            label={label}
+            label={t(labelKey)}
             onClick={() => onNavigate(id)}
           >
             {icon}
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/StatsPanel.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/StatsPanel.tsx
index c6d06b6..56859a2 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/StatsPanel.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/StatsPanel.tsx
@@ -3,17 +3,20 @@ import { motion } from 'framer-motion'
 import { ScanResult } from '../core/detector'
 import { Category, CATEGORY_META } from '../core/categories'
 import { ShieldCheck, ShieldWarning, ShieldSlash } from '@phosphor-icons/react'
+import { useI18n } from '../i18n'
+import type { I18nKey } from '../i18n'
 
 interface StatsPanelProps {
   result: ScanResult
 }
 
 function RiskGauge({ score }: { score: number }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const radius = 36
   const circumference = 2 * Math.PI * radius
   const strokeDash = (score / 100) * circumference
   const color = score < 30 ? '#22d3ee' : score < 65 ? '#f59e0b' : '#ef4444'
-  const label = score < 30 ? '低风险' : score < 65 ? '中等风险' : '高风险'
+  const label = score < 30 ? t('stats.low') : score < 65 ? t('stats.medium') : t('stats.high')
   const Icon = score < 30 ? ShieldCheck : score < 65 ? ShieldWarning : ShieldSlash
 
   return (
@@ -59,12 +62,12 @@ function RiskGauge({ score }: { score: number }) {
         </div>
         <p className="text-xs text-zinc-300 leading-relaxed max-w-[160px]">
           {score === 0
-            ? '未发现可疑字符。'
+            ? t('stats.msg.clean')
             : score < 30
-            ? '存在少量异常，可能属于正常使用。'
+            ? t('stats.msg.low')
             : score < 65
-            ? '发现多处可疑字符模式。'
-            : '强烈提示存在隐藏水印。'}
+            ? t('stats.msg.medium')
+            : t('stats.msg.high')}
         </p>
       </div>
     </div>
@@ -72,16 +75,17 @@ function RiskGauge({ score }: { score: number }) {
 }
 
 function ActionBadge({ score }: { score: number }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const cfg =
     score < 30
-      ? { text: '可忽略', color: '#22d3ee', bg: 'rgba(34,211,238,0.08)', border: 'rgba(34,211,238,0.2)' }
+      ? { text: t('stats.action.ignore'), color: '#22d3ee', bg: 'rgba(34,211,238,0.08)', border: 'rgba(34,211,238,0.2)' }
       : score < 65
-      ? { text: '建议清理', color: '#f59e0b', bg: 'rgba(245,158,11,0.08)', border: 'rgba(245,158,11,0.2)' }
-      : { text: '建议重写', color: '#ef4444', bg: 'rgba(239,68,68,0.08)', border: 'rgba(239,68,68,0.2)' }
+      ? { text: t('stats.action.clean'), color: '#f59e0b', bg: 'rgba(245,158,11,0.08)', border: 'rgba(245,158,11,0.2)' }
+      : { text: t('stats.action.rewrite'), color: '#ef4444', bg: 'rgba(239,68,68,0.08)', border: 'rgba(239,68,68,0.2)' }
 
   return (
     <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-      <span className="text-xs text-zinc-300">建议操作</span>
+      <span className="text-xs text-zinc-300">{t('stats.action')}</span>
       <span
         className="text-xs font-semibold px-2 py-0.5 rounded-full"
         style={{ color: cfg.color, background: cfg.bg, border: `1px solid ${cfg.border}` }}
@@ -102,7 +106,18 @@ const CATEGORY_ORDER = [
   Category.TYPO_PUNCT,
 ] as const
 
+const CATEGORY_LABEL_KEYS: Record<Category, I18nKey> = {
+  [Category.ZERO_WIDTH]: 'category.zeroWidth',
+  [Category.CONTROL_BIDI]: 'category.bidi',
+  [Category.SPECIAL_SPACE]: 'category.specialSpace',
+  [Category.TAGS_BLOCK]: 'category.tagsBlock',
+  [Category.HOMOGLYPH]: 'category.homoglyph',
+  [Category.VARIATION_SELECTOR]: 'category.variation',
+  [Category.TYPO_PUNCT]: 'category.typoPunct',
+}
+
 export default function StatsPanel({ result }: StatsPanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const activeCategories = useMemo(
     () => CATEGORY_ORDER.filter((c) => result.stats.has(c)),
     [result]
@@ -114,7 +129,7 @@ export default function StatsPanel({ result }: StatsPanelProps) {
       <div className="desktop-panel p-4">
         <div className="flex items-baseline gap-2 mb-4">
           <span className="text-base text-white leading-none font-display tracking-[0.02em]">
-            风险评估
+            {t('stats.risk')}
           </span>
           <span className="text-[9px] font-semibold text-zinc-600 uppercase tracking-[0.15em]">Risk</span>
         </div>
@@ -130,9 +145,9 @@ export default function StatsPanel({ result }: StatsPanelProps) {
       <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-2">
         {(
           [
-            { label: '字符总数', value: result.totalChars.toLocaleString() },
-            { label: '可疑字符', value: result.suspiciousCount.toLocaleString() },
-            { label: '扫描耗时', value: `${result.scanDurationMs.toFixed(1)}ms` },
+            { label: t('stats.totalChars'), value: result.totalChars.toLocaleString() },
+            { label: t('stats.suspiciousChars'), value: result.suspiciousCount.toLocaleString() },
+            { label: t('stats.duration'), value: `${result.scanDurationMs.toFixed(1)}ms` },
           ]
         ).map(({ label, value }, idx) => (
           <motion.div
@@ -153,7 +168,7 @@ export default function StatsPanel({ result }: StatsPanelProps) {
         <div className="desktop-panel overflow-hidden">
           <div className="flex items-baseline gap-2 px-4 pt-3.5 pb-2">
             <span className="text-base text-white leading-none font-display tracking-[0.02em]">
-              分类明细
+              {t('stats.byCategory')}
             </span>
             <span className="text-[9px] font-semibold text-zinc-600 uppercase tracking-[0.15em]">By Category</span>
           </div>
@@ -176,7 +191,7 @@ export default function StatsPanel({ result }: StatsPanelProps) {
                   />
                   <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
                     <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-                      <span className="text-xs text-zinc-200">{meta.label}</span>
+                      <span className="text-xs text-zinc-200">{t(CATEGORY_LABEL_KEYS[cat])}</span>
                       <span className="font-mono text-xs font-semibold text-white tabular-nums ml-2">
                         {catStat.count}
                       </span>
@@ -202,7 +217,7 @@ export default function StatsPanel({ result }: StatsPanelProps) {
       {activeCategories.length === 0 && result.suspiciousCount === 0 && (
         <div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-2 py-6 text-center">
           <ShieldCheck size={28} weight="thin" className="text-cyan-400/40" />
-          <p className="text-xs text-zinc-600">No suspicious characters found</p>
+          <p className="text-xs text-zinc-600">{t('stats.none')}</p>
         </div>
       )}
     </div>
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/components/WatermarkTab.tsx b/src/renderer/src/components/WatermarkTab.tsx
index a3c92bb..87484f9 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/components/WatermarkTab.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/components/WatermarkTab.tsx
@@ -17,9 +17,12 @@ import { useWatermark } from '../hooks/useWatermark'
 import { CarrierClass } from '../core/watermark'
 import { PoisonOptions, PoisonDensity } from '../core/poisoner'
 import { ImageWatermarkPanel } from './ImageWatermarkPanel'
+import { useI18n } from '../i18n'
+import type { I18nKey } from '../i18n'
 
 // ── Reusable copy button ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 function CopyButton({ text }: { text: string }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [copied, setCopied] = useState(false)
   const handleCopy = useCallback(async () => {
     await navigator.clipboard.writeText(text)
@@ -29,11 +32,11 @@ function CopyButton({ text }: { text: string }) {
   return (
     <button
       onClick={handleCopy}
-      title="Copy to clipboard"
-      className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-zinc-300 hover:text-zinc-200 transition-colors cursor-pointer no-drag px-2 py-1 rounded hover:bg-white/[0.06]"
+      title={t('common.copy')}
+      className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-zinc-300 hover:text-white transition-colors cursor-pointer no-drag px-2.5 py-1.5 rounded-lg hover:bg-white/[0.08]"
     >
       {copied ? <Check size={13} className="text-emerald-400" /> : <Copy size={13} />}
-      {copied ? 'Copied' : 'Copy'}
+      {copied ? t('common.copied') : t('common.copy')}
     </button>
   )
 }
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@ function TextArea({
   return (
     <div className={`flex flex-col gap-1.5 ${grow ? 'flex-1 min-h-0' : ''}`}>
       <div className="flex items-center justify-between flex-shrink-0">
-        <span className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-zinc-600 uppercase tracking-widest">{label}</span>
+        <span className="text-sm font-semibold text-zinc-200">{label}</span>
         {extra}
       </div>
       <textarea
@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ function TextArea({
           border border-white/[0.06] focus:border-cyan-400/20
           text-sm text-white leading-relaxed resize-none
           px-4 py-3.5 focus:outline-none
-          placeholder:text-zinc-700 transition-all duration-300
+          placeholder:text-zinc-500 transition-all duration-300
           ${mono ? 'font-mono' : 'font-body'}
           ${readOnly ? 'opacity-80 cursor-default' : ''}
           ${grow ? 'flex-1 min-h-0 h-full' : ''}
@@ -98,32 +101,31 @@ function KeyInput({
   onChange: (v: string) => void
   placeholder?: string
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [show, setShow] = useState(false)
   return (
     <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
-      <span className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-zinc-600 uppercase tracking-widest">
-        密钥（可选）
-      </span>
+      <span className="text-sm font-semibold text-zinc-200">{t('text.key')}</span>
       <div className="relative">
-        <Key size={13} weight="regular" className="absolute left-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-zinc-600" />
+        <Key size={14} weight="regular" className="absolute left-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-zinc-400" />
         <input
           type={show ? 'text' : 'password'}
           value={value}
           onChange={(e) => onChange(e.target.value)}
-          placeholder={placeholder ?? '留空则无密钥保护'}
+          placeholder={placeholder ?? t('text.keyPlaceholder')}
           spellCheck={false}
           className="
             w-full bg-black/25 rounded-lg
             border border-white/[0.07] focus:border-white/[0.18]
             text-sm text-white pl-8 pr-10 py-2.5
-            focus:outline-none placeholder:text-zinc-700
+            focus:outline-none placeholder:text-zinc-500
             transition-colors duration-200
           "
         />
         <button
           type="button"
           onClick={() => setShow((v) => !v)}
-          className="absolute right-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-zinc-600 hover:text-white transition-colors cursor-pointer"
+          className="absolute right-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-zinc-400 hover:text-white transition-colors cursor-pointer"
         >
           {show ? <LockOpen size={13} weight="regular" /> : <LockKey size={13} weight="regular" />}
         </button>
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ function KeyInput({
 function StatusBadge({ ok, message }: { ok: boolean; message: string }) {
   return (
     <div
-      className={`flex items-start gap-2 rounded-lg px-3.5 py-2.5 text-xs leading-relaxed
+      className={`flex items-start gap-2 rounded-lg px-3.5 py-2.5 text-sm leading-relaxed
         ${ok ? 'bg-emerald-500/10 border border-emerald-500/25 text-emerald-300' : 'bg-red-500/10 border border-red-500/25 text-red-300'}`}
     >
       <Info size={13} weight="regular" className="flex-shrink-0 mt-0.5" />
@@ -163,6 +165,7 @@ function ActionButton({
   loadingLabel?: string
   color?: 'blue' | 'violet' | 'amber'
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const colors = {
     blue: 'bg-[#3b7cd4] hover:bg-[#4a8ae0]',
     violet: 'bg-violet-600 hover:bg-violet-500',
@@ -182,7 +185,7 @@ function ActionButton({
       `}
     >
       {icon}
-      {loading ? (loadingLabel ?? '处理中…') : label}
+      {loading ? (loadingLabel ?? t('img.extracting')) : label}
     </button>
   )
 }
@@ -190,14 +193,15 @@ function ActionButton({
 // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 // EMBED SUB-PANEL
 // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-const CARRIER_CLASS_OPTIONS: Array<{ id: CarrierClass; label: string; desc: string }> = [
-  { id: 'zeroWidth', label: '零宽字符', desc: 'U+200B/C/D/2060' },
-  { id: 'mathInvisible', label: '不可见运算符', desc: 'U+2061–2064' },
-  { id: 'variationSelector', label: '变体选择符', desc: 'U+FE00–FE03' },
-  { id: 'specialSpace', label: '特殊空格', desc: 'U+200A/2009 等' },
+const CARRIER_CLASS_OPTIONS: Array<{ id: CarrierClass; labelKey: I18nKey; descKey: I18nKey }> = [
+  { id: 'zeroWidth', labelKey: 'text.carrier.zeroWidth', descKey: 'text.carrier.zeroWidthDesc' },
+  { id: 'mathInvisible', labelKey: 'text.carrier.mathInvisible', descKey: 'text.carrier.mathInvisibleDesc' },
+  { id: 'variationSelector', labelKey: 'text.carrier.variationSelector', descKey: 'text.carrier.variationSelectorDesc' },
+  { id: 'specialSpace', labelKey: 'text.carrier.specialSpace', descKey: 'text.carrier.specialSpaceDesc' },
 ]
 
 function EmbedPanel() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [hostText, setHostText] = useState('')
   const [message, setMessage] = useState('')
   const [key, setKey] = useState('')
@@ -225,27 +229,29 @@ function EmbedPanel() {
     <div className="flex flex-col gap-4 h-full">
       <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 flex-1 min-h-0">
         <TextArea
-          label="宿主文本"
+          label={t('text.host')}
           value={hostText}
           onChange={setHostText}
-          placeholder="粘贴要嵌入水印的原文…"
+          placeholder={t('text.hostPlaceholder')}
           rows={10}
         />
         <div className="flex flex-col gap-4">
           <div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
             <TextArea
-              label="水印消息（明文）"
+              label={t('text.message')}
               value={message}
               onChange={setMessage}
-              placeholder="输入要隐藏的信息，支持中英文…"
+              placeholder={t('text.messagePlaceholder')}
               rows={4}
             />
             {message && (
               <p className="text-[10px] text-zinc-600 px-1">
-                {Array.from(message).length} 字符 ={' '}
-                {new TextEncoder().encode(message).length} 字节
+                {t('text.messageStats', {
+                  chars: Array.from(message).length,
+                  bytes: new TextEncoder().encode(message).length,
+                })}
                 {new TextEncoder().encode(message).length > 300 && (
-                  <span className="text-amber-500/80"> · 消息较长，请确保宿主文本足够长</span>
+                  <span className="text-amber-500/80"> · {t('text.messageLong')}</span>
                 )}
               </p>
             )}
@@ -254,9 +260,9 @@ function EmbedPanel() {
 
           {/* Carrier class selector */}
           <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
-            <span className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-zinc-600 uppercase tracking-widest">载体字符类型</span>
+            <span className="text-sm font-semibold text-zinc-200">{t('text.carriers')}</span>
             <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-1">
-              {CARRIER_CLASS_OPTIONS.map(({ id, label, desc }) => (
+              {CARRIER_CLASS_OPTIONS.map(({ id, labelKey, descKey }) => (
                 <label
                   key={id}
                   className="flex items-center gap-2 px-2.5 py-1.5 rounded-lg hover:bg-white/[0.04] cursor-pointer transition-colors"
@@ -272,8 +278,8 @@ function EmbedPanel() {
                     {carrierMask[id] && <Check size={9} weight="bold" className="text-white" />}
                   </div>
                   <div className="min-w-0">
-                    <span className="text-[11px] text-white">{label}</span>
-                    <span className="text-[9px] text-zinc-600 ml-1">{desc}</span>
+                    <span className="text-xs text-white">{t(labelKey)}</span>
+                    <span className="text-[10px] text-zinc-400 ml-1">{t(descKey)}</span>
                   </div>
                 </label>
               ))}
@@ -281,10 +287,10 @@ function EmbedPanel() {
             {enabledCount < 4 && (
               <p className="text-[9px] text-amber-500/70 px-1">
                 {enabledCount <= 1
-                  ? '仅 4 个载体字符，水印长度约增加 2 倍'
+                  ? t('text.carrierWarn.one')
                   : enabledCount === 2
-                    ? '8 个载体字符，水印长度约增加 33%'
-                    : '实际使用前 2 类（8 字符），第 3 类不参与编码'}
+                    ? t('text.carrierWarn.two')
+                    : t('text.carrierWarn.three')}
               </p>
             )}
           </div>
@@ -297,7 +303,7 @@ function EmbedPanel() {
                   profile === 'balanced' ? 'bg-white/[0.12] text-zinc-200' : 'text-zinc-500 hover:text-zinc-200'
                 }`}
               >
-                鲁棒-均衡
+                {t('text.profile.balanced')}
               </button>
               <button
                 onClick={() => setProfile('strong')}
@@ -305,7 +311,7 @@ function EmbedPanel() {
                   profile === 'strong' ? 'bg-white/[0.12] text-zinc-200' : 'text-zinc-500 hover:text-zinc-200'
                 }`}
               >
-                鲁棒-增强
+                {t('text.profile.strong')}
               </button>
             </div>
             <ActionButton
@@ -317,12 +323,13 @@ function EmbedPanel() {
               disabled={!message.trim() || !hostText.trim()}
               loading={embedStatus === 'working'}
               icon={<Fingerprint size={15} weight="regular" />}
-              label="嵌入水印"
+              label={t('text.embed')}
+              loadingLabel={t('img.embedding')}
               color="blue"
             />
             {embedResult && (
               <span className="text-xs text-zinc-600">
-                已嵌入 {embedResult.charCount} 个不可见字符
+                {t('text.embedCount', { count: embedResult.charCount })}
               </span>
             )}
           </div>
@@ -339,7 +346,7 @@ function EmbedPanel() {
             className="flex flex-col gap-1.5"
           >
             <TextArea
-              label="含水印文本（可直接复制使用）"
+              label={t('text.watermarkedResult')}
               value={embedResult.watermarked}
               readOnly
               rows={6}
@@ -347,7 +354,11 @@ function EmbedPanel() {
               extra={<CopyButton text={embedResult.watermarked} />}
             />
             <p className="text-[10px] text-zinc-600 px-1">
-              共 {embedResult.bitCount} bits → {embedResult.charCount} 个不可见字符，已随机散布于宿主文本 {Array.from(hostText).length} 个字符中
+              {t('text.watermarkedHint', {
+                bits: embedResult.bitCount,
+                chars: embedResult.charCount,
+                hostChars: Array.from(hostText).length,
+              })}
             </p>
           </motion.div>
         )}
@@ -360,6 +371,7 @@ function EmbedPanel() {
 // DECODE SUB-PANEL
 // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 function DecodePanel() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [inputText, setInputText] = useState('')
   const [key, setKey] = useState('')
   const { decodeStatus, decodeResult, runDecode } = useWatermark()
@@ -368,20 +380,20 @@ function DecodePanel() {
     <div className="flex flex-col gap-4 h-full">
       <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 flex-1 min-h-0">
         <TextArea
-          label="待检测文本（粘贴含水印的文本）"
+          label={t('text.input')}
           value={inputText}
           onChange={setInputText}
-          placeholder="粘贴含水印的文本，软件将自动提取并解密水印…"
+          placeholder={t('text.inputPlaceholder')}
           rows={10}
         />
         <div className="flex flex-col gap-4">
-          <KeyInput value={key} onChange={setKey} placeholder="若水印有密钥保护，在此输入" />
+          <KeyInput value={key} onChange={setKey} placeholder={t('text.keyDecodePlaceholder')} />
           <ActionButton
             onClick={() => runDecode(inputText, key)}
             disabled={!inputText.trim()}
             loading={decodeStatus === 'working'}
             icon={<LockOpen size={15} weight="regular" />}
-            label="解密水印"
+            label={t('text.decrypt')}
             color="violet"
           />
 
@@ -395,12 +407,10 @@ function DecodePanel() {
               >
                 {decodeResult.success ? (
                   <>
-                    <StatusBadge ok={true} message="成功解密水印" />
+                    <StatusBadge ok={true} message={t('text.decryptSuccess')} />
                     <div className="bg-black/25 rounded-xl border border-emerald-500/20 px-4 py-3">
                       <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-2">
-                        <span className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-zinc-600 uppercase tracking-widest">
-                          水印明文
-                        </span>
+                        <span className="text-sm font-semibold text-zinc-200">{t('text.plain')}</span>
                         <CopyButton text={decodeResult.message ?? ''} />
                       </div>
                       <p className="text-sm text-emerald-300 font-['Geist',sans-serif] leading-relaxed break-all">
@@ -409,24 +419,26 @@ function DecodePanel() {
                     </div>
                     <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs text-zinc-600">
                       {decodeResult.hasKey ? (
-                        <><LockKey size={11} weight="regular" /> 加密水印（密钥解密）</>
+                        <><LockKey size={11} weight="regular" /> {t('text.keyed')}</>
                       ) : (
-                        <><LockOpen size={11} weight="regular" /> 明文水印（无密钥）</>
+                        <><LockOpen size={11} weight="regular" /> {t('text.unkeyed')}</>
                       )}
                     </div>
                     {typeof decodeResult.confidence === 'number' && (
                       <div className="text-xs text-zinc-500">
-                        置信度: {decodeResult.confidence}%
+                        {t('text.confidenceLine', { value: decodeResult.confidence })}
                         {decodeResult.diagnostics?.strategyUsed && ` · ${decodeResult.diagnostics.strategyUsed}`}
                       </div>
                     )}
                     {decodeResult.diagnostics?.recoveredShards !== undefined &&
                       decodeResult.diagnostics?.totalShards !== undefined && (
                         <div className="text-[11px] text-zinc-600">
-                          恢复分片: {decodeResult.diagnostics.recoveredShards}/
-                          {decodeResult.diagnostics.totalShards}
+                          {t('text.shards', {
+                            recovered: decodeResult.diagnostics.recoveredShards,
+                            total: decodeResult.diagnostics.totalShards,
+                          })}
                           {decodeResult.diagnostics.shardAgreement !== undefined &&
-                            ` · 一致性 ${Math.round(decodeResult.diagnostics.shardAgreement * 100)}%`}
+                            ` · ${t('text.agreement', { value: Math.round(decodeResult.diagnostics.shardAgreement * 100) })}`}
                         </div>
                     )}
                   </>
@@ -435,8 +447,8 @@ function DecodePanel() {
                     ok={false}
                     message={
                       decodeResult.hasKey && !key
-                        ? '此水印需要密钥才能解密，请在上方输入密钥后重试'
-                        : (decodeResult.error ?? '解密失败')
+                        ? t('text.needsKey')
+                        : (decodeResult.error ?? t('text.decryptFail'))
                     }
                   />
                 )}
@@ -452,16 +464,21 @@ function DecodePanel() {
 // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 // POISON SUB-PANEL
 // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-const POISON_CATEGORIES: Array<{ key: keyof Omit<PoisonOptions, 'density'>; label: string; description: string }> = [
-  { key: 'zeroWidth', label: '零宽字符', description: 'U+200B/200C/2060 等，完全不可见' },
-  { key: 'homoglyphs', label: '同形字符', description: '西里尔/希腊字母替换 Latin 字母' },
-  { key: 'bidiControl', label: 'BiDi 控制符', description: '双向文本控制，可反转显示顺序' },
-  { key: 'specialSpace', label: '特殊空格', description: 'Hair/Thin/Punctuation Space 等' },
-  { key: 'tagsBlock', label: 'Tags Block', description: 'U+E0041–E005A，AI 水印常用范围' },
-  { key: 'variationSelectors', label: '变体选择器', description: 'U+FE00–FE07，附着于普通字符' },
+const POISON_CATEGORIES: Array<{
+  key: keyof Omit<PoisonOptions, 'density'>
+  labelKey: I18nKey
+  descriptionKey: I18nKey
+}> = [
+  { key: 'zeroWidth', labelKey: 'text.carrier.zeroWidth', descriptionKey: 'text.poison.zeroWidthDesc' },
+  { key: 'homoglyphs', labelKey: 'text.poison.homoglyphs', descriptionKey: 'text.poison.homoglyphsDesc' },
+  { key: 'bidiControl', labelKey: 'text.poison.bidiControl', descriptionKey: 'text.poison.bidiControlDesc' },
+  { key: 'specialSpace', labelKey: 'text.carrier.specialSpace', descriptionKey: 'text.poison.specialSpaceDesc' },
+  { key: 'tagsBlock', labelKey: 'text.poison.tagsBlock', descriptionKey: 'text.poison.tagsBlockDesc' },
+  { key: 'variationSelectors', labelKey: 'text.poison.variationSelectors', descriptionKey: 'text.poison.variationSelectorsDesc' },
 ]
 
 function PoisonPanel() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [inputText, setInputText] = useState('')
   const [density, setDensity] = useState<PoisonDensity>('medium')
   const [selected, setSelected] = useState<Partial<Record<keyof Omit<PoisonOptions, 'density'>, boolean>>>({
@@ -486,20 +503,18 @@ function PoisonPanel() {
     <div className="flex flex-col gap-4 h-full">
       <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-4 flex-1 min-h-0">
         <TextArea
-          label="原始文本"
+          label={t('text.source')}
           value={inputText}
           onChange={setInputText}
-          placeholder="粘贴要投毒的文本…"
+          placeholder={t('text.sourcePoisonPlaceholder')}
           rows={10}
         />
         <div className="flex flex-col gap-4">
           {/* Category toggles */}
           <div>
-            <span className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-zinc-600 uppercase tracking-widest block mb-2">
-              注入字符类型
-            </span>
+            <span className="text-sm font-semibold text-zinc-200 block mb-2">{t('text.poisonTypes')}</span>
             <div className="flex flex-col gap-1">
-              {POISON_CATEGORIES.map(({ key, label, description }) => (
+              {POISON_CATEGORIES.map(({ key, labelKey, descriptionKey }) => (
                 <label
                   key={key}
                   className="flex items-center gap-2.5 px-3 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-white/[0.04] cursor-pointer transition-colors group"
@@ -515,8 +530,8 @@ function PoisonPanel() {
                     {selected[key] && <Check size={10} weight="bold" className="text-white" />}
                   </div>
                   <div>
-                    <span className="text-xs text-white">{label}</span>
-                    <span className="text-[10px] text-zinc-600 ml-1.5">{description}</span>
+                    <span className="text-xs text-white">{t(labelKey)}</span>
+                    <span className="text-[10px] text-zinc-400 ml-1.5">{t(descriptionKey)}</span>
                   </div>
                 </label>
               ))}
@@ -525,9 +540,7 @@ function PoisonPanel() {
 
           {/* Density selector */}
           <div>
-            <span className="text-[10px] font-semibold text-zinc-600 uppercase tracking-widest block mb-2">
-              注入密度
-            </span>
+            <span className="text-sm font-semibold text-zinc-200 block mb-2">{t('text.poisonDensity')}</span>
             <div className="flex gap-2">
               {(['low', 'medium', 'high'] as PoisonDensity[]).map((d) => (
                 <button
@@ -539,7 +552,7 @@ function PoisonPanel() {
                       : 'bg-transparent border-white/[0.06] text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-200'
                   }`}
                 >
-                  {d === 'low' ? '低' : d === 'medium' ? '中' : '高'}
+                  {d === 'low' ? t('text.low') : d === 'medium' ? t('text.medium') : t('text.high')}
                 </button>
               ))}
             </div>
@@ -550,8 +563,8 @@ function PoisonPanel() {
             disabled={!inputText.trim() || !Object.values(selected).some(Boolean)}
             loading={poisonStatus === 'working'}
             icon={<Bug size={15} weight="regular" />}
-            label="开始投毒"
-            loadingLabel="投毒中…"
+            label={t('text.poison')}
+            loadingLabel={t('text.poisoning')}
             color="amber"
           />
           {poisonError && <StatusBadge ok={false} message={poisonError} />}
@@ -567,7 +580,7 @@ function PoisonPanel() {
             className="flex flex-col gap-1.5"
           >
             <TextArea
-              label={`投毒结果（注入 ${poisonResult.injectedCount} 个字符）`}
+              label={t('text.poisonResult', { count: poisonResult.injectedCount })}
               value={poisonResult.poisoned}
               readOnly
               rows={6}
@@ -607,10 +620,10 @@ type TopTab = 'embed' | 'img-embed' | 'decode'
 type EmbedSubTab = 'char-embed' | 'poison'
 type DecodeSubTab = 'char-decode' | 'img-decode'
 
-const TOP_TABS: Array<{ id: TopTab; label: string; icon: React.ReactNode }> = [
-  { id: 'embed',     label: '嵌入水印',   icon: <Fingerprint size={13} weight="regular" /> },
-  { id: 'img-embed', label: '图片水印嵌入', icon: <ImageSquare size={13} weight="regular" /> },
-  { id: 'decode',    label: '解密水印',   icon: <LockOpen size={13} weight="regular" /> },
+const TOP_TABS: Array<{ id: TopTab; labelKey: I18nKey; icon: React.ReactNode }> = [
+  { id: 'embed', labelKey: 'wm.top.embed', icon: <Fingerprint size={13} weight="regular" /> },
+  { id: 'img-embed', labelKey: 'wm.top.imageEmbed', icon: <ImageSquare size={13} weight="regular" /> },
+  { id: 'decode', labelKey: 'wm.top.decode', icon: <LockOpen size={13} weight="regular" /> },
 ]
 
 function SubTabBar<T extends string>({
@@ -618,19 +631,20 @@ function SubTabBar<T extends string>({
   active,
   onChange,
 }: {
-  tabs: Array<{ id: T; label: string; icon: React.ReactNode }>
+  tabs: Array<{ id: T; labelKey: I18nKey; icon: React.ReactNode }>
   active: T
   onChange: (id: T) => void
 }) {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   return (
     <div className="flex items-center gap-1 px-5 pt-3 pb-2 border-b border-white/[0.04] flex-shrink-0">
       <div className="flex items-center gap-0.5 bg-white/[0.03] rounded-lg p-0.5 border border-white/[0.05]">
-        {tabs.map(({ id, label, icon }) => (
+        {tabs.map(({ id, labelKey, icon }) => (
           <button
             key={id}
             onClick={() => onChange(id)}
             className={`
-              flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[11px] px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md
+              flex items-center gap-1.5 text-xs px-3 py-1.5 rounded-md
               transition-all duration-200 cursor-pointer no-drag
               ${active === id
                 ? 'bg-white/[0.07] text-zinc-200 shadow-sm'
@@ -639,7 +653,7 @@ function SubTabBar<T extends string>({
             `}
           >
             {icon}
-            {label}
+            {t(labelKey)}
           </button>
         ))}
       </div>
@@ -648,6 +662,7 @@ function SubTabBar<T extends string>({
 }
 
 export default function WatermarkTab() {
+  const { t } = useI18n()
   const [topTab, setTopTab] = useState<TopTab>('embed')
   const [embedSub, setEmbedSub] = useState<EmbedSubTab>('char-embed')
   const [decodeSub, setDecodeSub] = useState<DecodeSubTab>('char-decode')
@@ -657,7 +672,7 @@ export default function WatermarkTab() {
       {/* Top tab bar */}
       <div className="flex items-center gap-1 px-5 py-3 border-b border-white/[0.06] flex-shrink-0">
         <div className="flex items-center gap-1 bg-white/[0.04] rounded-lg p-0.5">
-          {TOP_TABS.map(({ id, label, icon }) => (
+          {TOP_TABS.map(({ id, labelKey, icon }) => (
             <button
               key={id}
               onClick={() => setTopTab(id)}
@@ -671,16 +686,12 @@ export default function WatermarkTab() {
               `}
             >
               {icon}
-              {label}
+              {t(labelKey)}
             </button>
           ))}
         </div>
         <div className="ml-auto flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[10px] text-zinc-700">
-          {topTab === 'img-embed' ? (
-            <>Block-DCT · QIM · Reed-Solomon</>
-          ) : (
-            <><Shuffle size={11} weight="regular" />AES-256-GCM · HKDF · 散射嵌入</>
-          )}
+          {topTab === 'img-embed' ? t('wm.tech.image') : <><Shuffle size={11} weight="regular" />{t('wm.tech.text')}</>}
         </div>
       </div>
 
@@ -694,8 +705,8 @@ export default function WatermarkTab() {
         <>
           <SubTabBar
             tabs={[
-              { id: 'char-embed' as EmbedSubTab, label: '加密字符水印', icon: <Fingerprint size={12} weight="regular" /> },
-              { id: 'poison'    as EmbedSubTab, label: '随机投毒',     icon: <Bug size={12} weight="regular" /> },
+              { id: 'char-embed' as EmbedSubTab, labelKey: 'wm.sub.charEmbed', icon: <Fingerprint size={12} weight="regular" /> },
+              { id: 'poison' as EmbedSubTab, labelKey: 'wm.sub.poison', icon: <Bug size={12} weight="regular" /> },
             ]}
             active={embedSub}
             onChange={setEmbedSub}
@@ -722,8 +733,8 @@ export default function WatermarkTab() {
         <>
           <SubTabBar
             tabs={[
-              { id: 'char-decode' as DecodeSubTab, label: '解密字符', icon: <LockOpen size={12} weight="regular" /> },
-              { id: 'img-decode'  as DecodeSubTab, label: '解密图片', icon: <ScanSmiley size={12} weight="regular" /> },
+              { id: 'char-decode' as DecodeSubTab, labelKey: 'wm.sub.charDecode', icon: <LockOpen size={12} weight="regular" /> },
+              { id: 'img-decode' as DecodeSubTab, labelKey: 'wm.sub.imageDecode', icon: <ScanSmiley size={12} weight="regular" /> },
             ]}
             active={decodeSub}
             onChange={setDecodeSub}
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/contexts/SettingsContext.tsx b/src/renderer/src/contexts/SettingsContext.tsx
index 36a2ff8..a4635ae 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/contexts/SettingsContext.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/contexts/SettingsContext.tsx
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ export interface Settings {
   thresholds: { lowMid: number; midHigh: number }
   clipboardEnabled: boolean
   clipboardIntervalMs: number
+  language: 'system' | 'zh-CN' | 'en'
 }
 
 const ALL_CATEGORIES = Object.values(Category) as Category[]
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ export const DEFAULT_SETTINGS: Settings = {
   thresholds: { lowMid: 30, midHigh: 65 },
   clipboardEnabled: false,
   clipboardIntervalMs: 1500,
+  language: 'system',
 }
 
 // ─── Context ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@ function mergeWithDefaults(stored: Record<string, unknown>): Settings {
     clipboardEnabled: (stored.clipboardEnabled as boolean) ?? DEFAULT_SETTINGS.clipboardEnabled,
     clipboardIntervalMs:
       (stored.clipboardIntervalMs as number) ?? DEFAULT_SETTINGS.clipboardIntervalMs,
+    language: (stored.language as Settings['language']) ?? DEFAULT_SETTINGS.language,
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/i18n.ts b/src/renderer/src/i18n.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3b578c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/src/i18n.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+import { useCallback, useMemo } from 'react'
+import { useSettings } from './contexts/SettingsContext'
+
+export type UiLanguage = 'zh-CN' | 'en'
+export type LanguageSetting = 'system' | UiLanguage
+
+const zh = {
+  'nav.detect': '检测',
+  'nav.batch': '批量',
+  'nav.watermark': '水印',
+  'nav.settings': '设置',
+  'nav.background': '更换背景',
+  'nav.clipboardOn': '剪贴板监听中',
+  'nav.clipboard': '剪贴板监听',
+  'common.copy': '复制',
+  'common.copied': '已复制',
+  'common.browse': '浏览',
+  'common.reset': '重置',
+  'common.clean': '清理',
+  'common.clear': '清空',
+  'common.remove': '移除',
+  'common.scanning': '扫描中...',
+  'detect.empty': '粘贴文本，按 {shortcut} 开始扫描',
+  'detect.emptyHint': '检测零宽字符、同形字、BiDi 控制码、Tags 区块等',
+  'detect.analyzing': '正在分析字符',
+  'detect.error': '扫描失败',
+  'detect.unknownError': '未知错误，请重试',
+  'detect.highlight': '标注视图',
+  'detect.cleaned': '净化文本',
+  'detect.compare': '对比',
+  'detect.found': '发现 {count} 处',
+  'detect.suspiciousCount': '{count} 处可疑',
+  'detect.removedCount': '已移除 {count} 处',
+  'detect.original': '原文',
+  'detect.cleanAfter': '净化后',
+  'tooltip.copyCode': '复制码点',
+  'tooltip.looksLike': '形似：',
+  'tooltip.position': '位置',
+  'drop.label': '输入文本',
+  'drop.chars': '{count} 字符',
+  'drop.import': '导入文件',
+  'drop.release': '松开以导入文件',
+  'drop.placeholder': '粘贴或输入文本，或拖入 .txt .md .docx .pdf 文件...',
+  'drop.supports': '支持 .txt .md .docx .pdf',
+  'scan.button': '扫描文本',
+  'stats.risk': '风险评估',
+  'stats.low': '低风险',
+  'stats.medium': '中等风险',
+  'stats.high': '高风险',
+  'stats.msg.clean': '未发现可疑字符。',
+  'stats.msg.low': '存在少量异常，可能属于正常使用。',
+  'stats.msg.medium': '发现多处可疑字符模式。',
+  'stats.msg.high': '强烈提示存在隐藏水印。',
+  'stats.action': '建议操作',
+  'stats.action.ignore': '可忽略',
+  'stats.action.clean': '建议清理',
+  'stats.action.rewrite': '建议重写',
+  'stats.totalChars': '字符总数',
+  'stats.suspiciousChars': '可疑字符',
+  'stats.duration': '扫描耗时',
+  'stats.byCategory': '分类明细',
+  'stats.none': '未发现可疑字符',
+  'batch.title': '批量检测',
+  'batch.subtitle': '同时检测多个文件或多段文本',
+  'batch.scanned': '{done}/{total} 已扫描',
+  'batch.avgRisk': '平均风险',
+  'batch.cleanAll': '全部清理',
+  'batch.scanSelected': '扫描已选 ({count})',
+  'batch.scanAll': '扫描全部',
+  'batch.file': '文件',
+  'batch.text': '文本',
+  'batch.dropFiles': '拖入多个文件',
+  'batch.dropHint': '点击或拖放 · .txt .md .docx .pdf',
+  'batch.segmentPlaceholder': '粘贴多段文本，用\\n---\\n分隔各段',
+  'batch.addSegments': '添加文本段落',
+  'batch.empty': '拖入文件或粘贴文本段落开始批量检测',
+  'batch.selectAll': '全选',
+  'batch.unselectAll': '取消全选',
+  'batch.selected': '已选 {count} 项',
+  'batch.itemSummary': '{chars} 字符 · 发现 {count} 处',
+  'batch.cleanResult': '净化结果',
+  'risk.none': '无异常',
+  'background.title': '背景图片',
+  'background.currentCustom': '当前自定义背景',
+  'background.currentCosmic': '当前：动态宇宙背景',
+  'background.upload': '上传背景图片',
+  'background.restore': '恢复动态背景',
+  'background.supports': '支持 PNG · JPG · WebP · GIF',
+  'clipboard.scan': '扫描',
+  'export.button': '导出',
+  'export.exporting': '导出中...',
+  'export.json': '导出 JSON',
+  'export.jsonSub': '完整结构化报告',
+  'export.csv': '导出 CSV',
+  'export.csvSub': '可在 Excel 中打开',
+  'export.pdf': '导出 PDF',
+  'export.pdfSub': '格式化扫描报告',
+  'category.zeroWidth': '零宽字符',
+  'category.bidi': '双向控制',
+  'category.specialSpace': '特殊空格',
+  'category.tagsBlock': 'Tags 水印块',
+  'category.homoglyph': '同形替换',
+  'category.variation': '字形选择符',
+  'category.typoPunct': '排版标点',
+  'category.zeroWidthDesc': '不可见的零宽字符，常用于嵌入隐藏数据',
+  'category.bidiDesc': '双向文本控制字符，可颠倒文本的视觉显示顺序',
+  'category.specialSpaceDesc': '外观与普通空格相同的非标准空白字符',
+  'category.tagsBlockDesc': 'Unicode Tags 区块，常用作 AI 文本水印',
+  'category.homoglyphDesc': '来自其他字符集、与拉丁字母形态相同的字符',
+  'category.variationDesc': '不可见的字形修饰符，可用于隐藏数据编码',
+  'category.typoPunctDesc': '中文语境中的竖线形引号或异常标点，可能为 AI 生成痕迹',
+  'settings.title': '设置',
+  'settings.subtitle': '自定义检测规则和行为偏好',
+  'settings.reset': '恢复默认',
+  'settings.language.title': '界面语言',
+  'settings.language.subtitle': '切换桌面端显示语言',
+  'settings.language.system': '跟随系统',
+  'settings.language.zh': '中文',
+  'settings.language.en': 'English',
+  'settings.rules.title': '检测规则',
+  'settings.rules.subtitle': '控制哪些字符类别参与扫描',
+  'settings.threshold.title': '风险阈值',
+  'settings.threshold.subtitle': '调整风险评级的分数分界线',
+  'settings.threshold.lowMid': '低 / 中 分界',
+  'settings.threshold.midHigh': '中 / 高 分界',
+  'settings.threshold.low': '低风险',
+  'settings.threshold.mid': '中风险',
+  'settings.threshold.summary': '当前阈值：0-{low} 低风险 · {lowPlus}- {mid} 中等风险 · {midPlus}-100 高风险',
+  'settings.clipboard.title': '剪贴板监听',
+  'settings.clipboard.subtitle': '自动检测剪贴板变化并提示扫描',
+  'settings.clipboard.enable': '启用监听',
+  'settings.clipboard.desc': '复制新文本时显示提示，可快速跳转扫描',
+  'settings.clipboard.interval': '检测间隔',
+  'wm.top.embed': '嵌入水印',
+  'wm.top.imageEmbed': '图片水印嵌入',
+  'wm.top.decode': '解密水印',
+  'wm.sub.charEmbed': '加密字符水印',
+  'wm.sub.poison': '随机投毒',
+  'wm.sub.charDecode': '解密字符',
+  'wm.sub.imageDecode': '解密图片',
+  'wm.tech.image': 'Neural · RS/CRC · 密码保护',
+  'wm.tech.text': 'AES-256-GCM · HKDF · 散射嵌入',
+  'img.copyPath': '复制路径',
+  'img.source': '源图片',
+  'img.output': '输出路径',
+  'img.watermarked': '含水印图片',
+  'img.preview': '预览',
+  'img.noImage': '未选择图片',
+  'img.noOutput': '未选择输出路径',
+  'img.text': '水印文本',
+  'img.textPlaceholder': '输入要隐藏在图片里的短文本或 ID...',
+  'img.password': '密码',
+  'img.passwordHelp': '嵌入和提取必须使用相同整数密码。错误密码不能解密 neural 水印。',
+  'img.engine': '引擎',
+  'img.engine.auto': '自动',
+  'img.engine.legacy': 'Legacy',
+  'img.engine.neural': 'Neural',
+  'img.engine.autoDesc': '短文本优先 neural，长文本自动回退 legacy。',
+  'img.engine.legacyDesc': 'DCT + RS 旧引擎，适合长文本和历史兼容。',
+  'img.engine.neuralDesc': '短载荷神经水印，抗社交平台降质更强。',
+  'img.quality': '画质 / 强度',
+  'img.quality.invisible': '轻痕',
+  'img.quality.balanced': '均衡',
+  'img.quality.robust': '强鲁棒',
+  'img.quality.invisibleDesc': '画质优先',
+  'img.quality.balancedDesc': '推荐',
+  'img.quality.robustDesc': '传输优先',
+  'img.quality.invisibleHint': '最弱 neural 残差，适合轻度压缩或干净保存。',
+  'img.quality.balancedHint': '默认档：比 alpha1 中档更轻，同时通过本地 JPEG50/resize50 校准。',
+  'img.quality.robustHint': '社交平台传输优先，观感会更明显。',
+  'img.backend.checking': '正在检查水印后端...',
+  'img.backend.preparing': '准备检查后端...',
+  'img.backend.exeReady': '内置 helper 可用',
+  'img.backend.pythonReady': 'Python 后端可用 ({python})',
+  'img.backend.neuralReady': 'Neural 模型可用{version}',
+  'img.backend.neuralMissing': 'Neural 模型未导出；Auto 可能回退 legacy。',
+  'img.backend.missingLib': '找到 Python，但缺少水印运行依赖。\n{error}',
+  'img.backend.noRunner': '没有可运行的图片水印后端。',
+  'img.backend.devFallback': '开发 fallback：安装 Python 运行依赖。',
+  'img.neuralLimitInline': 'neural 上限 16 UTF-8 bytes，Auto 会回退 legacy。',
+  'img.neuralLimitWarn': 'Neural 模式只支持 16 UTF-8 bytes 内短文本；长文本请用 Auto 或 Legacy。',
+  'img.embed': '嵌入水印',
+  'img.embedding': '嵌入中...',
+  'img.embedOk': '图片水印嵌入成功。{engineInfo}',
+  'img.embedFail': '嵌入失败',
+  'img.embedComplete': '嵌入完成',
+  'img.extract': '提取水印',
+  'img.extracting': '提取中...',
+  'img.extractOk': '图片水印提取成功。',
+  'img.extractFail': '提取失败',
+  'img.extractWarn': 'Auto 会先尝试 neural，再回退 legacy；比较模型迭代时建议明确选择引擎。',
+  'img.noWatermark': '未找到可提取水印。请确认选择了含水印图片，并且密码和引擎匹配。',
+  'img.extracted': '提取出的水印',
+  'img.engineResult': '引擎：{engine}',
+  'img.fallbackUsed': '已回退',
+  'img.directSuccess': '直接成功',
+  'img.confidence': '置信度 {value}%',
+  'img.qualityResult': '质量档：{quality}',
+  'img.diagnostics': '诊断信息',
+  'text.host': '宿主文本',
+  'text.hostPlaceholder': '粘贴要嵌入水印的原文...',
+  'text.message': '水印消息（明文）',
+  'text.messagePlaceholder': '输入要隐藏的信息，支持中英文...',
+  'text.key': '密钥（可选）',
+  'text.keyPlaceholder': '留空则无密钥保护',
+  'text.keyDecodePlaceholder': '若水印有密钥保护，在此输入',
+  'text.carriers': '载体字符类型',
+  'text.embed': '嵌入水印',
+  'text.decode': '解密水印',
+  'text.poison': '开始投毒',
+  'text.poisoning': '投毒中...',
+  'text.input': '待检测文本（粘贴含水印的文本）',
+  'text.inputPlaceholder': '粘贴含水印的文本，软件将自动提取并解密水印...',
+  'text.success': '成功解密水印',
+  'text.plain': '水印明文',
+  'text.original': '原始文本',
+  'text.poisonTypes': '注入字符类型',
+  'text.poisonDensity': '注入密度',
+  'text.source': '原始文本',
+  'text.sourcePoisonPlaceholder': '粘贴要投毒的文本...',
+  'text.watermarked': '含水印文本',
+  'text.watermarkedResult': '含水印文本（可直接复制使用）',
+  'text.watermarkedHint': '共 {bits} bits -> {chars} 个不可见字符，已随机散布于宿主文本 {hostChars} 个字符中',
+  'text.messageStats': '{chars} 字符 = {bytes} 字节',
+  'text.messageLong': '消息较长，请确保宿主文本足够长',
+  'text.profile.balanced': '鲁棒-均衡',
+  'text.profile.strong': '鲁棒-增强',
+  'text.embedCount': '已嵌入 {count} 个不可见字符',
+  'text.decrypt': '解密水印',
+  'text.decryptSuccess': '成功解密水印',
+  'text.decryptFail': '解密失败',
+  'text.needsKey': '此水印需要密钥才能解密，请在上方输入密钥后重试',
+  'text.keyed': '加密水印（密钥解密）',
+  'text.unkeyed': '明文水印（无密钥）',
+  'text.confidenceLine': '置信度: {value}%',
+  'text.shards': '恢复分片: {recovered}/{total}',
+  'text.agreement': '一致性 {value}%',
+  'text.carrierWarn.one': '仅 4 个载体字符，水印长度约增加 2 倍',
+  'text.carrierWarn.two': '8 个载体字符，水印长度约增加 33%',
+  'text.carrierWarn.three': '实际使用前 2 类（8 字符），第 3 类不参与编码',
+  'text.low': '低',
+  'text.medium': '中',
+  'text.high': '高',
+  'text.poisonResult': '投毒结果（注入 {count} 个字符）',
+  'text.carrier.zeroWidth': '零宽字符',
+  'text.carrier.zeroWidthDesc': 'U+200B/C/D/2060',
+  'text.carrier.mathInvisible': '不可见运算符',
+  'text.carrier.mathInvisibleDesc': 'U+2061-2064',
+  'text.carrier.variationSelector': '变体选择符',
+  'text.carrier.variationSelectorDesc': 'U+FE00-FE03',
+  'text.carrier.specialSpace': '特殊空格',
+  'text.carrier.specialSpaceDesc': 'U+200A/2009 等',
+  'text.poison.zeroWidthDesc': 'U+200B/200C/2060 等，完全不可见',
+  'text.poison.homoglyphs': '同形字符',
+  'text.poison.homoglyphsDesc': '西里尔/希腊字母替换 Latin 字母',
+  'text.poison.bidiControl': 'BiDi 控制符',
+  'text.poison.bidiControlDesc': '双向文本控制，可反转显示顺序',
+  'text.poison.specialSpaceDesc': 'Hair/Thin/Punctuation Space 等',
+  'text.poison.tagsBlock': 'Tags Block',
+  'text.poison.tagsBlockDesc': 'U+E0041-E005A，AI 水印常用范围',
+  'text.poison.variationSelectors': '变体选择器',
+  'text.poison.variationSelectorsDesc': 'U+FE00-FE07，附着于普通字符',
+} as const
+
+const en: Record<keyof typeof zh, string> = {
+  'nav.detect': 'Scan',
+  'nav.batch': 'Batch',
+  'nav.watermark': 'Watermark',
+  'nav.settings': 'Settings',
+  'nav.background': 'Change background',
+  'nav.clipboardOn': 'Clipboard monitoring on',
+  'nav.clipboard': 'Clipboard monitor',
+  'common.copy': 'Copy',
+  'common.copied': 'Copied',
+  'common.browse': 'Browse',
+  'common.reset': 'Reset',
+  'common.clean': 'Clean',
+  'common.clear': 'Clear',
+  'common.remove': 'Remove',
+  'common.scanning': 'Scanning...',
+  'detect.empty': 'Paste text and press {shortcut} to scan',
+  'detect.emptyHint': 'Detect zero-width characters, homoglyphs, BiDi controls, Tags blocks, and more',
+  'detect.analyzing': 'Analyzing characters',
+  'detect.error': 'Scan failed',
+  'detect.unknownError': 'Unknown error, please try again',
+  'detect.highlight': 'Highlights',
+  'detect.cleaned': 'Cleaned text',
+  'detect.compare': 'Compare',
+  'detect.found': '{count} found',
+  'detect.suspiciousCount': '{count} suspicious',
+  'detect.removedCount': '{count} removed',
+  'detect.original': 'Original',
+  'detect.cleanAfter': 'Cleaned',
+  'tooltip.copyCode': 'Copy code point',
+  'tooltip.looksLike': 'Looks like:',
+  'tooltip.position': 'Position',
+  'drop.label': 'Input text',
+  'drop.chars': '{count} chars',
+  'drop.import': 'Import file',
+  'drop.release': 'Release to import file',
+  'drop.placeholder': 'Paste or type text, or drop a .txt .md .docx .pdf file...',
+  'drop.supports': 'Supports .txt .md .docx .pdf',
+  'scan.button': 'Scan text',
+  'stats.risk': 'Risk Assessment',
+  'stats.low': 'Low risk',
+  'stats.medium': 'Medium risk',
+  'stats.high': 'High risk',
+  'stats.msg.clean': 'No suspicious characters found.',
+  'stats.msg.low': 'A few anomalies were found and may be normal.',
+  'stats.msg.medium': 'Multiple suspicious character patterns were found.',
+  'stats.msg.high': 'Strong signal of hidden watermarking.',
+  'stats.action': 'Suggested action',
+  'stats.action.ignore': 'Ignore',
+  'stats.action.clean': 'Clean',
+  'stats.action.rewrite': 'Rewrite',
+  'stats.totalChars': 'Total chars',
+  'stats.suspiciousChars': 'Suspicious',
+  'stats.duration': 'Scan time',
+  'stats.byCategory': 'Category Breakdown',
+  'stats.none': 'No suspicious characters found',
+  'batch.title': 'Batch Scan',
+  'batch.subtitle': 'Scan multiple files or text segments at once',
+  'batch.scanned': '{done}/{total} scanned',
+  'batch.avgRisk': 'Average risk',
+  'batch.cleanAll': 'Clean all',
+  'batch.scanSelected': 'Scan selected ({count})',
+  'batch.scanAll': 'Scan all',
+  'batch.file': 'Files',
+  'batch.text': 'Text',
+  'batch.dropFiles': 'Drop multiple files',
+  'batch.dropHint': 'Click or drop · .txt .md .docx .pdf',
+  'batch.segmentPlaceholder': 'Paste multiple text segments separated by\\n---',
+  'batch.addSegments': 'Add text segments',
+  'batch.empty': 'Drop files or paste text segments to start batch scanning',
+  'batch.selectAll': 'Select all',
+  'batch.unselectAll': 'Deselect all',
+  'batch.selected': '{count} selected',
+  'batch.itemSummary': '{chars} chars · {count} found',
+  'batch.cleanResult': 'Cleaned result',
+  'risk.none': 'No issue',
+  'background.title': 'Background image',
+  'background.currentCustom': 'Current custom background',
+  'background.currentCosmic': 'Current: animated cosmic background',
+  'background.upload': 'Upload background image',
+  'background.restore': 'Restore animated background',
+  'background.supports': 'Supports PNG · JPG · WebP · GIF',
+  'clipboard.scan': 'Scan',
+  'export.button': 'Export',
+  'export.exporting': 'Exporting...',
+  'export.json': 'Export JSON',
+  'export.jsonSub': 'Complete structured report',
+  'export.csv': 'Export CSV',
+  'export.csvSub': 'Opens in Excel',
+  'export.pdf': 'Export PDF',
+  'export.pdfSub': 'Formatted scan report',
+  'category.zeroWidth': 'Zero-width',
+  'category.bidi': 'BiDi controls',
+  'category.specialSpace': 'Special spaces',
+  'category.tagsBlock': 'Tags block',
+  'category.homoglyph': 'Homoglyphs',
+  'category.variation': 'Variation selectors',
+  'category.typoPunct': 'Typographic punctuation',
+  'category.zeroWidthDesc': 'Invisible zero-width characters often used to embed hidden data',
+  'category.bidiDesc': 'Bidirectional text controls that can reorder visual display',
+  'category.specialSpaceDesc': 'Nonstandard whitespace that looks like a normal space',
+  'category.tagsBlockDesc': 'Unicode Tags block, often used for AI text watermarking',
+  'category.homoglyphDesc': 'Characters from other scripts that resemble Latin letters',
+  'category.variationDesc': 'Invisible glyph modifiers that can encode hidden data',
+  'category.typoPunctDesc': 'Vertical quotes or unusual punctuation in Chinese context, possible AI-generation trace',
+  'settings.title': 'Settings',
+  'settings.subtitle': 'Detection rules and app behavior',
+  'settings.reset': 'Reset defaults',
+  'settings.language.title': 'Interface language',
+  'settings.language.subtitle': 'Choose desktop UI language',
+  'settings.language.system': 'System',
+  'settings.language.zh': 'Chinese',
+  'settings.language.en': 'English',
+  'settings.rules.title': 'Detection Rules',
+  'settings.rules.subtitle': 'Choose which character categories are scanned',
+  'settings.threshold.title': 'Risk Thresholds',
+  'settings.threshold.subtitle': 'Tune score boundaries for risk levels',
+  'settings.threshold.lowMid': 'Low / Medium boundary',
+  'settings.threshold.midHigh': 'Medium / High boundary',
+  'settings.threshold.low': 'Low risk',
+  'settings.threshold.mid': 'Medium risk',
+  'settings.threshold.summary': 'Current thresholds: 0-{low} low · {lowPlus}-{mid} medium · {midPlus}-100 high',
+  'settings.clipboard.title': 'Clipboard Monitor',
+  'settings.clipboard.subtitle': 'Detect clipboard changes and prompt scans',
+  'settings.clipboard.enable': 'Enable monitoring',
+  'settings.clipboard.desc': 'Show a prompt when copied text changes, then scan quickly',
+  'settings.clipboard.interval': 'Check interval',
+  'wm.top.embed': 'Embed Watermark',
+  'wm.top.imageEmbed': 'Image Watermark',
+  'wm.top.decode': 'Extract Watermark',
+  'wm.sub.charEmbed': 'Text watermark',
+  'wm.sub.poison': 'Random poisoning',
+  'wm.sub.charDecode': 'Text extraction',
+  'wm.sub.imageDecode': 'Image extraction',
+  'wm.tech.image': 'Neural · RS/CRC · password protected',
+  'wm.tech.text': 'AES-256-GCM · HKDF · scattered embedding',
+  'img.copyPath': 'Copy path',
+  'img.source': 'Source image',
+  'img.output': 'Output path',
+  'img.watermarked': 'Watermarked image',
+  'img.preview': 'Preview',
+  'img.noImage': 'No image selected',
+  'img.noOutput': 'No output path selected',
+  'img.text': 'Watermark text',
+  'img.textPlaceholder': 'Enter a short text or ID to hide in the image...',
+  'img.password': 'Password',
+  'img.passwordHelp': 'Embed and extract must use the same integer password. A wrong password cannot decode neural watermarks.',
+  'img.engine': 'Engine',
+  'img.engine.auto': 'Auto',
+  'img.engine.legacy': 'Legacy',
+  'img.engine.neural': 'Neural',
+  'img.engine.autoDesc': 'Short text uses neural; long text falls back to legacy.',
+  'img.engine.legacyDesc': 'DCT + RS engine for long text and old images.',
+  'img.engine.neuralDesc': 'Short neural payload with stronger transport robustness.',
+  'img.quality': 'Quality / strength',
+  'img.quality.invisible': 'Light',
+  'img.quality.balanced': 'Balanced',
+  'img.quality.robust': 'Robust',
+  'img.quality.invisibleDesc': 'Quality first',
+  'img.quality.balancedDesc': 'Recommended',
+  'img.quality.robustDesc': 'Transport first',
+  'img.quality.invisibleHint': 'Weakest neural residual. Best for clean saves or mild compression.',
+  'img.quality.balancedHint': 'Default: lighter than alpha1 medium, calibrated against local JPEG50/resize50.',
+  'img.quality.robustHint': 'Prioritizes social-platform transport. The mark can be more visible.',
+  'img.backend.checking': 'Checking watermark backend...',
+  'img.backend.preparing': 'Preparing backend check...',
+  'img.backend.exeReady': 'Bundled helper ready',
+  'img.backend.pythonReady': 'Python backend ready ({python})',
+  'img.backend.neuralReady': 'Neural model ready{version}',
+  'img.backend.neuralMissing': 'Neural model not exported yet; Auto may fall back to legacy.',
+  'img.backend.missingLib': 'Python was found, but runtime packages are missing.\n{error}',
+  'img.backend.noRunner': 'No runnable image watermark backend was found.',
+  'img.backend.devFallback': 'Developer fallback: install Python runtime dependencies.',
+  'img.neuralLimitInline': 'neural payload limit is 16 UTF-8 bytes, so Auto will fall back to legacy.',
+  'img.neuralLimitWarn': 'Neural mode only supports payloads up to 16 UTF-8 bytes. Use Auto or Legacy for longer text.',
+  'img.embed': 'Embed watermark',
+  'img.embedding': 'Embedding...',
+  'img.embedOk': 'Watermark embed succeeded. {engineInfo}',
+  'img.embedFail': 'Embed failed',
+  'img.embedComplete': 'Embed complete',
+  'img.extract': 'Extract watermark',
+  'img.extracting': 'Extracting...',
+  'img.extractOk': 'Watermark extract succeeded.',
+  'img.extractFail': 'Extract failed',
+  'img.extractWarn': 'Auto tries neural first, then falls back to legacy. Choose an explicit engine when comparing model iterations.',
+  'img.noWatermark': 'No extractable watermark was found. Make sure the image, password, and engine match.',
+  'img.extracted': 'Extracted watermark',
+  'img.engineResult': 'Engine: {engine}',
+  'img.fallbackUsed': 'fallback used',
+  'img.directSuccess': 'direct success',
+  'img.confidence': 'confidence {value}%',
+  'img.qualityResult': 'Quality: {quality}',
+  'img.diagnostics': 'Diagnostics',
+  'text.host': 'Host text',
+  'text.hostPlaceholder': 'Paste original text that will carry the watermark...',
+  'text.message': 'Watermark message',
+  'text.messagePlaceholder': 'Enter hidden message; Chinese and English are supported...',
+  'text.key': 'Key (optional)',
+  'text.keyPlaceholder': 'Leave empty for no key protection',
+  'text.keyDecodePlaceholder': 'Enter key if this watermark is protected',
+  'text.carriers': 'Carrier character types',
+  'text.embed': 'Embed watermark',
+  'text.decode': 'Extract watermark',
+  'text.poison': 'Start poisoning',
+  'text.poisoning': 'Poisoning...',
+  'text.input': 'Text to inspect',
+  'text.inputPlaceholder': 'Paste watermarked text. The app will extract and decrypt it...',
+  'text.success': 'Watermark extracted',
+  'text.plain': 'Watermark text',
+  'text.original': 'Original text',
+  'text.poisonTypes': 'Injected character types',
+  'text.poisonDensity': 'Injection density',
+  'text.source': 'Original text',
+  'text.sourcePoisonPlaceholder': 'Paste text to poison...',
+  'text.watermarked': 'Watermarked text',
+  'text.watermarkedResult': 'Watermarked text (ready to copy)',
+  'text.watermarkedHint': '{bits} bits -> {chars} invisible characters, scattered across {hostChars} host characters',
+  'text.messageStats': '{chars} characters = {bytes} bytes',
+  'text.messageLong': 'Long message; make sure the host text is long enough',
+  'text.profile.balanced': 'Robust balanced',
+  'text.profile.strong': 'Robust strong',
+  'text.embedCount': 'Embedded {count} invisible characters',
+  'text.decrypt': 'Decrypt watermark',
+  'text.decryptSuccess': 'Watermark decrypted',
+  'text.decryptFail': 'Decrypt failed',
+  'text.needsKey': 'This watermark needs a key. Enter it above and try again.',
+  'text.keyed': 'Encrypted watermark (key decrypted)',
+  'text.unkeyed': 'Plain watermark (no key)',
+  'text.confidenceLine': 'Confidence: {value}%',
+  'text.shards': 'Recovered shards: {recovered}/{total}',
+  'text.agreement': 'agreement {value}%',
+  'text.carrierWarn.one': 'Only 4 carrier characters; watermark length increases by about 2x',
+  'text.carrierWarn.two': '8 carrier characters; watermark length increases by about 33%',
+  'text.carrierWarn.three': 'Only the first 2 classes are used for encoding; the 3rd is ignored',
+  'text.low': 'Low',
+  'text.medium': 'Medium',
+  'text.high': 'High',
+  'text.poisonResult': 'Poisoned result ({count} inserted characters)',
+  'text.carrier.zeroWidth': 'Zero-width',
+  'text.carrier.zeroWidthDesc': 'U+200B/C/D/2060',
+  'text.carrier.mathInvisible': 'Math invisible',
+  'text.carrier.mathInvisibleDesc': 'U+2061-2064',
+  'text.carrier.variationSelector': 'Variation selectors',
+  'text.carrier.variationSelectorDesc': 'U+FE00-FE03',
+  'text.carrier.specialSpace': 'Special spaces',
+  'text.carrier.specialSpaceDesc': 'U+200A/2009 etc.',
+  'text.poison.zeroWidthDesc': 'U+200B/200C/2060 etc., fully invisible',
+  'text.poison.homoglyphs': 'Homoglyphs',
+  'text.poison.homoglyphsDesc': 'Cyrillic/Greek replacements for Latin letters',
+  'text.poison.bidiControl': 'BiDi controls',
+  'text.poison.bidiControlDesc': 'Bidirectional controls that can reorder display',
+  'text.poison.specialSpaceDesc': 'Hair/Thin/Punctuation Space etc.',
+  'text.poison.tagsBlock': 'Tags Block',
+  'text.poison.tagsBlockDesc': 'U+E0041-E005A, common AI watermark range',
+  'text.poison.variationSelectors': 'Variation selectors',
+  'text.poison.variationSelectorsDesc': 'U+FE00-FE07, attached to normal characters',
+}
+
+export type I18nKey = keyof typeof zh
+
+const dictionaries = { 'zh-CN': zh, en }
+
+export function resolveUiLanguage(setting: LanguageSetting): UiLanguage {
+  if (setting === 'zh-CN' || setting === 'en') return setting
+  return navigator.language.toLowerCase().startsWith('zh') ? 'zh-CN' : 'en'
+}
+
+export function formatMessage(template: string, params?: Record<string, string | number>) {
+  if (!params) return template
+  return template.replace(/\{(\w+)\}/g, (_, key: string) => String(params[key] ?? ''))
+}
+
+export function useI18n() {
+  const { settings, updateSettings } = useSettings()
+  const language = resolveUiLanguage(settings.language)
+  const t = useCallback((key: I18nKey, params?: Record<string, string | number>) => {
+    return formatMessage(dictionaries[language][key] ?? dictionaries.en[key] ?? key, params)
+  }, [language])
+  const setLanguage = useCallback((value: LanguageSetting) => {
+    updateSettings('language', value)
+  }, [updateSettings])
+  return useMemo(() => ({
+    t,
+    language,
+    languageSetting: settings.language,
+    setLanguage,
+  }), [language, settings.language, setLanguage, t])
+}